VOLUME I. !■ 
KOCHESTEK, N. Y.-THURSDAY, APRIL 11, 1850 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 
be the lungs of the plant; it is also the stom- 
FARMER’S ACCOTTirr BOOK. 
NUMBER n. 
In conformity with our promise, we pro¬ 
ceed to give a simple form of an entry book, 
of all transactions relating to the farm and 
the accessories thereto. It is after one we 
have been in the habit of using, for thirty 
years past, from which we have experienced 
advantages enough to compensate the labor 
an hundred times. A good, soft lead pen¬ 
cil is tied to the book, and is always ready, 
and never dried up, carried to school, or 
laid away so safe that it is lost, as the ink 
bottle often is. 
It was but last week, that several persons 
were referring to the remarkables now, that 
fell in May, some years ago, and killed all 
the fruit and tender vegetables. One said 
it was on the 16th, and sixteen years ago. 
Another, that it was seventeen years since, 
and he would bet his farm he could not be 
mistaken; and cited the v/hy’s and where¬ 
fores. On reference to our day book, we 
found it to be the 14th of May, 1834—with 
all the particulars—temperature, wind, depth 
of snow, &c. Once the title to a lot of land 
depended upon the day book's bringing to 
our mind a long forgotten fact In short, 
we have not only derived profit and satisfac¬ 
tion from its use, but the looking over its 
pages, brings forgotten transactions, old 
friends and pleasant reminiscences before us. 
As our columns will not admit of the rul¬ 
ing of a day book, we sha^’ simply make 
the entries and dates: 
Ja.vuarv, 18—. 
1st. Good sleighing, and cold — getting logs to 
mill, for building piggery and for gate stuff. 
10th. Finished threshing oats —15 acres pro¬ 
duced 325 bushels, at the rate of 35J per aero — 
worth 34 cents. 
20th. Visited brother John at Cayuga; cost $7,- 
20. Brought homo some of the new Black Sea 
spring wheat. 
30th. Horses shod all round — oxen and horses 
drawing wood — warm, and thaws; bees flying. 
ach in which is exposed through tlie fine 
tissue covering the cells, the sap holding its 
peculiar nutriment, and where it obtains 
from the air more or less of its gaseous con- 
and combining Avith light, causes 
PUBLISHED WEEKLY. 
Office in Burns’ Block, comer of Buffalo and State 
streets, (entrance on State,) Rochester. 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE. 
(iMte Publishfr and Associaie Editor Gen, Farmer.) 
L. B. LANGWORTHY, Associate Editor. 
Corresponding Editors: 
ELON COMSTOCK, (former Ed. Central N. Y. 
Parmer,) of Oneida County. 
T. C. PETERS, (Editor of the Wool Grower,) 
of Genesee County. 
Educational Department by L. WETHERELL. 
stituents 
all the diversities of wood and fruit, of fla¬ 
vors, essential oils, acids, dyes and poisons. 
None of these qualities exist in the earth; 
the .soil is only charged with simple water, 
impregnated very slightly with a few saline 
ingredients, earth and carbonic gas, as is 
evident by the waters of springs and running 
brooks, all of Avhich have filtered through 
I the soil; therefore the sap, which is prima- 
lily taken up by the roots, is very little else 
than pure water, and does not contain the 
saccharine, or gummy principle, until it has 
become elaborated by the action of light and 
air, through the agency of the leaves. 
Tlie non-agency of the roots, in the elim¬ 
ination of any of the productions of the body, 
or limbs of a tree or shrub, is evident in the 
process of grafting and inoculation. The 
sweetest apple or pear, grafted on the sour, 
stringent quince stock, produces fruit as 
sweet, and precisely of the same flavor, as 
that from which the scion was taken. 
Neither the root nor the stock 
influence over the condition or 
graft or its production Avhatever, except 
dwarfing its ability to enlarge, 
identical in color, 
(O’ For Terms, &c., see last page. .=Q] 
PROGRESS AND IMPROVEMENT. 
AGRICUITURAL DISCUSSION. 
CAU.SE OF THE ASCENSION AND CIRCU 
RATION OF SAP. 
[Reported for the Rural New-Yorker.] 
The Central Farmers’ Club met at theh 
Agricultural Rooms, on the 9th of March, 
1850, pursuant to adjournment, tvlien the 
meeting was called to order. Judge S. in 
the chair. 
Mr. A. presented a large bundle of cut¬ 
tings of the Isabella and Catawba grape; 
also scions of the Peach Apricot, the Early 
Genesee Plum, Norton’s Melon and North¬ 
ern Spy Apples, for distribution. 
Mr. A. observed, that the grape vine was 
an article of the easiest possible cultivation, 
requiring no other skill than the sticking a 
slip three or four inches into the earth— 
taking up but little space—-of early maturity 
and yielding certain and abundant fruit— 
was one of the most desirable adjuncts to 
garden culture of any in the whole routine 
of cultivation, and there was no excuse for 
any yaa-d or arable piece of ground, if ever 
so small, for being without them. 
