MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL AND FAMILY JOURNAL. 
Sohnstoil’a lutlltES, !l;r7r T^' "f Litton m wWd, it is proper to put tl.c seed ' in regard to those soils; to knowmore than TWEHIY-nVE HAEDT SHKOT8 
^ 5 soil, from these three kinds of rock, all of into it. This makes it exceedingly expen- : that it consists of sand or lime; to know siUiUBS. 
On the General Eelatioas of Science to them more or less varied, but having the sive land to work, and though thorough ! more than that it consists of clay or sand; it Frequent inquiries are made by those 
PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE same general character. draining is now bringing in much of this is of great consequence to know whether it but little acquainted with ornamental shrubs 
— ^_ _ . practical farmers know very well, clay formation, still the land, through the contains more or less, of one or the other of the names of some of the most desirable 
LECTURE SECOND. that the materials of these different rocks whole extent of country covered by it, bears these substances; for, if a particular soil re- ornamental as well as the most hardy 
TVifi -RciafA o r i iM" 1 ♦ j cruinbling down, by the action of the cans- a very low price, and rents for much less quires lime to improve it, it is quite clear ^P^oies. Among the hundreds which are 
The Belatime^rf ^G_^ l^,^d toerelogy te , es I have menSoned, will form eacl. a dif- than other lands, being so much more diffi- that the soil is natimlly deflcient’in lime.- offered for sale in nurseries, the following 
,, -, . , ! 1 ^ f requires cult to work, from the fact that the work Now, it is the character of this formation, of ^st has been given by A. J. Downing, and 
Gentlemen,— rhe subject ot my lecture | a different kind of husbandry ^d each suit- must all be done in a short period of time, which I am speaking, that it is deficient in be of service to those now about to 
this evening is, the Relations of Geology i able to the production of different crops, and requires a much larger force to do it, lime. You have all heard of the forest of commence the improvement of their homes 
and Mineralogy to Practical Agriculture, varying with the kind ol rock that forms the and the crops are uncertain. Ardennes in the northern part of France — by ornamental planting: — 
In addressing such an audience as this on ^>1. I mean to “ 7 - ‘l'“t‘he husbandry and Now for another kind of rook or soil. I It is full of bogs, marshes and lakes, a most , I"** 25 U,i.j 
such a subject, I can have no apprehension r atment do not differ in the same degree could give you other instances of clay soil, inhospitable tract of land. This is precisely C'A^ccession of Jlotcers or ornamental 
lest my subject should be either undervalu- js the soils; but Uiat because the soils dif- i„ Scotland there are sueli instances, and the ‘ke character of land I have described, and {T 
ed or too little underotood. It is under the fe, the treatoent must differ very much Scotch farmers have found out a way of cul- which has this feature particularly, of a «eat W, Sce"'while »d i«.ri.e 
“ Si liSl Si :;^bW nro a- - 4 '“A .Knowing ilt sufh is 
TWENTY-FIVE HARDY SHRUBS. 
On the General Relations of Science to 
PRACTICAL AGRICULTURE 
LECTURE SECOND. 
The Relations of Geology and Mineralogy to 
Practical Agriculture. 
