MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL AND FAMILY JOURNAL. 
179 : 
Iral iMtUrW, a„dth»e whohave poor,a„^dstoc«.t.;va. ’ 
^ On«.aGan.ra.B,.a«oa,ofScie«ca» for the merb pu^eof jJowiag them in.- f'f ^ ^ “ bVtttan” i 
PBA CTIOAI. AaK.CXi.T VB... Lta“gh ^“1^0 add to J ! 
LECTURE EIGHTH. Europe and sold for manures. The crop is worth of wheat for 40 shillings worth ol butchers, for they often do not pay or le ° natural ; 
- plowed in before it ripens. So in northern rapedust—besides a great quantity of straw, oil cake on which they are fed. . , , , o i ^ iv.i nri r.n<a V>pft<arthfln-in 
Eelation. of Ciemiatry to U.0 Dootrine of buckwheat! sowed for a similar This is tlie way in which our farmers, by Our Norfolk faraers sometimes feed out a bone whfhwe tod the mim 
purpose, and many other plants are sown, high farming, make money. It is laying ton of oil cake a day to their cattle not to 
Gentlemen :—The subject of the lecture to be turned in for manure, when in a cer- out money in fact, to get it back with inter- make money by the sale of the catt e, J^^t is the only fertilizing sub- 
this evening is. The Relations of Chemistry tain state. This is one of those methods, est in another form; and you will readily indirectly, through the richness ot m the bone—others^have found the 
to the Doftrtoc of Manures, or in other within the reach of every man, and which see what I have often seen, wherever I go, nure obtained by ,t In Lancashire, where ^ 
words, the improvement of the soil by chem- in this county^ may be used to advantage that the man who farms highest, makes the ^ at loggerheads about it But both are in 
ical means. You will recollect, after I dis- when the land is exhausted. In many parts most money. o • t ^ ^ • iTf r T fn faf.t rnn^ktpnt with each other* for the 
cussed the composition of the soil, and show- of America, where I have been—I do not I pass now to the subject of animal ma- in the middle o w ic i w^ erec , ^ hones contain two elements both of which 
ed you, that when fertile it contained al- refer to this State—these exhausted soils nure. This is of various kinds, consistinpf tower, so that the traveller might necessary and valuable and either of 
ways certain sustances in various porportions occur, and where the difficulty of obtaining parts of animals; blood and flesh are otten where he was, this great tn J ‘ , under^certain circumstances will be 
that I then drew your attention to the modes these fertilizing substances, except from a employed as manure. In some parts of the claimed and cultivated, and pays 20 sh ’in hf. 
m which the soil might be improved; that I distance, is very great. Hence, any method world it is dried, and sold in a dried state; rent annually, pr ^^re. u * '®P ^ g applied not only in a crushed 
stated there were two methods of doing this, which the farmer has within his reach, and sometimes it is dried by artihcial heat, and this state of cultivation by S ' but in a^Lmented state and on the 
one mechanical, the other chemical, and that by which he can most easily restore strength applied in a. dry powder, and is an exceed- mg. Ihey keep cattle, ee ^ nrincinle that if the food of an animal must 
I discussed the mechanical method, which to his land, must be the best;, and this ingly fertilizing substance. So with the cake and though the cattle ^ay ^ot be P^ciple tha 
consisted chiefly in deeper plowing, subsoil- method of plowing in green manure is very flesh of animals; dead animals are often worth halt the oil cake used m fee mg, y g jj 
ing and draining The^rovement of the effectual. buried, as a manure. So the refuse of an- they obtam m this way a manure on whLr 
sofl by chemical means, is more important. How does this act? I have spoken of imals is employed, more or less, as a ma- ables them to nmse barley and wheat crops TeiSffion to wSr and 
though no one result is more important than the lupine, which is analogous to peas and nure. You know the composition of the sustain their families, pay then r , c canable of entering the^roots of the 
another to the farmer, except as one is more beans. You recollect that last night I muscle of animals: it contains 77 percent lay by something. ' That this mav b^ so bones are boil- 
profitable than the other. It is quite cer- showed you the composition of different of water—a solid beef steak contains that Anojer consideration, is the o p ^ i- . . i L 
tain, that no chemical improvement what- crops, and among tlie rest, that of the bean amount of water. It will surprise you, per- which the food is given to le animc . fnnnd dial abone when crushed will re- 
