MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL AND FAMILY JOURNAL. 
3fiFc{tanic fits ^ Icwnu. 
CHEAP PAINTS-TAR OIL. &c. 
Ed8. Rural Neav-Yorker: —An article 
in yotir last on cheap paints has called my 
attention to the subject, and I wish to ask 
you or some of your correspondents for a 
little information. 
I have often seen an article from the gas 
works, sometimes called “tar oil,” used in 
painting ships. 1 called at.the gas works 
in New York, last year, and ascertained 
that the article was sold by them at $4 per 
barrel, and Avas used extensively in painting 
ships, iron fences and many other things.— 
Having heard that the “tar oil” was sold 
by the Rochester Gas Company at $1 per 
barrel, I advised a neighbor of mine, who 
inquired for a cheap paint to put on an 
out-building that he could make brown 
or some other fancy color, to prociu-e a bar¬ 
rel of the tar oil from Rochester and exper¬ 
iment with it. He tells me he has done so, 
and Avhatcver he mixes with the tar- oil, he 
gets invariably the same jet-black color. I 
adA'ised him to cast sand upon it, with a 
view of changing the color to a brown. He 
says the sand, though white, becomes as black 
as the oil. 
I have heard, from Avhat I consider good 
authority, that Mr. Wadsavorth, of Gene- 
seo, has painted many of his out-buildings 
Avith this article. If so, could he not be in¬ 
duced to inform the public hoAV lie has suc¬ 
ceeded in getting so many agreeable shades 
from it ? Certainly, if it can be applied to 
painting our coarse out-buildings, it will be 
a very cheap and durable paint Many 
buildings in the A-icinity of Lockport have 
been painted of late Avith water-lime and 
linseed oil. It yet bears eA'cry appearance 
of making a durable paint. Could we use 
tar oil we could reduce the expense much 
more. Who will give us information ? 
Yours sincerely, James Edmunds. 
Jeddo, Orleans Co., April, 1850. 
LIST OF PATENTS 
ISSUED FROM THE UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE, 
For the week ending March 26, 1850, 
To Isaac Adams, of Boston, Mass., for improve¬ 
ment in apparatus for receiving and transferring to 
the pile sheets of paper from printing presses and 
paper machines. 
To C. B. Baker, of Troy, N. Y., for improve¬ 
ment in Brick Presses. 
To Hugh Bell, of Loudon, England, for im¬ 
provements in Balloons and their appendages.— 
Ante-dated Nov. 23, 1848. 
To C. D. Birdseye, of New York, N. Y., (As¬ 
signor to W. Lattiiig,) for improvement in Filters. 
To R. burton, of Rome, N. Y., for method of 
connecting the sections of gold washers. 
To S. Chapin, of Ashland, Ohio, for improve¬ 
ment in Exercising Chairs. 
To R. Cook, of Saratoga Springs, N. Y., for 
improvement in blast-pipes for conveying heated 
air and gases to furnaces. 
To G. Fletcher, Sen., of Greensburg, Ind., for 
improvement in Bee-moth traps. 
To G. Fletcher, Sen., & Turner Barnes, of 
Greensburg, Ind., for improvements in Seed- 
planters. 
To A. Fulton, of Pittsburg, Pa., for compound 
hard and soft metal packing. 
To G. P. Gordon, of New York, N. Y., for im¬ 
provement in Printing Presses. 
To C. Guiteau, of Syracuse, N. Y., for im¬ 
provement in correcting magnetic needles. 
To E. H. Hyde & R. Dawson, of Haydenville, 
Mass., for improvement in Fountain Pens. 
To H. Iverson, of Noav York, N. Y., for im¬ 
provement in revolving breech fire-arms. 
To A. Jennings, of Fall River, Mass., for ma¬ 
chines for forming rotary cutters. 
To L. Lamborn, of Kennett Square, Pa., for 
improvement in Cultivator Teeth. 
To L. Moore, of Ballston Spa, N. Y., for im¬ 
provement in printing floor oil cloth. 
To S. S. Reinbert, of Memphis, Tenn., for im¬ 
provement in Threshing Harvesters. 
To Ira Reynolds, of West Liberty, Ohio, for 
improvement in Plow and Clevis. 
