MOOEE’S EUEAL NEW-YOEKEE: AN AGEICULTUEAL AND FAMILY JOUENAl. 139 
U 4- t I ture, all fc’he year ; another the summer, and than it otherwise would be, and which shall ! and if the character of the year be such as the admission of the sun and air, and to 
^OnUStOU 0 JLtnUuJOj another the winter temperature. Now you impart that warmth early in the spring, we to enable these crops to come early to ma- give sap to the bearing limbs. 
T ^ ■ fc ■ t will perceive the application of these obser- shall have arrived at a method of controlling turity, they escape the danger of these early Prune out all suckers, if the old limbs 
OntheGener^ itTtURE. vations, when I tell you that there are places nature, as it were, which must lead to im- frosts, according to the prevalence of sunny can sustain themselves without them, for 
CTlCAIu AWKit/ • where the mean temperature of the whole portant results. Drainage is one of these days, and the ^sence of cloudy weather.— they cannot with them. But if the old 
LECTURE FOURTH. year is the same, and yet the temperature modes, and has been found of great practi- I need not dwell on the»subject of frosts, for limb* cannot support themselves without 
- “^f the winter and of the summer is very cal utility in making the soil warmer at all all know their effects in spring and fall, and the suckers, saw them off close to the suck- 
The Relations of Meteorology to Practical (jiff^rent; for instance, where the summer is seasons, and of particular utility in making that to the gardener, as well as the farmer, ers, and depend upon the suckers for a new 
culture. winter very cold; yet the the soil ready for sowing in the spring, as it and to all engaged in husbandry, these are top. Many a tree with decaying old limbs 
Gentlemen:— The lecture this evening mean temperature of both, will be 60, the enables the farmer to avoid losses by the matters of great importance. and thrifty suckers, may be renewed by 
is on the relations of Meteorology to Prac- heat of summer in the one, compensating for seed rotting. It is specially important, in Another circumstance of climate, connect- method of pruning. 
tical Agriculture. the cold of winter; and in the other, the re- my countiy, where scarcely half the wheat ed with low temperature,is the relative du- Remove no large limbs that can be sup- 
You recollect that when treating of the verse. Of course the climate of two such sown, vegetates. ration of the different seasons, especially of ported by judicious pruning. It causes un- 
relations of Geology to practical agriculture, places, is very different. The climate of I pass on to another subject, or rather to winter and summer, as representing the necessary, large wounds which can never 
I explained how it is that the rocks that America is different from that of England; another branch of this subject I speak of whole year. The transition from summer ^oal, but will rot to and down the heart of 
form the solid crust of the globe, gradually and the vegetable productions which grow the sun’s rays, and of the warmth that the to winter, and vice versa, is very sudden at trunk, and cause decay in its correspond- 
decomposed and crumbled down, so as to naturally in each, vary accordingly. And air and the earth derive from the sun. The the north, so that they have only summer lateral bran^es re¬ 
form the materials that cover the surface, yet the mean temperature of the two coun- rays of the sun, by the interposition of an and winter, so to speak. The relative dura- invigorators upon the main branch- 
and from what hard materials the soil is tries is about the same, the difference being instrument called a prism, can be decom- tion of summer and winter, has an import- ^ extreimties of the 
produced. I explained that the causes of caused by the different mean temperatures posed, and separated into several different ant bearing on the rural economy, which the branches all decajnng, thick and in- 
this disintegration of the rocks, were ordin- of summer and winter in the two. Here colored rays. This is familiar to all. But farmer should adopt, if he would derive fertwming hmt^. Saw the suckers so close 
arily to be found in meteorological agencies; then is another study. The study of these other things have been ascertained, which profit from his labors. Where the winter is ^ remove those numerous buds, which 
that is the warmth of the sun, the influence isothermal lines, or of the temperature of are not so well known. It has been found long, the farmer must lay up winter food for their roots, ready to spring 
of rains and peculiar kinds of atmospheric summer and winter in different places, and that, besides the fact that the sun’s rays con- his cattle, to sustain them, when they can- forth, if left remaining, 