In addressing such an audience as this on 
I mean to say, that the husbandry and 
such a subject, I can have no apprehension treatment do not differ in the same degree could give you other instances of clay soil, inhospitable tract of land. This is precisely 
lest my subject should be either undervalu- f the soils; but that because the soils dif- !„ Scotland there are such instances, and the the character of land I have descried, and 
ed or too little undeijtood It is under the H the treatoent must differ veiy much. Scotch farmers have found out a way of eul- which has this feature particularly, of a ireat 
™U,^»bW :ro tij?“g,‘kem; but these are not efay soUs, deficieney of lime, ifnowing tL sufh is 
Smteof New York, that theSiluriansystem soil, capable of producing good crops in a of the“charactoTf wST haro s^Sef- the c^Seter^Ffte fo3, a:rikno; 
of rock^ which IS so largely developed in kot ye^; scarcely any m a wet year, but Hence it is, that Scotch farmers have the nature of the soil and the kind of hus- 
the western part of this State, has been made ““ “"7= he made to produce gooil crops, emigrated into this clay region of Hunting- bandry best suited to it; and, if there be a 
classic ground among a Igeolomsts and Old- ''fF,^^7“Shly (taned The sandstones don county, h.ave uniforml? failed. I wf farmer living there, whose condition is not 
eontologiste throughout the whoe world; ^duce a ^ndy roil, which is hungiy and toldof an instance, where tvienty Scotch far- one of the ^rest kind, then I knowhow 
f mers had emigrated into that "county, and the condition of things has been altered, and 
the character of the formation, then I know purple Tree Pseony, 
the nature of the soil and the kind of hus- r 
bandry best suited to it; and, if there be a Soulange’s MagnoHa,*^ 
farmer living there, whose condition is not Sweet-scented Magnolia, (M. glauca,) 
one of the poorest kind, then I know how Fringe-Tree, 
the conditionotthingshasbeenaltered,and L^:ge”SoS'6S'’s^tegf 
how the land has been improved. Broad-leaved Labiirnum, 
u U 1 A '• vvcui. >30 very aimcuit IS It tor a man Recollect, I was iust statino* that if Umo Rose Acacia, 
you have bestowed on his favorite pursuit hands of a skilfiff man Again, if you have to change his location, and go to a new kind is to be used as J imnrover^’the nuantffv Tree-honeysuckle, red and white. 
It is very rare that a work so nch in prac- hmestone rocks, the soil will be not altogeth- of soil and countrv havino-^nnUr tho UqKUo , .y i • ^ mprover, the quantity Double White Hawthorn, 
tical and money benefit to the community, consisting of hme. We have such in and knowledge t^ich he ifas aemfirpd in hi<j wp u ^ matter of importance; hence Double Pink Hawthorn, 
as your series of volumes on the NaturS England, which is of a rich character, and own coun^ If Tf the soil contains, Swe^Sce"ted Shrub 
History of the State are sure to be, should be casffy cultivated. Prof. J. here pointed to ITSS^kno^tre n^ hence our analyses of the soils 
at the same time accompanied by so large a a geological map of England, on which were soil which he attemnts toTultivatp or+hl e more ng. i v e v ould amve at Oak-leaved Flydrangea, 
harvest of reputation. My only apprehension, represented different kinds of rock or soil by mode of culture besf adanted to it’ that n taUW ^ Venetian Sumac (or Purple Fringe,) 
in bringing this subiect before V 011 is thnt different colors moae oi culture best adapted to it — that a table, (which the Professor showd to the Purple Burning Bush, (£Ma/ii/7n«6-,) 
^ J1 n . o . . to success only goes with audience) copied from onerof the volumes of Buffalo Berry. 
^e skilful and extended labors of your own These colors (he continued) appear in ir- knowledge. A man who has a knowledge Dr. Emmons, representing the comnosition To the preceding might be added as su- 
Tri”rrtr:fe“a„.bev s. 
