MOOllB’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL AND FAMILY JOURNAL. 
This is a subject of the highest interest— enable you to save a portion of the food of these animals, you will see how much llXnrftrnf+nrnl ^i>rtrrffmi>rff CHAPTER ABOUT TREES. 
By examining them closely through the mi- which would otherwise be necessary, and to tliis animal substance must contribute to the aIOUI lllllllUiUi - 
croscope, botanists have discovered how they keep more stock than could otherwise be chemical combinations, which compose the - ----- Under the above heading a correspon- 
grow— what they are -^how they propagate kept, that you can keep some stock in better soil, and to its fertility. It is interesting to GRAFTING. Massachusetts Ploughman fur- 
—how they get into the plant and seed-- condition than others, if warm; these arc know, from what causes this richness comes, --‘ nishes the following sensible article: 
and how they may be exterminated. It is matters of importance. I do not know how if you would judge correctly of the relative The process of drafting is so simple that As upon other rural matters, so UDon th' 
obvious that to exterminate smut, you must your cattle houses are looked after, but in fertility of these soils, at the mouths of riv- no man who owns a fruit tree, or has any a ereat deal has been writteS and^a o-reS 
cuher destroy the seeds, when they have New Branswiek, ] know that great atten- ers and further tip beyond the reach of salt „„„ taste for good fruit than an ostrich, dell more remains which may he wAtten. 
come to maturity, or destroy the plants be- tion is paid to this matter, and that the cold water. As far as the salt water reaches, i , i, • ^ .r ,, Tbpmlfnvpnf a 
fore they have attained that state. But of is carelhlly excluded from them. Exercise there the remains of animals, are found in ^ of oneraZ.-^ 
all the smuts or fungi, as they are called, also wastes the substance of an animal, and the mud of rivers, and the more of them as fo think that he cannot perform the obtained ^ ’ 
that injuriously aflect plants, the potato dis- he who would save the food,must avoid un- you approach the salt water. But, gentle- operation,—or turn out a son in this wide Th T' ' All / ,7 t r • 
ease is one of the most rC^park^le; and necessary exercise of his stock. men, these animals are also to be found in world without the knowledge of so simtile ^ t ^ 
when we consider how im^rtifi^l a root, po- I do not dwell longer on the relations of our soils, though it has not been proved by a,n acouirement. Anv one^who nnssesses be successfully transplant- 
tatn is. and whfl4, o-reat, (fistress b;is followed /.fM-den-v tn t.Ui« denarfiYiPnf. Vinf. nrneeed In in-L'PcliirolJnw. ,U,.,vv>+l,r +lvor rUpvT .vvp ^ ‘ ^ P® ed at any season in the year, when the 
grafting. 
all the smuts or fungi, as they are called, also wastes the substance of an animal, and the mud of rivers, and the more of them as 
that injuriously aflect plants, the piitato dis- he who would save the food, must avoid un- you approach the salt water. But, gentle- 
ease is one of the most rC^park^le; and necessary exercise ol his stock. men, these animals are also to be found in 
A CHAPTER ABOUT TREES. 
Under the above heading a correspon¬ 
dent of the Massachusetts Ploughman fur¬ 
nishes the following sensible article: 
As upon other rural matters, so upon this, 
uirue loiiowing circumsiances concur,— 
namely, the Tree in a dormant state —the 
ground free from frost and excessive moist- 
ince of whiclTisICb mvestigate the causes of so prominently to your notice, in the Natu- profits of the farmer, and materially affect minutes. free from frost and excessive moist- 
disease like thk, is deserving of all possible ral History of your State, that you cannot the growth of plants. In some geological It consists simply in cutting off a limb ^ceathsr above freezing tempera- 
formations, which you see represented on splitting if, and inserting the scion formed fovZble ZZrrTnces"^ 
are not, on that account, to discourage these also liable to the attacks of certain insects, bers, and it is remarkable that in many of barks join and coin- ^®mber, and these are unquestionably the 
investigations. In England and Scotland, the forest trees these formations, many of which are ma- cide, and some traveling grafters, who will i months in the whole year for the 
Among the various kinds of smuts, affect- are liable to these attacks. The Scotch firs rine rocks, their remains are precisely of not spend the time to so nicely adjust them 