action, combined with the severity of frosts, of the mean temperature of the year. So sist of light of different colors, which, when not be turned out Here, you have six Too much pruning in one year and none 
and the alternations of cold and heat. From that the more we enter into this study, the mixed, form a white color, that they contain months, during which you must provide afterwards, is certain ruin to the tree. It 
this, you will perceive that the study of me- more we perceive the bearing of this branch three different kinds of rays. There is a ray food for your cattle. In New Brunswick, will become filled with suckers, which will 
teorology is closely connected with the origin of science, on the practical capital of the of light—that you know; there is a ray of the average duration of winter is six and a I'ob the bearing limbs and cause decay.— 
of the soils themselves, and with those ge- farmer. heat, but the rays of heat are not the rays half months. , Prune moderately, every year, and the tree 
ological phenomena which I presented as of Another point I have spoken thus fai* of light. On the contrary, we can seperate Another way in which winter operates, will soon become healthy, thrifty and fruit- 
great importance to the agricultural inqui- of the temperature of the air only. But the one from the other. The sunbeam con- has reference to the period in which out- Most orchards in the country arc suf- 
rer. But into these branches of the subject this is not the only thing of interest to the tains, also, a chemical ray; so that, though door labor may be perfoimed. In the feeing veiy much for the want ol pruning. 
I do not propose to enter this evening with farmer; the temperature of the soil itself is colorless, it consists of three different kinds spring, he must sow early, that in autumn Scraping. —Old ^trees suffer badly from 
minuteness. I will merely observe in pass- of equal consequence. This is a study into of existences—not matter, but agencies— his crop may escape the early frost; but if hard, dry bark upon their trunks and 
ing, that the study of Meteorology in con- which philosophers, whose researches are the one being heat, another light, and the the period which intervenes' between the branches. It confines the growth, and fur- 
nection with this branch of science, is highly confined to the crust of the globe, have en- third a chemical agent. I shall go into this passing off of the snow and the time for nishes a lurking place for insects and worms 
important But I propose to treat more tered largely. If you bore down into the subject further, in a subsequent lecture, sowing is short, it is obvious that the farmer that prey upon the tree and fruit. They 
particularly of what is cdled climate and of earth to the depth of 60 feet, and let down when I will show you how plants grow.— must not only plow early, but must do it also suffer from moss, which roots into the 
its influences on the growth of crops on va- a thermometer into the bore, ydtt will find At present, I shall merely glance at it— very rapidly, and the shorter the time, the bark and draws sap from the trees, 
rious kinds of soil. that in summer, the temperature at a certiin When a plant takes root in the ground, greater the force required to do it Here, The first of June, immediately after a 
The main elements of climate are the depth, varies. It rises in summer, owing to chemical changes go on; the more numer- therefore, is a serious drawback on the prof- rain, with a steel shovel, hoe, or some other 
temperature of the air, and of the soil itself; the fact that the sun affects the temperature ous the parts of the plant, growing at the its of the farmer, and one of great interest convenient tool, scrape the rough and dead 
the quantity of rfiin that falls, and the char- of the earth down to a certain depth, and same time, the more numerous these chem- to him. In connection with this point, it is bark and moss from the trunk and branch- 
acter of the prevailing winds; and under so does the cold of winter. The thermom- ical changes. These changes are produced of great interest to know how far the win- es. It will then slip off’ easy and leave a 
these three several divisions are comprehend- eter, indeed, will never remain stationary, by the agency of the chemical element of ters of different places differ. green, healthy and yielding bark, and the 
ed minor branches of knowledge, each of until you reach a certain depth—about 50 the sunbeam. Thus, when the plant is bq- {Conclusion of Lecture Fourth, next week.) gi’owth of the tree and the quantity and 
are lurking at their roots, ready to spring 
forth, if left remaining. 