SSIH'S 
am more familiar I mavnossTblv be'abU^' larger’ iTnotThe ol^^^ ^ spread over here is some of it (pointing to the map) in If is q^ute well to know, if lime is to be ap- Large-flowering trumpet creeper, [rather 
som^meiu^ t^veS^^^^^^^ X^aJd^ ^ Scotland-this is red sand^stone, known by plied to the soil, and a certain quantity Sf tender,] Queen of the Prairies Ve, Chi- 
Gentlemen,’Geologvoccunies Self with thesame color. Rurbeing t|l?^_re ofoldredsand-stona This con- lime is necessary to make all soils produc- Wistaria, Swe Clematis, 
serie;ofrj;kriSirg:n;m%:^r^e: iiidii^cStirs^Shr^^ 
another, hke the leaves of a book, forming of which its surface was composed. I was that falls^unon it and eats nn^all thp 
genemlly stratified deposites, or rocks lying observing, (he continued) that a limestone that is put^unon’it Of course it cann^tbe 
in beds or strata. The greater part of them, rock has a soil composed altogether of lime, cultivated with nrofit in the avtU 
though not now lying perfectly flat, were at Such a soil is very rare, but there are some ner-tt moperC^l^^^^^^^^^ it cSmal 
one time horizontal, but are now generally countries where such soils are found. Here to vield verv^larL rrmfita ’ 
inclined a little. Professor J. here pointed for instance (pointing to the south-eastern is freauentlv^he alSl nfZEl: 1! 
Mnxlmiliml lejpartramt. 
y all means be added.] - 
MANURING ORCHARDS. 
a Iiuuc. xiuic&suiH. nerc poniiea lui lu&iaiice, tpomimg lo me soutn-eastern is frequentlv the case a hill of t?flnfl<si ' riAKDY vegexames may oe planted as ear- wucs uugiu lu ue supplied wim an am- 
to a geological section, where the different part of England) is a soil composed of chalk fo^dUn ;K ‘he ground will answer to Pk dressing of mamire/as often,_at least. 
----- When- orchards bear profiusely, or the 
EARLY VEGETABLES. through which their roots extend, yields 
- ■ crops which are removed from the gTound, 
Hardy vegetables may be planted as ear- the trees ought to be supplied with an am- 
-uiic U. 1 UCIciiu u J 2 Siigiauuj 1 & c4 suu uuiuposeu oi cuaiK found m the ncighborhood of » liill of pIq -otpiu as tae grounu win answer to vx xuanuip, as onen, ax leasi, 
strata were represented by different colors, only. This is one instance where a soil con- these two when mingled in nronp ^ Ea^ishes, lettuce, cabbages, turnips, as once in four or five years. We think, 
and showing their different inclinations; and sists in a great part of limestone, for chalk tions form a loamv soil which i<fe^ potatoes, peas, &c., for early use, may be however, a better way is to allow the or- 
went on to say that these strata had certain is a variety of limestone. But if, as is fre- te fertile “o" ^ ‘he take its place in a rotation. Un¬ 
relations to each other-—that is, in regard to quently the case, limestones are more or less tion forms the whole of the valle-^oT*^ ^?h' ^^st is out If a very severe cold occurs like many others, we would not object to 
position, one being generally highest, and mixed with sandstone, or with clay ground more in Scotland (Strathmore meense x after the plants are up, some straw or hem- occupying the ground with any particular 
the other lowest Wherever you find these down, then it forms a calcareous or loamy valley.) These soils are exceedingl 'h lock boughs may be spread over them, ^pooies of vegetation, but let it be potatoes, 
stratified rocks, the same relative position soil; and every farmer knows, who has giv- and fertile when cultivated with ski?/ ' n which will be a sufficient protection, and wheat, or oats, as the soil or the judg 
which they have in one part of the world, en any attention to the composition of soils, tog large nmfiic he+h xr, +hxx iar,xii i maybe readily removed when no longer of the owner may dictate. But we 
will hold good all over the globe, unless that this is not only an easy soil to till and thi 2n/ ^ ^ exhausting crop has 
where, from some extraordinary circum- to plow, but in general, a fertile soil, and a To give some idea of the value of thk land The best early varieties of peas are the taken, ample compensation in manures 