ingeorn plants, that which affects Indian particularly are subject to such attacks.- the same kind as those which are now set it a little slantimr so that the™ b^JZ f tnbes however, 
corn, is the most remarkable. I have never Some sixty acres, covered with this tree, found in the sea that washes your shores. ^^V^ta^ittle slanting, so that they must in- become so coinpletely dormant, or m a 
seen its effects myself; but it is described were in one instance completely destroyed I take great pleasure in alluding^ to this, be- state of repose, for two or three weeks about 
as remarkable from the fact, that it can only by insects. The mountain-larch was, in one cause the researches into the nature . common process of setting grafts by ^ suinmer solshce, that they 
be exterminated, by selecting the seed from season, attacked throughout the whole is- of these animals, by Prof. Bailey, of the splitting the stock and inserting the scion in ^ successfully transplanted at that 
localities not affected by it, or by cutting it land, and millions of these fine trees des- West Point Institution, have eontributed to the form of a wedge, is called cZe/it graft- , / > u- c ■ 
out as soon as it appears. But the most troyed by insects. There are insects also shed new light on this subject, and have re- ing- another called croxon orafting whpn 
singular and interesting, is that kind of fun- which attack our crops. The wire-worm, fleeted high credit on Prof. Bailey, and the o o/nr-k en l-i o ii * 1 ^ tu of the tree dormant, 
gus that affects rye. It affects the ear of every faimer knows; the turnip beetle often countiy to which he belongs. ^ a stock is so large there is danger that one the ^ound warm and tractable, the weath- 
the rye, and the affected grains assume an destroys whole fields,so that the turnips have Ihavebeen obliged to hurry rapidly over ^ mildand cloudy, with a prospect of mn. 
appearance, not unlike small spurs, sticking to be sowed over and over again. Then these subjects—but you TeT^from whaTl ®^P ^®®P stock from becoming dozy ^ weather immediate- 
out Thisergotofryeasitisealled,shows there is the wheat fly. You, Zhe north- Ze sa^hoZvide Ty and unsound. This process is performed ^^^TrSZtoZ^^^^ 
Itself in most places, m low, wet and marshy cm part of America, for many years haye see as we proceed, that the general infer- Avhen the bark will peel, by making as many tj v Z Z a • -in¬ 
lands, where rye is grown; or in better land, been subjected to the visitations of this in- ences to be drawn from them, are important, slits in the bark. abZ an inch doivn as it . ul 5 
m seasons of great rain, succeeded by great sect. I should hke to illustrate how seri- rr „ + i i 11 p +1 i i • j • i, • ^ ^ house, so in planting a Iree, a foundation 
heat, and generally in moist years. When ous these visitations have been. I have here ji i ^ ^ ^ desirable to set scions. One half of the must be laid for it. i or all kinds of Trees, 
rye is affected in this way, the ergot being notes of the progress of the wheat-fly in dif- scion, for about an inch of the lower part, Deep Tillage is the first thing, and the 
groundup with the flour, produces disas- ferent parts of the United States, during the Wvtv ^ rnayreacia jg cut away, leaving a square shoulder, and thing, and the third thing, and all 
trous consequences, and persdns have died periodjlluded to; but in a recent volulie of thZSr SZ «l-ting the part foft frl the pith t; the 
who have eaten the bread made of it, un- your Society’s Transactions I find an able i i i i t • • lor a tree 5 to 10 or 12 feet hitrh dio" 
dercircumstancesof disease of .remarkable ^apor on thl subject, by Dr. FM, whTh V? wo'' "T ^ ^ H feet deep-4 feet 
character. In consequence of this discove- precludes the necessity of going into details. n rl i i + mpanies us o er e ai , e square shoulder resting eter Avill barely answer, but 6 or 8 feet Is a 
ry, this substance has been introduced into I may state, that since 1842, it has spread us to put trees and on the stock, and securing firmly by a cord gn-eat deal better. If the ground in the 
the list of medicines, and employed withef- from the east to the west, from the east to F x I f ^ waxed cloth. bottom of the hole is hard, loosen it with 
feet in certrain cases. But it is a curious fact the north, and that its ravages have been F In sfraftinff on small stocks another nro- a pickaxe, 5 or more inches deeper, then 
three of the things combined. 