ever, can result in higher profit than one or and the pea. You will recollect that they haps, to know that the blood in your veins, plained last night,that feeding is carried on ^ 
otherofthemechanicSlmodesIhavestated: contained 24 or 25 per cent of gluten, and as weU as in animals, contains the same with most proht when the food is prepa.ed, ™ 
plowing deep, subsoiling and thorough dram- that even in the straw of these, there is as quantity of water that the muscle does, and various kinds being mixed up togethe. ',v,f of elue which forms a 
Le. gUll,LpposingthesoiltobeLalready much gluten as in wheat The nutriUve differs from the flesh in no degree. Dry That « found to cause the oil cake to go 'X*,! T tocr tL® bLffl ^ 
improved in this wav, then come m the new quality of the straw of the bean and the pea flesh has exactly the same composition as further m the production of a rich and bul y % o L ^ . Thev are then 
or chemical methodi by which it can be Jould be as great as that of wheat; conse- the blood. Burn them both, and the mm- manure. Here let me callyour attention to 
still farther improved, and it is one of those quently, you see in this, one of those deduc- eral matter left is nearly the same. The ash an important point You know that from But to^secure the easv 
indirect advantages resulting from thorough tions, which the analogies of plants enables of the blood and of the flesh contains phospo- an early period it has been taken or gi - P _ . , ‘ fermentation 
drainage, that aLr it has been introduced us to draw. The lupine has t quality; it ric acid and phosphate of limejn large quan- ed that vegetable substonces are richer as a 
and the soil made dry, you can then employ is rich in gluten, containing, among other titles. Both, therefore, are extremely fertil- rnanure, after passing through the anima, .... with earth and allowed to 
the means which chemistry puts within your things, nitrogen, which it has taken from the izing, as they contain the mineral matter, than when applied m their natural con - | mass is reduced to a fine 
reach. But if not thus improved, chemical soil only, and therefere if you bury it in the that the plant requires; and the organic tion. If you take a ton of dropping-s o This method is found o-reatlv to 
means often prove ineffectual. soil, you enrich it with this gluten, which is matter that bums away is identical with the horse and the cow in a fermented state, it is powder 
sojpovtontoctoeiitto^egvowtbol ^ SLrLbS^ltb Xb 1 "“tS'XSl” 
we understand any tljing that feeds tlie plant, Further-by plowing in green crops, you Fish, in many parts of the world, are em- ^oLTL” NowLfc tattas which bLcXe used whli ^eat profit- 
rtts“:“Tntrato^^^^^^ X S&Lrtoh-eLtoS early^resonted tome for an' exphination, dmt -B. when dissolved 
or when green crops, grown lor tnepurpose, aoes more; as suun as girm, .o - --- - xxrUUna+ iUa oniTml wmild hp mora suitable* 
ore left to decav * for crons are often sown when it begins to shoot, he applies a quan- and those who have poor lands to cultivate without the animal would be momsuitaoie, 
Lr titmer^^ % of rape^ake. This is over and above that they feed cattle high, simply to produce but if the soil be ^oor 
Liguminous crops are very good; clover is what the other man does to his land; and a rich manure. This is done, not directly are better than eithei animd oi m 
vefy good* lupines are cultivated largely in for his crops, he gets perhaps 50 shillings for gain, though the cattle are sold to the matter alone. ^. 
Eufofe and soM for manures. Thelro^is worth of wheat for 40 shillings worth of butchers, for they often do not pay for the ““i® the n’atund 
plowed in before it ripens. So in northern rapedust—besides a great quantity of straw, oil cake on which they are fed. . , , , o i rmehefterthfin an 
fmerL, buckwheat! sowed for a similar t 4 is tlie way in ShichYur farmery by Our Norfolk famers sometimes feed out a bone Whave tod on St mt 
purpose, and many other plants are sown, high farming, make money. It is laying ton of oil cake a day to their cattle not to 
to be turned in for manure, when in a cer- out money in fad, to get it back with inter- make money by the sale of the cattle, aj ^ t j the only fertilizing sub- 
tain state. This is one of those methods, est in another form; and you will readily indirectly,^through the richness ot the ma- f .fw^Unve Lind the 
weunderstandanythingthatfeedstheplanti Further-by plowing in green crops, you Fish, in many parts of the world, are em- which bones are used with gi*eat profit 
and corresponds with the fwd given to am- introduce another element Youknowthat pfoyedas a manure On the sea coast in this . an exnlanation. that is. when dissolved in sulphuric acid. 