The Chairman aimounced the subject for 
the evening’s discussion, it having laid over 
one meeting, to be The cause of the ascen¬ 
sion and circulation of Sap in the Vegeta¬ 
ble System. 
Mr. McD. said there w’as a good deal of 
discrepancy in the views of persons who had 
examined the subject; they did not even 
agree;- whether the sap in the tapping of 
trees, came from the roots or the top. He 
had always supposed it came from the roots, 
as it was evident it was there absorbed; but 
was unable satisfactorially to explain the 
powers by which it was forced upward. 
Col. C. said he had always held the con- 
traiy opinion, until, by trying the experiment 
of boring one hole directly above another, 
in a straight-grained tree, he found the lower 
hole ran near double the sap the upper one 
did—and this held true in foiu trials, on 
different trees. He had come to the con¬ 
clusion that there was some other agents of 
circulation, beside the longitudinal pores, 
or those mnning lengthwise of the tree; as 
one or any number of these jiores or veins 
must be continuous from the extremity of 
the roots where they commence, to the ex¬ 
treme points of the twigs—and it would not 
be presumed that those pores only that were 
cut off by boring >vith an inch auger, could 
contain the enormous quantity that a single 
tapping of a maple tree often produced— 
from 30 to 50 gallons; it was impossible; so 
that some other vessels, either lateral or con¬ 
centric ducts, must be engaged in pouring 
out the contents of the whole tree, or at 
least draw upon the stores of a much greater 
surface than was cut oft' by the tapping. 
Dr. R said there 
ELEVATION OK KOULTRV HOUSE 
A fl(X>f extends over the back end, to di¬ 
vide the roosting loft from the storm room. 
The manure is shoveled from the floor down 
a spout into the corner of the storm room, 
and removed with that from other parts of 
the house out of the back window'. The 
secret which are raised 3 feet from 
the floor, form the passage extending back 
7 feet from the door, and are easy of ac¬ 
cess, while the hens are gratified with their 
propensity for “stealing their nests" by an 
approach from the ends along a small pas¬ 
sage between them and the sides of the 
house. 
PLAN OF A POULTRY HOUSE. 
The interest recently manifested on the 
subject of Poultry, is creating quite a de¬ 
mand for information relative to the various 
breeds of fow'ls, and the best modes of con¬ 
structing poultry houses. Hence, for the 
benefit of those interested Ave present the 
accompanying Plan of a Poultiy House, 
lately erected by Mr. Franklin Fell, near 
Wilmington, Delaware. Mr. F. furnishes 
the plan and description to the Ohio Culti¬ 
vator, from which we copy. 
He thinks that it combines several ad¬ 
vantages, and may serve as a guide tq tliose 
who desire to erect a building for such pur¬ 
pose— especially now tha,t rail-roads are 
greatly incre^ing the demand for eggs and 
poultry, in portions of the country that w'ere 
formerly too far from market for the profit¬ 
able sale of such commodities:— 
Description .— The house faces the south; 
it is 10 feet wide, 14 feet long; posts 10 
feet high. The roof is of boai'ds planed on 
the upper side, ploughed and grooved and 
covered with sheathing paper, which Avas 
dipped into boiling tar and laid onto the 
rewf—hot tar Avas then put on the paper 
Avith a Avhite-Avash brush, dry sand sifted 
over, upon Avhich, when cold, a thin coat of 
boiling tar Avas again put. The roof ex¬ 
tends over the sides 1 foot all round, and is 
ornamented Avith brackets cut out of 2 inch 
plank. 
exercises any 
quality of the 
in 
The fruit is 
shape, taste and 
chemical constituence. 
The leaf is on one side the lungs and on 
the other the stomach, and by the decom¬ 
position of the Avater of the sap, produces 
all vegetable production. One side absorbs 
from the air those simple elements tliat, 
combined Avith the decomposed water cre¬ 
ate sugar, gums, acids and resins—as may 
be comprehended by remembering the com¬ 
ponents by analysis of sugar, for intance, 
Avhich is composed of 12 parts carbon, 10 
hydrogen, and 10 of oxygen. The other 
side digests and distributes the food of fu¬ 
ture growth, and rejects the obnoxious or 
redundant particles. The carbon, combined 
Avith a part of the constituents of the sap, is 
returned between the bark and the sapAvood, 
and forms another layer or grain of Avoody 
fibre. 
The leaf is the sole receptacle of vitality 
of the vegetable animal; it is the brain, the 
lungs, the heart, the absorbent and exhalent 
organs of life, of sense and feeling. The 
blossom the genital organs, and the recepta¬ 
cle the uterus, producing future generations. 