To F". Searle, of Springfield, Mass., for improve¬ 
ment in Dental and Surgical chairs. 
To A. N. Severance, of Cherry Valley, Ohio, 
for improvement in Cheese Presses. 
To G. Wales, of Liberty, N. Y., for improved 
method of dressing cut tobacco. 
To E. Wicks, of Bart Township, Pa., for im¬ 
provement in the Seed Roller of a Seed Planter. 
To N. B. Powers, of Lansingburg, N. Y., for 
improvement in printing floor oil cloth. 
DESIGNS. 
To S. A. House, of Mechanicville, N. Y., for 
design for Stoves. 
To C. W. Warnick, F. Liebrandt, J. G. Abbott 
& A. Lawrence, of Philadelphia, Pa., for design 
for a Portable Furnace. 
Wonderful Locomotive. —The London 
Mining Journal says: —We are informed 
that there Avill shortly be brought before the 
public a new locomotive, in which the re¬ 
quirements of either steam, fire, air or wa¬ 
ter will be dispensed Avith; its power of trac¬ 
tion, while effective, Avill be perfectly safe— 
by it one-half at least of the present work¬ 
ing expenses Avill be saved. Advocates of 
universal peace look forAv^ai’d Avith hope; this 
ageni. ■» 111 exert a powerful influence on all 
nations. Distant parts of the world, where 
steamships, from the expense of fuel, have 
not been, will soon be reached with facility. 
This motive power will advance all nations 
by a larger stride than ever steam has yet 
made. 
THE HAMMER. 
The following appropriate panegyric on 
this primitive instrument, which was the 
first invention in mechanics, and perhaps al¬ 
so the first in war, is taken from the Scien¬ 
tific American: 
The hammer is the universal emblem of 
mechanics. With it are alike forged the 
SAVord of contention and the ploAVshare of 
peaceful agriculture—the press of the free 
and the shackles of the slave. The elo¬ 
quence of the forum has moved the armies 
of Greece and Rome to a thousand battle¬ 
fields, but the eloquence of the hammer 
has covered those fields with victory or de¬ 
feat. The inspiration of song has kindled 
high hopes and noble aspirations in t he bo¬ 
soms of brave knights and gentle dames, but 
the inspiration of the hammer has streAvn 
the field with tattered helm and shield, de¬ 
cided not only the fate of chivalric combat, 
but the fate of thrones, crowns, and king¬ 
doms. The forging of a thunderbolt Avas 
ascribed by the Greeks as the highest act 
of Jove’s omnipotence, and their mythology 
beautifully ascribes to one of their gods the 
task of presiding at the labors of the forge. 
In ancient warfare the hammer Avas a poAv- 
erful Aveapon, independent of the blade 
AAdiich it formed. Many a stout skull Avas 
broken through the cap and helmet by a 
bloAv of Vulcan’s weapon. The armies of 
the Crescent would have subdued Europe 
to the sway of Mahomet, but on the plains 
of France their progress Avas arrested, and 
the brave and simple wamor who saved 
Christendom from the sway of the Mussel- 
man was Martel—“the hammer.” The 
hammer, the saA’ior and bulwark^of Chris¬ 
tendom. The hammer is the wealth of na¬ 
tions. By it are forged the ponderous en¬ 
gine and the tiny needle. It is an instru¬ 
ment of the savage and the civilized. Its 
merry clinks point out the abode of indus¬ 
try. It is a domestic deity, presiding over 
the grandeur of the most wealthy and am¬ 
bitious, as well as the most humble and im¬ 
poverished. Not a stick is shaped, not a 
house is raised, a ship floats, a carriage rolls, 
a wheel spias, an engine moves, a press 
squeaks, a viol sings, a spade delves, or a 
flag waves, without the hammer. Without 
the hammer civilization would be unknoAvn, 
and the human species only as defenceless 
brutes; but in skilful hands, directed by 
wisdom, it is an instrument of poAver, of 
greatness, and true glory. 
THE PRESER’^ION^OF WOOD. 