Too much pruning in one year and none 
must not only plow early, but must do it also suffer from moss, which roots into the 
very rapidly, and the shorter the time, the bark and draws sap from the trees, 
greater the force required to do it Here, The first of June, immediately after a 
therefore, is a serious drawback on the prof- rain, with a steel shovel, hoe, or some other 
these three several divisions are comprehend- eter, indeed, will never remain stationary, by the agency of the chemical element of 
ed minor branches of knowledge, each of until you reach a certain depth—about 50 the sunbeam. Thus, when the plant is bq- 
which is of great consequence, and to some feet below the surface—there the thermom- ginning to approach maturity, and to ripen 
of which I will draw your attention. eter remains stationary the year through: its seeds, then it requires the aid of heat — 
You will recollect that I explained to you showing that the summer and winter do af- The warmth of the sun is necessary to ripen 
in a former lecture, what is called mean feet the temperature of the earth, to the the grain. 
temperature; that is the temperature of a depth of 50 feet The depth at which the Professor J. here pointed to a diagram 
whole day, month or year, taken onanave- therrnometer remains stationary, indicates a exhibiting the colors of the different rays; 
rage. To explain this matter fully, would certain degree of temperature of climate. blue indicating the chemical ray, the 
great interest to know how far the win- es. It will then slip off’ easy and leave a 
'6 of different places differ. green, healthy and yielding bark, and the 
{Conclxision of Lecture Fourth, next week.) gi'owth of the tree and the quantity and 
— ' the quality of the fruit are materially in- 
(II)rC|[llirb Qllb Washing. —Various preparations have 
_ __ been recommended. The best and most 
'fruit-THE PROSPECT. available are lye from wood ashes, or one 
_ pound 01 potash to two gallons water, or ot 
We observe by the papers from various strength to bear a hen’s egg, and thick, 
THE PROSPECT. 
require a map of the globe, which I have R at Albany, for instance, it were fixed at yellow the ray of light, and the red the localities both south and south-west, that made from soft soap. These 
not now. I have only a map of England, 50 feet, it would be fixed at that depth, one heating ray. But, said he, the point of con- the late mid wp^thpr has nea 1 let 1 green and healthy, and 
which will serve, perhaps, to illustrate the hundred years hence, as no doubt it was sequence to the farmer or at least the one , weainer nas neany aesiro^ea destroy all vermin or eggs deposited in the 
subject sufiaciently, as it is sufficiently ex- one hundred yeais ago. These similar ob- of importance as showing the relations of Prospect of peaches, and other fine crevices of the bark. Apply them with a 
tensive to show the different degrees of servations made all round the globe, enable the science of light to the art of Agriculture, In this region, thus far, the pros- stiff brush several times a year. What runs 
temperature in different latitudes, and tho’ you to connect those places, where the tern- jg this, that these three agencies exist in pect of all kinds of fruit was never gi’eater. or falls on the ground, is first rate manure 
the late cold weather has nearly destroyed destroy all vermin or egg's deposited in the 
these differences are not as striking as they perature of the earth is uniform, thus show- different proportions in the sunbeam, in the Owing to the drought of last season the 
would be on a map of this country, yet they ing by a line, that the^ have the same uni- spring, summer, and autumn. The blue, or i, Fruit —Much has been lost by an inju- 
are enough so, to show the important influ- fonn temperature at tlife depth. chemical ray, is greater in the spring; the ^ ® ^ ^ gxowt , selection of varieties. Many per- 
ence which temperature has upon the Such dbservations have been made, but light greater in the summer. The chemi- wood was thoroughly ripened, and g^j^g }iave engi’afted largely of fall and early 
growth of plants, and how decisive they are not so extensively as with reference to the cal ray is less in autumn, and then the heat- every bud has stood the winter. Pears ai-e winter fruits, when they had an abundance 
of results. If you have a map of the whole temperature of the air. But as boring to ing ray predominates. It is enough forme equally promising; the fruit dugs cover the of natural fruit for these seasons, instead of 
globe, and the ascertained mean tempera- such a depth is an expensive operation, the to state here the results of investigation, as limbs, and the apple tree appears equally eugrafting varieties which endure till spring 
tures at every place on its surface, you will observations have been, of course, limited.— represented by these different colors and proUgc q'jjg apple and pear not havin r summer when their natural fruit has 
find that on a oiven latitude, there are a Such as have been made and eonneeted hv thnir relative lenorths. and in s.av that, hv and -when a males enmmand a 
globe, and the ascertained mean tempera- such a depth is an expensive operation, t 
tures at every place on its surface, you will observations have been, of course, limited. 