For a tree 5 to 10 or 12 feet hiarli, die 
the more robust the plant and the more bark in a wedge shape, and slipping it un- iii'ij.+ oiP + i^ . 4 p . 
profit tothe farmer; .fit aceompames us to der the bark, the sejuare shoulder resting eter will barely answer, tat 6 or 8 feet L, a 
nwf ^ “tf on the stock, and securing firmly by a cord great deal better. If the ground in the 
plants at proper distances from each other. i,rox.nxi nin+L l 4 * p 41 i-i-i.ii -x • , 
iL-ni iliPiFmoFr Uoirn lUn UnunCf xiP P.nr-L waxcd cloth. bottom of the hole is hard, loosen it with 
lect in certain cases. But it is a curious fact the north, and that its ravages have been x|^^^ i ^ i • , . . . ’ In grafting on small stocks another pro- » pickaxe, 5 or more inches deeper, then 
that this same ergot is found not only in rye, more or less destructive in certain localities, .-„,i i,^.„ ,„-,„i- xi •„ ,. , f cess is pursued called xvhio or tonnxie o-nft it up Avith the soil, a little of the subsoil 
but in various kinds of common grasses on gradually putting a stop to the growth of iwZ i f fif inT . ! cx 7 rich well rotted compost manure, inti- 
which cattle feed, particularly among the wheat, until during this last year, the wheat r»f i 1 p po p^ p ^ i ni. ^ ^ ly sa e an cer am met - lately mixing the three together, 
rank grasses that grow in marshy places.— crop was scarcely touched at all; but in New ^ f ^ dd Preparim, the Tree Pare the bro 
WuTt£%‘" «fe™cc V't ml lo'o*' f” of'tl- rils" quX^andTo 7 f ^ ^en ends of the root, smoothly, always en- 
oFS ;S feed S wtah T ,• f'i I .'; ,f 7 you should select with reference to that *“7 obout one and a half inches; split up a termg the knife upon the under side, and 
duced the Remarkable feverish eSete on RppI 7 ^ ^point—if it follows you into your''barns and beginning one-third the length of cutting Avith an upward slant. Shorten in 
the human body Avas the cause of similar irinttj-rZFi ave perva e wioe is- tells you how to treat your cattle—and what the slope from the point, cause the Avedges the top also, the root is Aveak, so that 
Human oouy, Avas tne cause ol similar tricts and exterminated almost, certain crops, +l.;i x.a-xi.i4 ^.p ^ * 4 x / ■, xi , i • • , ? , there mav be a balance of noAver between 
effects in cattle-which in many districts and someUmes changing the system of crop- 1 '“'®!!,,?! “f™yef'nent--to what to enter and the barks to join, and wind ,„otandLanch ^ 
prevails to such an extent that the farmers ping and husbandry!^ I take a sino-le illus- “®®^®® ®^^*^® ^*'® ^'^bject, and how they tight with a narrow slip of the waxed cloth. ..i p; 4 - .1 rp mi x 1 11 
find it imnossible to seenre e-ilvpe Hf F J?^iiuib are to be prevented and cured—and if it tp 4 i n 4 1 • 1 4 t 41 , • Planting the Tree. The tree should 
nnu It impossiDie to secure calves. Ot tration in the case of Canada, and I shall urUu to+n 4 iin Hr-n j • 4 4 ^be stock is larger than the scion, cause donri ni tho ripniu to lUo n-vnimA 
(>oiiTSP tlio vptyipHv micro’pQfp/l ir flip f/^rr^Avoi 4 4 V.* V. 1 4 .*1 ffOGS witli you into tlic ncldb* ^iiQ instructs ii • • • • i ,■ stcinQ. tiii tiiG sctnixc ciGptnin, tliG around tii^t 
of the’cause ;anJ that is done’by draining numbers JLw how Snrhavc been yo“ nature of the insects that attack scion to join on one side, and cut away it grew previously to its removal. Deep 
the marshes on which these rank grasscl the effecte of ttaravaoes of thfs fly on the r"'“f dntttroy ‘he projecting side of the stock. planting, as an Irish gardener e.vprcsses it. 
grow. There are none of you wholly not habits of a people, and“on the nature of the “g them; I put it to you to say, whether iT To prepare for grafting it is necessary to '» murder entirely. 