Brevet Major Hagner, in his report of 
observations, during a recent tour in Eu¬ 
rope, furnishes an interesting description of 
Doctor Boucherie’s process of impregnating 
timber, with a solution of sulphate of cop¬ 
per. After the varnishing, the appearance 
of the Avoc»d is rich, and is said to be per¬ 
manent. The Dr. confines his application 
of it to soft wood generally, and, he exhibi¬ 
ted a work-box so impregnated, made of a 
tree within three months after it was cut. 
He shoAved a block sawed into three sec¬ 
tions, but not disconnected, which has been 
buried for six years in a fungus pit. It is 
of pine, and immediately after being filled 
the two side sections were impregnated by 
means of the natural action of the sap ves¬ 
sels of the wood, the one with the deuto- 
chloride of mercury (corrosive sublimate, as 
recommended by Kyan,) 800 grammes of 
1-5 per cent, strength; the other with 800 
grammes of sulphate of copper, of 1-5 per 
cent. The centre section was left in its nat¬ 
ural state. The block shoAvs the portions 
Avhich Avere left in a natural state, and that 
impregnated Avith the corrosive sublimate 
equally and completely rotten, the fibre de¬ 
stroyed, and the wood crumbling into dust, 
while the section marked as impregnated 
with the sulphate is perfectly sound and 
good. The Doctor says that traversers and 
sleepers on railways so impregnated have 
been used six years, and are still sound.— 
Farmer and Mechanic. 
TERRA COTTA ^ORNAMmTAL WORK. 
American travelers in Europe are uni- 
A'ersally struck with the elegance and rich 
decorations of many public and private 
edifices, particularly in Berlin, parts of Italy 
and Prussia. Their attractiveness aiises 
from a tastful use of an earthy compound 
suited to the purpose, which is moulded, 
burned, and attached to the surface, or 
worked into the body of the structure.— 
This mode of ornamenting has at length 
been introduced into our OAvn city. The 
first instance of its application Avas the Jew¬ 
ish synagogue in Norfolk street; since the 
completion of which, numerous applications 
have been made to the architect, Mr. A. 
Saletzer, for the decoration, either external¬ 
ly or internally, of other structures. Among 
the contracts closed, is one for a Roman 
Catholic church in Buffalo. Works of con¬ 
siderable extent are going up in 40th street, 
for the presecution of this new branch of 
the mechanic arts. The principal ingredi¬ 
ents of the composition are potter’s clay. and 
the ordinary brick clay. When combined 
in proportions, they form a stony substance 
of great durability and strength, and one 
that cannot be affected by the action of fire. 
The cost is about one-eighth that of ordi¬ 
nary building stone. It has been a favorite 
building material in Poland, Holland, Italy, 
Prussia, Berlin, &c., for a long series of years. 
— N.Y. Jour, of Com. 
dtolagij. 
GEOLOGICAL PRESUMPTIONS. 
NUMBER V. 
INDICATIONS OF THE CENTRAL HEAT OF THE GLOBE. 
Assuming that it is legitimate reasoning, 
to presume that all secondary forms of mat¬ 
ter beyond its primitiA'e atomic type, are 
the result of laAvs that govern form and mo¬ 
tion throughout illimitable space, rather than 
an independant exertion of the Supreme 
Avill, it is an allowable presumption to sup¬ 
pose that the globular form of the earth is 
attributable to equal central attraction of 
atomic matter, or of a melted fluid mass.— 
That it Avas the latter is argued from the 
fact of the non-stratification, and the semi- 
chrystaline appearance of all the primitive 
rocks, from the highest mountain to the low¬ 
est point that miners have reached. 
That great central heat still exists, is 
draAAm from the fact that there are now near 
300 active volcanoes, either throwing out 
melted matter or dense heated vapors.— 
None of the materials known to compose 
the nucleus of the globe being combustible 
in vacuo, and as combustion necessitates 
consumption of matter, it is rationally infer¬ 
red that all the volcanic appearances are 
caused by the disturbance of melted mat¬ 
ter ; either from the admission of water up¬ 
on incandescent masses, or the spontaneous 
production of gases. Earthquakes, and 
the raising and upheaval of large territories 
of land, are the legitimate results of explo¬ 
sive or expanded mediums, rarefied by great 
heat, and seeking vent by superior force. — 
The immense number of hot springs and 
thermal waters noAV knoAvn, Avliich are as 
old to all appearance as any part of the sur¬ 
face, and many of them possessing the 
greatest heat that water under the simple 
pressure of the atmosphere is capable of 
sustaining, can in no other way be account¬ 
ed for. 