stance, this natural position has been dis- soil which does not need the peculiar man- i may^ mention that this tract, at a neriod Albert, Early Kent, Early June (or for the exhaustion thus oc - 
tui^ed. ^ agement which sandy soils require to make not far distant, ’ paid about £8 an acre of Wuskington,) and the Cedo Nulli. The 
Besides these stratified rocks which form, fertile, nor the drainage which the clay soils rent- on an averao-e it now navs £5 and ^ ^warf variety, requiring but ^better, however, as a general rule, 
by far, the largest portion of the crust of the must be subjected to, to make them pro- £6 per acre The farmers who cultiva+P little space, is prolific, and comes tomatu- “shards be plowed only in their young- 
globe, there are rocks unstratified—rocks ductive. become exceedinglv skilful ^ the Prince ^ f®P® become 
which do not occur in strata, but which pre- _ Let me illustrate these general character- in the working of this kind ofland-itis not dif -Albert. The Early Kent is very popular developed; then put the ground in 
sent themselves in large masses, rocks which istics of the soils formed by different kinds ficult to plow it can be earlv cultivated in f^is neighborhood, where it has been rais- , ® lugbest condition of fertility, and lay it 
when broken, are found to be one solid mass, of rocks, by a more particular reference to the spring and the fall rains dn not eeme f®*’'’ a few seasons. grass, and invite the extremities of 
having no strata There are many stratifi- this geological map of England The ge- on so early, as to prevent the proper prepa- A good mode of raising early potatoes is 
"logish-is shown that the crust of the globe rations for the witter grain. These men, to sprout the tubers in XvarmhLe-dung. ZXtZ.rZ ? u 
names-but those which are unstratified, consists, m^tly, of a senes of stratified bod- who cultivate this lanY have become st They may be placed in layeis with the mf- “od economi^^^ harvest¬ 
ed which cover a large portion of the sur- les having their peculiar general character- well attached and know so well the va- nure, either on the ground or in a box or “S ">'.00 lilted, as all value- 
face of the earth, are not so various. One isUcs, and which occur in a certain order, lup nf it tUit tu^t-ir Uerr, rx,rra ii crate Tf the rmtotneo wUmr, i c "le taut should be, and the gTa.ss may be 
portion of them is called tran-rnel-« .vUicU one. above anotbe. TUe ctrtrU.e ..,1 . ' ® Overspread all ®rate. it the potatoes, when packed for eouallv well secured under .®ncU tr.i .o 
/ when broken, are found to be one solid mass, of rocks, by a more particular reference to the spring and the fall rains do nit ce/e od for a few seasons.’ ^o grass, and invite the extremities of 
having no strata There are many stratifi- this geological map of England. The ge- on so early, as to prevent the proper prepa- A good mode of raising early potatoes is 
' "'‘..‘‘"O™ '>7 *«™'’t ologis has shown that the crust of the globe rations for the winter grain. These men, to sprout the tubers in XvarmbLe-dung. ZXtZ.rZ ? u 
i »Zrn "'!''<=>> ”6 unstratified, consists, m^tly, of a senes of stratified bod- who cultivate this lanY have becomes!^ They may be placed in layeis with the mf- ‘tft?® “"<• “onomi^^^ harvest- 
^d which cover a large portion of the sur- les having their peculiar general character- well attached and know so well the va- nure, either on the ground or in a box or “S J*'.™ f™'‘as all valu^ 
) face of the earth, are not so various. One isUcs, and which occur in a certain order, lup nf it tbit tb^t-ir berr, rxxrra a u crate Tf tbe nntitnpo xxrbmr, i c "^® Bud should be, and the gTa.ss may be 
' one above another.. The studies and r^ Sis rodl^t ft7noSrnT:?orEnf XnVjf secured under such treeU 
a dark colored rock and occuis m great searches of the Agricultura geologist, have land. By which I mean, that they are ^1 sods, tlm grass sides dowuwLds, they may are more elevated We 