find that on a given latitude, there are a Such as have been made and connected by their relative lengths, and to say that, by n • * • • decayed, and when apples command a 
certain number of places, where the mean these lines around the globe, are called, means which it is unnecessary to state, the . exhaust their energies in market 
temperature approaches nearly an equality; when connected, iso-geo-thermal lines. But proportion of these different agencies in the producing fruit, have directed their vital q’he gi-eat object of the fruit grower 
that is, that if you add the cold temperature these observations are of no great interest to sunbeam vary in different seasons of the forces to forming and perfecting the bear- should be to provide for this season, not on- 
of winter with the high temperature of sum- the farmer, but it does concern him to know year, in order that the growing plant may ing dugs, which with them is an operation ^7 ^ supply for his family, but for the mar- 
mer, throughout the latitude, you get the the temperature of the earth down to 3 or arrive at maturity, and thus be enabled to vears- while the peach apricot and necessary or convenient to 
mer, inrougnoui me lauiuue, you gei, me me lemperamre oi me earm uown lo o or arrive at matuniy, ana mus oe enapiea to years- while the peach apricot and necessary or convenient to 
average mean temperature of that latitude. 4 feet belpw the surface. Such observations perform the functions necessary to its healthy , • v, • • f th 1 t* ’hi i^'i^ltiply varieties for this purpose. The 
Suppose there are fifty different points on as these have been made, to some extent, growth. But I cannot dwell upon this ^^w^e eai rom e as year s u , fg^yg^. yaj-i^ties, that will answer this pur- 
the same latitude all round the globe, where but not so far as is desirable. The temper- further than to say ihat here is a most inter- therefere do not obey the law affecting the bethir, because he can then avail 
the mean temperature has been ascertained ature of the first foot is of far more conse- esting subject opened to us, which promises tbe apple and pear — bearing on alternate himself of the best varieties; and not be en- 
and you draw a line connecting these places quence than that at a greater depth, because much interest, as further developments ai-e years. cumbered with too many kinds, 
with each other, then take another latitude the seed is put in at a shallow depth, and made, because it has not only been ascer- Qn this first day of May, scarce a blossom >S'wiyec^5,-—Tiie question is frequently ask- 
and draw a similar line connecting similar vegetates at that depth; in the spring, and tained that these agents exist in different appeared and (though we have known ^d “ho'w old may a tree be and be profita- 
points, indicating another de^ee of inean as the summer advances, the roots go down proportions in the sunbeam in different sea- J/ . ’ J oly engrafted ?” 100 yeai-s, if healthy and 
temperature, and so on, you will then have deeper and deeper. sons of the year, but the experiments of Dr. xuii nowez loiaietn uay.s eari.or, gj. healthy alone, if the treatment 
a series of lines, indicating the naean tern- When I tell you, that in such climates as Draper, of New York, indicate very clearly “^ore than once,) this circumstance is es- |^g appijgjj which I have ’recommended for 
peratures of different latitudes in all the this, the temperature rises to 100 degrees that the proportion of these agents vaiy in teemed a favorable omen of a prolific sea- renewing old trees; but if unhealthy it is 
places through which these lines pass.— of Fahrenheit, 5 feet below the surface, and different latitudes and climates. This is in son for fruit an unfit subject, however young. The 
These are called isothermal lines, a word to 140 degrees half an inch below, it will perfect consistency with what I have stated, -.- _ larger the tree the more fruit it a^ll bear, 
These are called isothermal lines, a word to 140 degrees half an inch below, it will perfect consistency with what I have stated, 
compounded of two Greek words, meaning excite, perhaps, some surprise. It certainly that the wants of plants are different in dif- 
equ^ temperature. suprised me. Such of you as rear plants ferent seasons; and it may well be inferred, 
You will recollect that I told you in a gardens, or have read upon the subject, therefore, that these residts are founded in 
previous lecture, that where the mean tern- know something of the importance of bottom truth. Thus, you see tJiOt this very inter- 