mals. Now, to understand fully every sub- all plante contain mineral matter; the State, and other north-eastern States^sh are The pilp is dried, sometimes mixed with 
stance employed as a manure to feed the bean and pea contain considerable. The employed extensively as a manure Muscles, gypsum, powdered and applied to the growth 
plant orAirepare food for it, we must know roots of a plant go doi,vn as far as possible, m England, are often buned m the soil as a reason suggestoo iiseii. i nave s low y , -xi, pffert. In Eno'- 
!hat a luLe should contain and why it if the l.abit!f thiplant is Uiat way. Beans manufe, Sprat. Mso, are obtmned in gveat a^^t^rsXa^f it^nl: o!ly mL^'Ir 
should contain these thing. But pre- and peas go down to a peat depth, m quautiUes, and employed m the same man- it the turnip. But these dissolved bones are 
liminary to the answer to thLS question, we search of food, and among this food, are the ner. Among other interesting things I have f . p P ^ annlfod as -i ton dressim? for wheat and 
musXquire what kinds of fooli the plant mineral matters of which I have spoken-- toned in the State of Connecticut, is the mid sS itlrZL^whrstofwS^ovmthe s" 
need, f the object or puij^e of m^urlng ™e po -h -d. fc The roo^ send to act that fish are obtoine< -go l fed on wheakwhich ar“e found to be veiy effectual. I may 
should contain these things. But as pre- and peas go down to a great depth, in quantities, and employed in the same man- animals, contain a ceruun amount oi m 
liminary to the answer to this question, we search of food, and among this food, are the ner. Among other interesting things I have al matter, which the plant contains; it con- 
must inquire what kinds of food the plant mineral matters of which I have spoken— learned in the State of Connecticut, is the tarns that form ot matter, callea gluten, 
needs, if the object or purpose of manuring lime, potash, soda, (fee. The roots send this fact that fish are obtained there in large which is rich in nitrogen and starch also, 
be to supply food to the plant. Thus, if we up into the stem of the plant; they bring it quantities, and are now manufactured into a Suppose an animal is fed on wheat, which 
know what food the plant reauires, then we from below, above the surface, or into the fish cake. The oil is expressed, and the cake contains a great quantity of starch, gluten and 
be to supply tood to tne plant. rnus,iiwe up into me stem oi mu pium,, lucy uuug n, quanuues, ana are now mauuiaeiureu iiima, . -where fiOO wefoht (if 
know what food the plant requires, then we from below, above the surface, or into the fishcake. The oil is expressed, and the cake containsagreatquantityof starch, gluten and v- , 1 v ’ 1 : 1 to a cron of 
know what manure is to be put on. I ex- stem of the plant But in this way, they is dried, and is found to be exceedingly for- mineral matter; but when the animal un- nrodnrt raised froni 
plained the evening before, that the plant do not get into the material of the surfiice; tilizing, consisting of animal matter and does what the plant had doncj'that is, con- , .0 Farrn vard manure 
consists in great part, of two forms of matter, but if you plow in the plant, you supply the bones, with a little oil remaining in it. I verts the starch into carbonic acid and wa- „ „„ 'p rirnimslances rais- 
one of which, and by far the greater part, surface, not only with nitrogen, but with understand that it is intended to export it ter, by the action of the lungs, it separates PP wltliin fi hnshels nf that 
was the organic form of matter, and that the mineral matter. Thus you employ the roots to Liverpool. I believe it will find a ready the starch, which in wheat forms more than ^ P^ TLiu k an illnstr-itinn nf 
inorganic or mineral part was the smaller of the plant to bring up from below what market there. Shell fish are another form half of its weight, and all the other matter amoun per acre. ^ 
portion. you want, upon the surface. This is the of animal matter, applied as a manure. In —the mineral matter and the gluten, be- superior e ec o.,.qcs 
In explaining the organic part, the starch, philosophy of green manuring. It does not some parts of northern America, the mus- come changed into another form of matter, , j -xi oroat nrnU11— 
gluten and fat, and tlie woody fibre, I told put anything new into the soil, but it brings cle is found in great abundance in the mud and what the animal rejects, is richer in sa- ^ ^ 1 ^ Hi - 
youthat there were certain elements of these up from below, and puts upon the surface banks on the coast In England, we use hue matter, and in the material that con- , 
substances, which the plant derived from the that which renders the surface fertile. them as I have said; so on the coast of New tains nitrogen, than the food in its original ^ ^ or many cen unes. ouwi reco- 