s S If’ “ K ^ Z'™ ! ® r‘ f r 7 formed from rnen of the same family or blood, and they bo pl^ted with the sods, without breaking "'=''“''7 broad, 
i Stl, 'xTif “ abundance Ill yourowii the matenals of the rwks that have crum- have extended aU over die region where this the sprouts or roots, which will .meatly fa® Y’™ 
' Steteof ti Y P a bleddown. By studying such a geological red land prevails. They have crept further cilitafe their growth. They should not be Mdfes "be ilrt’ ®i. ™''’ "ll 
J State of New-York, consists of this gianite. mi^p as this, you may see what rocks exist north into Sutherland, and are nL going started too Lch before planting, as it is if eZ 
J So much m regard to the relative posi- “ different countries, md from the combin- into the Orkney Islands On this redlanl ‘bflicult to prevent the sprouts frSm beiim amWi,! t. eL b Ub 
tionof rocks-for this is quite enough for e<l oWation, made by geologists and ag- though the climate is fai-different from that bruised or injured, if they are much moil Z/betroes have received the pr^^ 
our purpose. These rocks have generally nculturlists, it is at once seen, by an inspec- below, far up into that extreme northern re- inch long. If phnted very early “ '!i® i “ “ “f““1 the 
definite composiuons, or definite component colors, what are the quahties gion, they are raising crops of wheat, equal they should be put on a\varm and rathe"’ l?OTesZllZconi^^ 
parts;by that I mean a composition which to those of more favorable climates. Know- diy soil, to avoid the liability of their rot- the mitomnYblZ t 
^ in some cases, is very easily ascertained, and Here, (said Prof. J., pointing to the east- ing as they do well, the kind of tillage tlie if Eie weather is moist and cool. ntL tbo^^al^i ^ e. ®"’®fP 
|( in some cases IS characteristic of the rock, erly part of England,) is a purple tint, rep- land requires, and the general modes of ml- TU«vo ovxa cm f i x o^er the smooth surface, and tnus is the 
I Prof. J. here pointed to the geological sec- resenting the edge of one of the stratified ture so that all this land though laving far bit u- kinds of early potatoes, pound robbed of all the vegetable matter- 
) tion of the State, and remarked that this.red rocks Avhich makes its way doxvn south, until north, is of as good a character in^ alf re ns a xmiversal preference, towhichithasgivenlifethroughthesea- 
indicates a sand stone; this blue, a limestone, it is finally washed by the waters of the sea. spects, as tha/l iust pointed to further Were the orchard as well protected 
&c. Now, call stratified rocks, those rocks This rockf consisting chiefly of clay, forms a sZk Bii/aL S «®v®r^l va- p the fpest by its numerous low swales, 
) which he one above another, as represented tenacious clay soil, of which there is no ex- necessity that thev go to thesJ cold rmm u f ' ^ ounded under one name, tallen branches, oi upturned trunks and 
on this map-all consist of one oi other of ample in Seknd. It is so strong thatlt Iries. Ri^ but a rnore common difficxdty is the attach- roots and the innumerable standing trees, 
\ three things—of clay, or of sandstone more cannot be cultivated, but has laid in grass land to cultivate and when thev can find no Tfipre n variety.— the decaying leaves and branches, and fal- 
> or less hardened; or of limestone, clay, sand for a long time, and there is the finest and more land that suits them here thev emi- ; e several kinds, diftepg consider- fon trunks would pstore to the soil all it 
> and lime, forming all of the great number of most luxuriant grass land in England. grate to the New World ’ ^ f n appearance ^d quality, which pass had abstracted; but in the absence of 
) stratified rocks occurring on the surface of Prof J here nointed to a vellow tintpd Prof T Up p • + ^ name of Early June. Some are thpe, its natural manures, it must receive 
the globe But these are not found alwav^^ c^^rto of'ip«ri f7 t/ • uU t Y i J]®{® pomted to another tract of round, others oblong; some yellow inside, others or starve. 
ocviriiig xingly; S ZrfmrtfS f^ A kind introduc"edfron.Eng- , Ashes are .one of the bert application. 