see, that the application of the results of this exports of the country. Prof. J. here mark- ®?^®^®® b® fih this, it is to be considered have grafting wax, for which we have here- bet one man hold the tree, and another 
branch of study, has a direct bearing on the ed on the black board, tbe relative proper- useless or unprofitable to the far- tofore given several recipes. Make a roll of bnees and Avork with his fingers 
practical, pocket interests of the farmer, as tions of wheat and oats raised in Canada in ^ , 1 1 • i . cotton cloth (if half worn the better, as it ^ roots, straightening tlicm out 
It enables him to avoid eA'ils and prevent three different vears- Prof. J. closed his lecture by adverting to • 4 • n a i. x , aud hlling up all the hollow places among 
losses, to which he must be otherwise liable. ^ 1827 . 1831 . 1844 . the feeling of contempt with which ignorant ^ r in strips more readily,) about one and them with generous rich soil, until the hole 
I pass over any further illustrations on this Wheat, buHh, 22,981,244 3,404,756 942,835 persons engaged in the humbler pursuits of b^tf inches wide, and dip it into the melt- is completely full. Then press the ground 
subject of Botany, with a .single additional “ 2,341,529 3,142,274 7,238,753 life, and who are indebted to chemical sci- ed wax till it is filled; then take it out with gently but firmly around the tree with the 
remark: that this branch of science, in con- The most striking change, is that betAveen ®”®® success therein, regard a knowl- the tongs, and squeeze out the superfluous ^be Avork is done, .[f the soil is 
nection with’Chemistry, to which now may ’27 and ’44, between the two main crops.— ®^g.® ®^®b science, instancing as an illus- wax. The wax should be made into rolls buckets of water may 
be added, tbe modern science of Histology, This diminution in the wheat crop, indicates the case of a washerwoman who convenient for use If too hard for the po^^red into the liole, just as soon 
senting on a large scale, sections of the com- of property which this change*1n the kind Chemisty she could do nothing—that she After setting the scion, if the stock is evergreen trees, 
mon carrot and beet. This is done altogether of husbandry, has brought upon the people bnew nothing of chemistry—that she av ash- small and there is danger of the splits open- ^^b. After treatment. It is an excellent 
by the microscope, and they are faithlul de- visited by this insect. ®^ ber clothes as others had done before it ^ gtj.ip waxed cloth P^^®bce—worth almost as much as a policy 
lineations, but if you apply to th.ese small Now there is only one other point, in refer- F®^’ ’^b® bncAv nothing of Chemistr}^ and j • p „ ’ of insurance— to mulch trees the first sea- 
cells, which cover the surtace, chemical sub- ence to which I would call your attention, ®bc cared nothing about it He re- - , 1 r ^^11 son after planting them. This is nothing 
stances, you can produce changes of color and that is. Microscope Entomology, and the that this was true of a numerous wood and the split to exclude the more than covering the ground, for 3 or 4 
in one part and not in another; and know- use of artificial means of investigating the farmers, in the old country, Avho water and air; if mechanically performed feet around them, Avith a depth of 2 or 3 
ing what kind of vegetable substances are nature of these minute animals, which can P®rfornied all their operations, as it were, at not one in a hundred will fail, if the scions inches of straw, leaves, sea-Aveed, or the 
lightened in color by chemical substances, not be seen by the naked eye. First, in re- s®®ond hand, Avhich they had learned per- are in order. bke, carefully placing stones or sods upon 
you draAv conclusions as to the nature of the gard to the nature of these animals. If I baps only from practical men; and if one of When the scion is larffe and makes too mulching may not be 
substance itself, though the particles are so take a little pure water, and place it under i-bese men were told that science had done , . , , +•.+ «+ + ' bloAvn fiway. Trees in any Avay exposed to 
minute that the chemist could not extract the microscope, I can perceive nothing like luuch to improve his art, and might do more, ^ wedge, cut in at hrst at a greater the wind ought to be staked and tied the 
them for examination. This constitutes that animal life in it; if I put a few grains of pep- he should reply that he was a plain angle, Jind then taper out into a slim thin first season, if not longer, 
branch of science called Histology, and be- per into it, you will see the water teeming Practical farmer, knowing nothing, and car- wedge, or it will split the stock too much. Still further, all kinds of fruit trees, and 
ing applied to plants and animals, makes us with minute animals, which are now named nothing about science; gentlemen, he is The knife for forming the scion should generally all cultivated trees, require more 
acqixainted Avith their entire nature, and on infusoria This is produced by the infusion agTicultural w^herwoman, [laughter.] be sharp enough to make a pen, to avoid or less care and attention as long as they 
what circumstances these changs, Avhen of the vegetable; hence the animals are cal- We have a few in England; I do not know, mano-lino-the bark on the sides of the wpdo-p bve; and, likedoraesticanimals,theybe- 
healthy and when diseased, must depend, led infusorial animals. They exist in all ^ ^^ope at least, that there ai;e none of them o ® ^ come miserable and worthless by neZet. 
I pass on to Zooloirv. and vou cannot but river Iind spa ■wnl.pr in lovn-P nnon+ili/iD liGrc. -—--- * Tt. ic fV» 
THE PEACH. 