It is a well known and settled fact, that 
in boring Artesian wells, and in the deep 
shaft^f the Polish salt mines, and in the 
tin mines of Cornwall, England, the tem¬ 
perature increases at a given ratio of about 
one degree of Fahrenheit’s Thermometer 
for every forty-five feet in depth, and this 
holds good in all situations and countries. 
At about 8.000 feet from the snrfiicc wa¬ 
ter would boil, ana ai less than thirty miles 
—not the hundredth part of the semi-diam¬ 
eter of the globe—the heat would be equal 
to causing the fluid state of all the fusible 
materials known. The great difference of 
temperature of the seasons in the same par¬ 
allels of latitude, are referable to this cause, 
from the different conductability of the un¬ 
derlying strata, or the thickness of the 
crust. These facts can be in no other way 
accounted for; in fact it has never been at¬ 
tempted or doubted, since the promulgation 
of this theory, in which every appearance 
is agreeing and harmonious, and must be 
taken as true. 
The earth if thus constituted contains the 
elements of a great catastrophe, a dynamic 
poAver capable of rending the Avhole planet 
into fragments; some of which might con¬ 
gregate into separate masses and revolve as 
asteroides in neAV orbits, and the smaller 
parts fall on the moon and other planets as 
meteorites. 
If the cooling and thickening of the out¬ 
er shell still goes on, of which there can be 
no doubt, creating a resistance that ordina¬ 
ry earthquakes could not relieve, the ten¬ 
sion of the confined vapors Avould be so 
great eventually as to disrupture and ex¬ 
plode the whole consolidated crust of the 
globe, Avhich Avill eventually be its doom — 
but Avhen?—to-morrow—a hundred thou¬ 
sand or a million of yeai-s hence, which is 
only the to-morrow of Eternity. 
The next chapter will be devoted to the 
presumptions, proofs and consequences of 
the cooling and contraction of the outer sur¬ 
face of the globe. r, t. 
How NO Preserve Health.- Medicine 
Avill never remedy bad habits. It is utter¬ 
ly futile to think of living in gluttony, in¬ 
temperance and every excess, and keeping 
the body in health by medicine. Indul¬ 
gence of the appetite, indiscriminate dosing 
and drugging, has ruined the health and 
destroyed the lives of more persons than 
famine or pestilence. If you Avill take ad¬ 
vice, you will become regular in your hab¬ 
its, eat and drink only Avholesome things, 
sleep on a mattrass, and retire and rise very 
regularly. Make a free use of water to pu¬ 
rify the skin, and Avhen sick take counsel of 
the best physician you know and follow na¬ 
ture. 
iuiiitiuj 3RmMng. 
THE CHERUB’S WELCOME. 
BT MRS. SIGOURNET. 
Among the bright-robed host of heaven, 
two cherubs were filled with new rapture. 
Gladness, that mortal eye hath never seen, 
beamed from their broAVS, as AAuth tuneful 
A'oiccs they exclaimed: 
“Joy! joy! He cometh! Welcome, Avel- 
come, dear brother! Babe redeemed from 
earth! ” 
And they clasped in their radiant arms a 
new immortal. 
Then, to their golden harps they chant¬ 
ed:—“ Thou shalt weep no more, our broth¬ 
er, neither shall sickness smite thee. For 
here is no death, neither sorrow nor sigh¬ 
ing.” 
At the Saviour’s feet they knelt togeth¬ 
er, with their Avarbled strain, “ Praise be un¬ 
to Thee! who didst say, ‘ Suffer little chil¬ 
dren to come unto me.’ ” 
“ Thou didst take them to thy bosom on 
the earth; and through thy love, they enter 
into the kingdom of heaven. Endless 
praise and glory be Thine, oh, Lord! Most 
High.” 
They led the little one to amaranthine 
bowers, and wreathed around his temples 
the flowers that never fade. They gave 
him of the fruit of the tree of life, and of 
the water that gusheth clear as crystal from 
before the throne of God and of the Lamb. 