previous lecture, that where the mean tern- know something of the importance of bottom truth. Thus, you see thol this very inter- seasonable suggestions from a “Treatise on Management after Grafting.—The en- 
perature was 70 or 72 degrees, the sugar heat, for the purpose of forcing plants, which esting branch of study is also of great im- Orcharding” bvM.B. Sears nublished in grafter mav make a judicious selection of 
-—^- larger the tree the more fruit it will bear, 
^STHOD OF TREATING ORCHARDS. ‘ Other things being equal. The younger the 
- ^ ... free, however, the more profitable to en- 
We extract the following judicious and graft it 
isonable suggestions from a “ Treatise on Management after Grafting. —The en- 
plant thrived most luxurantly, and yielded it is difficult to grow, or which it is desirable portance, ei-id must have a close relation to , . 1 / • w subjects, set o-ood fruit, shape his tops with 
the largest returns at the least cost of labor, should grow luxuriantly. There are certain the, operations of the farmer. nuuroera oi tne Maine Parmer: ^ master’s hand and make all his scions live. 
You see, then, that if you follow these lines parts of the earth, where there is a natiiiul But you will be interested while I draw Cultivation and Manuring. -The apple unless the owner shall conform to the 
around the globe, whenever you find tlie heat from benea^, as in volcanic regions your attention for a moment to another fact flourish quite well in soil naturally requirements below, the expense will, in a 
temperature as high as 72, you know that and from the sun—which heat causes a You know the different changes which take strong and rich, or made so by the wash or g-reat measure, be lost 
there you are to look for the places whore growth of great luxuriance. In the neigh- place in the plant fo its progress to maturi- the droppings of animals, without field cul- During the season of engrafting pull oft, 
the sugar cane thrives best and thus know- borhood of .dEtna and Vesuvius, this bottom ty, from the flower to seed. It is known, turs. But in soil not thus adapted, it re- the hand, the suckers as often as thev 
- 1-1 /• 1 - 1 -1 _ _ _ - ____D—_ “ . • • - gTeat measure, be lost 
there you are to look for the places whore growth of great luxuriance. In the neigh- place in the plant fo its progress to maturi- the droppings of animals, without field cul- During the season of engrafting pull oft, 
the sugar cane thrives best and thus know- borhood of .dEtna and Vesuvius, this bottom ty, from the flower to seed. It is known, turs. But in soil not thus adapted, it re- ^yj^b the hand, the suckers as often as thev 
ing what crops grow best on a certain spot heat is most apparent in the growth of that generally the flower of a plant has a q'hrss frequent applications of manui-e, and start Should a stock fail, which needs re- 
liaving a certain mean temperature, that plants. But of this, we, in these cold lati- higher temperature than the other parts of cultivation in hoed crops. If it be not prac- grafting, let the suckers remain upon it 
other circumstances being the same, the same tudes, see nothinc 
_ lu n _• V _1-- _x-L- _ _ ^ . o* 
This is generally the case. It has been ticabl® to plow and culti vate, remove the ^ngTafting, in June 
1 • . -1 1 it 1 . i _ 1 _ 1 1 or\/MiT Tnn an /1 Tnau-n -ly/a/Nn/xra-f . _ . .. P _ * O' 
crops Will flourish elsewhere,‘under the same Jn a subsequent lecture, I shall draw ascertained also that the darker colored sward about the tree, and make frequent or first of July prune oft'^alf the remain- 
temperature. yoiu-attention to the effect of drainage up- flowers absorb the heat of the sun’s ray, applications of manure; or pasture with and’all the suckers. Take oft’ 
This is an extensive subject, and a great on the warmth of the soil. But you will more than those of a light color; hence it is sheep and calves—seeing that the laro-est limbs, because they are growing- 
many observations must necessarily be made, see, from what I have said, the great im- very probable that the colors of tlie flowers h‘^ve rings in their snouts, to prevent ^.g bikinr^ too much sap, and the 
in all parts of the globe, to determine these portance of a certain degree of warmth in of plants, are connected with the quantity of rooting, and that they do not strip the bark Jefeiwed th^ t reater the wound 
isothermal lines, and I have elements enough the soil where the plant is sown. 