With the climate congenial to the above 
come miserable and worthless by neglect. 
It is, therefore, of little use to plant trees 
unless one means to take care of them. 
A tree that has been set some years, and 
is not in a thrifty condition, may be greatly 
I pass on to Zoology, and you cannot but river and sea water, in large quantities.— bere._- --' It is, therefore, of little use to plant trees 
perceive that the science that developes the The number of their species and genera, are mxr -n it THEPEACH. unless one means to take care of them 
general habite and structure of animals, the very great It has been found that those . United - ^ ^ 
natural rchitions of one to another, and the which live in the salt water, will not live as States.— If it be within the power of those With the climate congenial to the above jg not in a thrifty condition mav kFo-rektlv 
fonction^s of their several parts, how they readily in the fresh; and when the fresh and J are to give directions about the next named fruit, and the trifling expense of the benefited by dfooino-a circular ditch Zmd 
live and hoA^hey live best, must be of im- salt Avater mingle, a change takes place, and ®®n^ we hope they av^^^ (the choicest varieties big offered it, about twZeet wiZZl^^^^^^^ 
portance to the agriculturist, and particularly the animals die in (wit rmmbpr*? 3 ''Lpvirp ascertain the number of dogs, male and fe- '' i i i\ ° on/i r 4 4 * i. 4 
that branch of it which relates to breeds of naturally short-li7cd, but this changeol^wa- ^al®> ®very county in oiir Union; and, if at 8 to ^10 per hundred, we see no good fZ\he^rtf^ tL ktteiZnchrs b 
stock. tpj. xi X 1 - • It could be done, it would be useful also to reason why the fruit should be worth from ^ree asine attei ismcnesin diam- 
As to breeds of stock, a knowledge of than usual, and mingle wiili the mud car- ’‘ff s>‘“P kiH- 1 to per basket, as we have had to pay j ® Jho'Tnner sido'’'of'the'''ditc'' 
fbtfj, wirZ!Iel“ nlllfthatlL'cTst rlris e^;^ to then be Blled up with g^i 
uutcdimiieu uy ulu sKiiioi me Dreeaer. The lormed in part from the kind of material '' 
physiology of animals is another branch, but brought down by the water, from the dif- pountry, if it were not for the fes 
want of time will not permit me to advance ferent geological formations, near its source, ^®®tJ'oy®‘l ^y dogu 
even the reasons necessary to satisfy you, but the extreme richness which characteri- ,, ^® ^® o® enemies of dog's, of genuine 
fear of hav- 
ticuijtfiy that the knowledge of the habits deposited on tliese deltas, and there under- we have a great aversion to idle, useless 
of animals that we desire to rear, is of great goes decomposition, and mino-les with the whelps —nati consumere fruges —bom only 
consequence in the feeding of stock. To other materials of their composition. fo consume the fruits of the land—whether 
know that the absence of light, and of all When I tell you that if you take the mud ^®y S® ®“ ^®^ ^®g® ®*’ two!—A'a:. 
causes of disturbance imd irritation promotes thus deposited and wash out the sand, so as--—-- 
T/f 4*1^4 consequence, to leave the mud pure, it has been found to Goethe says that ‘Man is properly the 
10 Enow that the warmth of animals will contain sometimes 25 per cent of the remains on?y object that interests man.’ 
1 ^1 1 .X 17,1 ^ for years to come, in the substantial form of 
ply tbe knife, and follow it up till tbe enemy i,us,,eis of luscious fruit, lUways excepting 
IS destroyed. Leached ashes applied give the peach luid nectarine, which should nev- 
a fine healthy growth. So, kind friends, let or in this climate be suftered to stand long- 
us have peaches plenty, for they are healthy or than 8 or 10 years from the seed. A 
and should not cost much. P®^®^ ‘^®®® >® ®®t ®''®U' 7®^^!' t® 
mi r 11 • 1 . • • 4 - n 1 ^®®P up a supply of this delicious fruit. 
The following are choice varieties: — Early ^ ^ , 1- _ _ 
Purple, Eiu-ly York, Royal Kensington, Mel- An English gardener has, for more than 
ocoton, Sweetwater, Red Rareripe, Morris twenty years past, kept down the Aveeds in 
Wliite (for preserAung). j. h. w. gravel walks, Avithout any apparent bad ef- 
-- feet, by sprinkling over them annually dry 
Unskilful workmen quarrel -with their salt, in dry weather, and then sweeping k 
tools. thinly and regularly Afith a broom. 