And they said, “ Beautiful one, who wert 
too young to lisp the dialect of earth, sweet 
to thee will be the pure language of heav¬ 
en. Bringest thou to us no token from the 
world that was once our home.” 
Then answered the babe-cherub, “ Here 
is our mother’s last kiss, with a tear upon it, 
and the prayer with which our father gave 
me back to God.” 
And they said, “ Their gifts are sweet to 
us. We remember her smile, who lulled us 
on her breast; whose eye was open through 
the long night, when sickness smote us; and 
his voice who taught us the name of Jesus. 
“Oft-times do we hover about them.— 
We are near them, though they see us not 
While they mourn, we drop into their hearts 
a balm-drop, and a thought of heaven, and 
fly back hither, swifter than the wing of 
morning. 
“ We keep watch at the shining gates 
for them, and for the wliite-haired parents 
whom they honor, and for our fair sister, 
that we may be the first to welcome them. 
Lo, when all are here, our joy shall be full.” | 
Long they talked together, folding their j 
rainbow wings. They talked long Avith 
their music-tones, yet the darkness came 
not. For there is no night there. 
Then there burst forth a great song; 
choirs of angels saying, “Holy, holy, holy, 
Lord God Almighty. Just and true are 
thy ways, thou King of Saints.” 
And the lyres of the cherub brothers 
joined the chorus, swelling the melody of 
heaven. 
CONSCIOUS RECTITUDE. 
If a man has correct principles, he can 
never be laughed out of them. The shrug 
of the shoulder, the biting remark, the con¬ 
temptuous look and the scorning air, may 
cause a slight pain in his bosom, but the 
pain is produced by a consciousness of liis 
own virtue. It is from pity to those who 
err. He sees the tendency of unbridled 
passion, and this knoAvledge oftentimes 
causes a tear to fill his eye. The principles 
he has embraced—to influence and govern 
his whole life — he knows are founded on 
truth; and though cast out from the pale of 
society—turned away from as the off-scour¬ 
ing of the earth—he feels a consciousness 
of doing right, that buoys him up under 
every trial. Such are the principles Avhich 
are based on Bible truth. Let them be 
yours, young man, as you commence your 
career in life. Be not seduced by evil coun¬ 
sel—by unprincipled associates. With vir¬ 
tuous desires—with a deep anxiety to know 
what is right—and a jealous watch OA’-cr the 
natural heart, you cannot but overcome any 
unhallowed propensity, and finally triumph 
over every sinful desire. 
I GOOD COUNSEL. 
My advice is, that you endeavor to be 
honestly rich or contentedly poor; but be 
sure that your riches be honestly got, or 
you Avill spoil all. For it is well said by 
Caussin: “He that loses his conscience, has 
nothing left that is Avorth keeping.” There¬ 
fore be sure you look to that 
And in the next place, look to your health, 
and if you have it, praise God, and value it 
next to a good conscience; for health is the 
second blessing that we mortals are capable 
of—a blessing that money cannot buy— 
and therefore value it, and be thankful for it 
As for money, which may be said to be 
the third blessing, neglect it not; but note 
that there is no necessity of being rich, for 
I told you there are as many miseries be¬ 
yond riches as on this side of them, and if 
you have a competence, enjoy it with a meek, 
cheerful thankful heart. I have heard a 
great divine say, that God has tAvo dwel¬ 
ling's, one in heaven, and the other in a 
meek and thankful heart — IzaaJc Walton. 
THE DOOM OF PERVERTED INTELLECT. 
Oblivion must be the ultimate doom of 
all who have set at defiance the maxims of 
decency, morality, and i-eligion, hoAvever 
bright their genius, and howcA^er \'ast their 
powers. As the world grows older, and, 
we trust better; as it approximates to that 
state of religious and moral elevation Avhich 
Christianity warrants us to anticipate, many 
a production which a licentious age has par¬ 
doned for its genius, will be thrown aside 
in spite of it In that day, if genius rebel- 
liously refuse, as it assuredly will not, to 
consecrate itself to goodness, the world Avill 
rather turn to the humblest productions 
which are instinct with virtue, than to the 
fairest works of genius Avhen polluted by A'ice. 