heat which the flower requires to perform from the trees. 
before me to occupy the whole evening. From experiments made one year, in this its functions, and that in ripening the grain. Time of Pruning.—3\me or July is the 
Two yeai-s from, engrafting, in June or 
first of July, take off all the remaining 
witliout fatiguing you, were I to use them neigliborhood—I know nothino- of them, but the color of the flower is adapted to absorb best time for this operation, for the follow- bmbs and suckers. 
in illustrating the interesting points which I speak from the representations of others from the sun’s rays precisely the degree of ing reasons: The sap will not flow and can- when the stock has nearly healed, say in 
these lines present —upon Indian corn, which you know, often Imat which is necessary to preform its func- ker and kill about the wound, as in spring, enorafting, saw''out 
these lines present —upon Indian corn, which you know, often Imat which is necessary to preform its func- ker and kill about the wound, as in spring, qj. engrafting, saw''out 
If you fix on two or more places, where rots when put into the soil, it was found that tions. The wood will season and become incor- one scion, leaving the one which is growim*- 
from observation, you have the temperature when the temperature of the earth was but Another point: the influence of light on ruptible; whereas, if pruned in the spring, xjp^yard and outward into the most open 
of the summer months, and another set of 45 in the spring, the seed all rotted; but a clear bright day, is different from that on is very liable to rot The wound wul space. Saw the scion not square Avith the 
observations of the temperature of the win- when planted, when the temperature was adaikday. "When the grain begins to fill, commence healing immediately, and the stock, but at such an angle tliat the wound 
ter months, and another of the summer and about 60, it vegetated. These facts show a cloudy day is better for it than a bright corners of the wood and bark will not die yyip niore readily heal, 
winter months, and then connect all the the great importance of knowing, first of all, one—that is, when the sun is obscured and and cleave apart as in tall, winter, or spring Next year, prune from the remaining 
places of whicii the mean summer tem],er- that the temperature of the soil has a close the temperature not very low. The num- pruning.^ And a host of suckers Avill not scion, all shoots Avhich are growing inward 
ature is the same, then you will have a line relation to the operations of the fai-raer and ber of clear days and cloudy days in a coun- start, as in the other case. qj. entangling; throwing the top upward 
varying from the other lines, and thus you to the profit of his industry; and next that try, is one element of its climate, and one Manner of Prutiing. —Saw closely in the and outward, and leaving it open in the 
may draw a new set of lines. These are the study of the temperature of the earth of those which tell on the rapidity with direction of the trunk or branch from which middle. Continue, year after year, to re¬ 
called isothermal lines; that is, lines indica- is[of great consequence in developing theva- which crops grow, with which certan profit- the encumbrance is to be removed. Prune move all suckers and encumbering limbs, 
ting equal summer temperature; and so you rious conditions of the soil, which are neces- able crops can advance, and on the period off all dead and decaying limbs. Remove and you will have a beautiful, open top. 
may draw lines indicating im equal winter sary to profitable farming; thirdly, that if of the year at which they will ripen. Indi- as much from the middle of the top as can ——— 
temperature, and thus you will have three any means, within the compass of art can an corn and buckwheat, for instance, are be removed safely, especially the upright, Things themselves change less than our 
sets of lines; one indicating mean tempera- be found, which will make the soil wanner both liable to be touched by early frosts, suckerous part, in order to open the top for manner of looking at them. 