S, and there, known as Shaw-s Early, Sr for an orchard; so. also, is sw^p raiiek:or 
actor of both; sometimes lime K found mix It forms a soil Avhich avUpt/p^^ water, with here and there, rocks. Early Sliaxvs, is here vanously called by a compost of bai-nyard manure; charcoal is 
I either X oT Sston^ ^and here and there, cultivated spots. The those names, as well as Early J^ Moun- excelled as is also lime, and occasionally 
ed with either clay or sandstone—some- sun. 
to o iT; ’ .1 J ^ ® ®'dtivated spots. The those names, as well as Early June, Moun- excellent, as is also lime, and occasionally 
I tUit it ^ day, hardens so inspection of such a map as this, tells me, tarn June, Fort Potato, &c. The true sort bone-dust, plaster, and salt, each of xvhich is 
times all three are found together - so that much tint it will rinn- ,r,vripv'+U p + i c “®’ • . ®’ Potato, <tec. The true sort bone-dust, plaster, and salt, each of xvhichis 
these three things, clay, sand and lime either a hammer and AvUpn^ Avet is cp 7 tells you, if you understand the effect of the is Avhite, both inside and out, roimdish in appropriately applied around the roots.— 
singly or in combination enter into the that the eattlp AvUi<-U 1 L^ ‘i character of rocks, or husbandi-y, the kind of form, tending to become oblong in rich soil. Scraping the tiainks when they become un- 
comp^osition .and forrCsub^ lWrat%heS^ culture best sxuted to particular localities, or when it loaches an unusu^%ize. It i^ thrift^, mossy or hide-bound, and Avashing 
stratifiedbodiesofAvhich I have been speak- countv of Huntingdon ayUpvp n l * and which must be folloAved, if the land is one of the best kinds Avithm our acquaint- with strong soap suds or wood-ashes ley, 
ing. Now you Avill see froTtS on^^^^ Z to be cultivaed Avith profit. It tells me, al- ance. There axe but few earlier lands, and and then |iving a strong coat of AvhitoAvash 
wLnlmxak^youacqxiaintedwiSlefS of ^^“i^ so so, Avhat method is to be adop^ those fexv are poor yielders, and not supe- are attended Avith the best effects. These 
er fact, that these rocks presenting themselves to avoA that though the farm^-s +u- ^ a countoy, the,first rior to the Shaws in quality. They fre- act both as a manure and destructive of in- 
aboA^e the general surface, fire more or less whole nrettv welf off ^u/r i • thing to ue done is to dram it. Then again, quently grow to a. size fit for eating in eight sects and Avorms.--Hmmca?i 
ground down, by the action of the ordinary Jhey m^e ^ttb or f nrofit 3 tbnt /w ri ^ f f T ^g®" -^ 
atmospheric causes; the rains, the ice, and in a hot summer thev can grow good o o cii ai p ace, know ^at there is another cooked before they are ripe, or Avhilegrow- Grape Cuttings.— The Mich. Farmer 
other forces that are continually in opera- of wheat in a we’t suiLier 4e/cfn^^^^^ wU^ / U ®Earacter, lying some- mg their quality is superior to most kinds states that Elijah Buck, a successful cultiva¬ 
tion; you will see, I repeat, that, supposing crops at all These stiff soils 1^111 not ailmit o/u 7 “^®^ uniform tailure in rai.si>:g 
arocktobeclay,Avhichisthusgi.ounddoAv| of SaL ciffttoattn SumUv^ VZZo % it, either near well, and keep well.- Cultivator. g-rapes from cuttings in the usual way o"f 
that it will form a peculiar kind of soil-xa in hot summeniriev -them nearly perpendicular or ob- 
mixture of certain other two, a fifth; and during Avhich it can be LouX to the con’ Tt to of’ j Pacing the 
h Drought to tlie con-1 It is of great consequence to know more ‘ paper during all the present month,—April, the surface, 
Not one in fifty failed. 