In a word, the long idolatiy of intellect 
which has enslaved the Avorld Avill be brok¬ 
en ; and the world will see that bright as 
genius may be, virtue is brighter still. 
Happy the writers who, if destined to 
live so long, have, with souls prophetic of 
the great change, and true to the dictates of 
morality and religion, never written a line 
but what after ages may gratefully turn to 
for solid instruction or innocent delight; and 
happy also, all Avho, though not destined to 
see those distant times, have in any meas¬ 
ure contributed to form and hasten them! 
BREAD ON THE WATERS. 
A Swiss boy of remarkable promise was 
refused by his father the necessary aid for 
prosecuting studies for which he had a pre¬ 
dilection. The good pastor of the parish in 
this emergency came forward and furnished 
the necessary means;—the boy was sent to 
the University, and in the course of time 
rose to the highest eminence among scien¬ 
tific men. His name has no superior in his 
department. 
Many years had past away, and the 
Swiss boy thus befriended was now, with 
place and pay equal to the distinction Avhich 
his studies had won, a resident of this 
Western Avorld. He lived solitarily, amid 
plenty and luxury. But reverses had come 
upon his ancient friend, the benefactor of 
his youth. Religious persecution had visit¬ 
ed his native Canton, and the SAviss pastor, 
now an old man, had been driven from his 
flock, Avithout a home or the means to pro¬ 
cure one. The scholar lost no time in trans¬ 
mitting to the venerable man an invitation 
to share with him, his purse and table; the 
invitation was accepted, and, added to the 
pleasure of haAing given to the world a man 
of science, the SAviss pastor had the happi¬ 
ness of proving in his own experience the 
truth of that Divine promise, “Cast thy 
bread upon the waters, and thou shalt find 
it after many days.” 
SI NGIN G. 
We find the following very sensible ob- 
serA'ations, relative to singing among the 
young, in an Eastern paper: 
All children can learn to sing if they com¬ 
mence in season. I do not say that all will 
have the same sweet voice of the nightin¬ 
gale—for some have naturally sweet, mild 
and soft voices when they talk, while others 
speak in loud, strong and masculine tones. 
The same is true in regard to singing. 
In Germany, every child is taught to use 
its voice while young. In their schools, all 
join in singing as a regular exercise, as they 
attend to the study of geography, and in 
their churches the singing is not confined 
to a choir, AV'ho sit apart from the others, 
perhaps in a corner of the house — but there 
is a vast tide of incense going forth to God 
from every heart, Avhich has utterance to 
this language from the soul. 
Children, sing! sing with your whole 
hearts! David sung before the Lord, and 
it is meet that you should do the same; 
and always Avhen angry feelings rise in yom: 
breast, curb and check them by singing 
sweet and cheerful songs. 
VOCAL MUS IC IN GERMANY. 
The pupils begin to study note-singing 
at the age of nine or ten years. Previous 
to that they sing chiefly or entirely by rote. 
This is. considered advantageous until the 
musical ear is sufficiently trained and culti¬ 
vated. The scale is first presented to the 
pupil, not by sight, but by sound. The 
teacher sings it sloAvly and distinctly until 
all seem to understand, or at least to get 
some idea of its construction, and of the 
comparative relation of sounds, one to ano¬ 
ther. After explaining something of the 
formation of the scale, its intervals, &c., the 
teacher Avrites it upon the blackboard, or 
calls their attention to it in the book, obser¬ 
ving particularly the situation of the semi¬ 
tones. He now tells them that these char¬ 
acters (the notes) represent the sounds they 
have just sung, and that each sound has a 
name taken from one of the letters of the 
alphabet. This method is very thorough, 
although somewhat lengthy. The pupils 
sing almost entirely from books, the black¬ 
board being used merely for illustration.— 
The more advanced classes of pupils are 
improved by the frequent introduction and 
regular practice of new and interesting mu¬ 
sic, rather than by dry and unconnected 
exercises. Much time is spent, in the best 
schools, in practising the voAvels, merely ar¬ 
ticulating them for the purpose of obtaining 
a good delivery both in singing and speaking. 