The Chairman said he Avas very much 
interested Avith the views of Dr. R— that 
though many of his positions Avere conjec¬ 
tural and the presumptions of learned ob¬ 
servers, yet it Avas through such reasonings 
and comparisons of facts, that we have ar¬ 
rived at the cause of the circulation of the 
blood—of animal heat, and the elucidation 
of many of the most diflicult problems of 
nature; but he begged leave to remmd his 
ingenious friend, that he had not yet touched 
upon the important pomt of the subject, to 
which this evening Avas devoted — the cause 
of the circulation of sap. 
Dr. R said he must be excused as he had 
an important appointment at this hour, or 
he AA'ould be happy to give his views and 
those generally entertained by vegetable 
physiologists on this subject 
Col. G. proposed that the subject remain 
open for future discussion; and offered a 
resolution that, at the end of the year, this 
Club publish a A’olume of their transactions. 
Mr. Van V. said he had heai’d it intimated 
that they would be requested to furnish 
them for the State Transactions—but he 
did not speak from any authority—and 
moved the resolution lay on the table. 
The Club then adjourned to the 16th of 
March, at the usual hour. 
Groxind plan of Poultry Home. 
B, Storm room; c c, position of the nest ranges. 
The front of eacli roAv of nests is con¬ 
structed Avith a 3 inch strip to keep the eggs 
in, and a 9 inch Avide board hung on hinges 
— by opening Avhich the 7 nests on the row- 
can be cleansed, examined, and the eggs 
collected. The hens have thus a comfortable 
shelter from storms, a desirable place for lay¬ 
ing and hatcliing, and are kept in the yard 
when desired and alloAved. The range of 
the fiuTu through a small gate in the bot¬ 
tom board of the fence. 
The cost of the house, Avhich has a neat 
appearance, is about fifty dollars, and is 
composed of the following items: 
1,100 feet of board for side.s, battins, roof 
and floor..$1;, 20 
420 feet of scantling for frame, &c. 4 20 
200 feet of plank for brackets, &c. 2 40 
20 pounds of nails. 1 00 
Carpenters work by contract. 20 00 
Lath for house, plastering, lime and hauling 
gravel, sand and stone. 5 00 
Sash and glazing.-. 4 00 
Yellow ochre, and Spanish brown, and put¬ 
ty—wash on house, (three coats.).'_ 1 12 
Hinges, latchets, bolts and buttons. 94 
Sheathing paper and tar. 69 
Whole cost of poultry house, was.$52 53 
It is SO airanged that it is complete ii: it¬ 
self, as a building—but I contemplate to 
erect 25 feet from it, another for the w'^eb 
footed tribe, and connect the tAvo by a shed, 
divided in the centre by a partition, and 
have the entire front made Avith glazed sash 
as a sunning and basking roost in Avinter.— 
This will enable the turkeys and chickens 
to have the range of their house, and one- 
luilf of the basking room, and the ducks and 
geese the same room on the other side.— 
This house Avill then nearly cross the yard, 
and by a gate for each .house fence, the 
ducks can be alloAved to go into one part of 
the yard and the fowls the other, if desirable 
to separate them. A ^ inch lead pipe Avill 
lead from the reseiToir of the water-ram, 
over the kitchen to a fountain in the duck 
yard, in the centre of Avhich Avill be a pond 
for the ducks. 
Back end view of Poultry Home. 
A, The roosting loft, with roosts so arranged that 
the fowls cannot peek or drop on each other. B, 
storm room. C, secret nests. 
The frame of the house is covered Avith 
upright boards 12 inches Avide — batting 2^ 
inches wide and f of an inch thick are 
nailed over the joints—the whole plastered 
inside Avith one good coat of plaster on lath. 
The floor is filled up with small field stone, 
covered Avith coarse gravel mortar, from two 
to three inches thick. 
The windows in gable ends are for ven- 
tillation, and have plastering laths nailed di¬ 
agonally on the inside, and a cotton cloth 
curtain to drop doAvn at night during the 
Avinter. The two small diamond windoAvs 
in front, give light to the roosting room, and 
the large two sash window in the back, lights 
the storm room. All the sash are on hinges, 
open out, and ai-e fastened Avith buttons of 
iron. The foAvls enter the small doors at 
the front end, by a small porch, 6 inches 
deep, to keep out the storms. ’The door 
gives access to the whole house. 
Avas no point apper¬ 
taining to the philosophical inquiries relating 
to the physiological structui-e, growth and 
developement of vegetable life, more diffi¬ 
cult of explanation than tlie circulation of 
the sap. Vegetable life Ls as perfect a sys¬ 
tem of deglutition, digestion and assimilation 
as that of animal vitality, and much more 
inscrutable. The leaf is erenerallv held to 
B 
— 
_f-A 
\ 
s 
^ j[- 
mif 
Mill!* 
C 
]L 
1 ,L.LJ ii 
_ 