air, in large proportion, and certain other But besides green manuring, marine plants Brunswick and on the borders of Maine.— state. It contains double the quantity of ^ tl!(x v^r-i/ 
elements from the soil only* and that of often xiacd—»uuh sou weed. Thisia Thooo muecles are obtained and plowed in. nitrogen. This is a very beautiful and in- len urn t , y, , i . . \ v J 
elements trnm tne sou oniy* ana uiai. often xisccl—»ucU as seu weed. This is Thooo muecies are ouuuneu ana piowea in. nitrogen, xnis is a vei^ ueauuiui aiiLi m- T • i V* l fl lx 1 . •> 1 K t 
those elements derived from the air, nitro- another form of green vegetable matter.— So with sea mud; that is a fertilizing sub- teresting fact, showing that by the digestive materials which the bones cave w len burnt, 
gen was one only. I told you that the min- It is used on the sea coast; and in Scotland stance. I have explained to you, in a pre- organs of the animal, you can obtain a ma- I he c()w extracts them lom the sou on 
eral part or ash, is wholly from tlie soil— it is considered so valuable a manure that vious lecture, how it is that this alluvial mud nure richer than the vegetable and green which it leeds, and it appciars again m the 
Now, all manuring is applied to the soil; the right of way to the sea side adds a is so rich, and you will recollect how large food, if applied directly to the surface. An- mdk, as is found by aniil 3 ,sis. ibis has 
therefore, whatever the plant draws from large additional rental an acre to lands.— a quantity of animal matter it contains. other point: the animal grinds down the food been going on tor centuries, and this con- 
the soil, these substances or manures should Now sea-weeds contain a large quantity of But among the forms of animal matter mfo » minute state with its teeth, and it is dram ot the soil, going on, it became 
contain; and the first thing we must study organic and of mineral matter. There is a most extensively employed in England, thus converted into a substance more avail- impoverished. But the application ot the 
in regard to manures is, what they should table, (pointing to a diagram,) showing the where Agriculture forms a species of trade *’'ble to fertilize the soil, than the dry straw bone, was tound to proiluce remarkable et- 
generally contain, if they are to make all composition of sea-weeds—that they contain or profession, which is pursued with great or hay which it eats, if applied directly to o^ts m restoring le soi, t m prin 
plants grow under all circumstances, for we about ten per cent of mineral matter. They intellio-ence and skill, are bones, and they the soil without mastication. ciple was not understwd. 1 he explanatmn 
4-1-- :i u f. .. . , . t, . ’ . „ . J Among other forms of the droppings of however, is found in the fact, that the milk 
may have a very barren soil, and which it- are exceedingly rich in it, as you might sup- 
self would produce no crop whatever, as you pose from their growing in salt water.— 
recollect I showed you on a previous occa- They contain some 38 per cent of salt; 
are applied with great benefit. Hair and -o- - -rr -o- i xi x • i x- n xi 
woolen rags are different forms of the same animals, those of birds are employed in large and the bones cmffained essentially the same 
thing. The animal matter of the bones is quantities. But among the kinds of this substances, imd that the latter restored to 
exceedingly rich in nitrogen, and capable of form of matter, most extensively employed t^e soil wdiat had been taken fiom it by the 
sion. Now, on such a soil, if you apply a phosphate of lime is also present in sea- exceedingly rich in nitroo*en, and capable of of matter, most extensively employed the soil wdiat had been taken troin it by the 
manure which shall make any crop grow, weed; phosphoric acid also. In short, in supplying those substances which the root is what is called the guano. In England, animal Here you see an illustration ot the 
then you know, it should be such as should this form of vegetable matter, we have a of the plant can take in and enable it to something like 100,000 tons of South Amer- application of the knowledgij acquireil by 
V •__ A- xi.x. ^ ^ . _ . , „ , . - . - _ _ _ __-1 _ _ Tx !_ flip ontiMTfiic f\f nnn^c nnH t.np lYiilir fn 
trogen, which I call gluten, and these mm- Besides these forms of green vegetable ject of mineral manures. The farm-yard of Africa, and other parts of the world, from grass lands ot Cheshire, may be estimated 
eral substances, hme, potash, magnesia, phos- matter, there are many others, which I pass manure, as it is called, the compost which which it was first taken, have become ex- trom the tact that lands which once paid but 
phone acid, and chlorine. All these sub- over; but it is often applied in a dry state.— the farmer applies to his land, is another hausted. The value of these, as a manure, 5 shillings an acre ot renUiave been made 
stances, this manure must add to the soil, if You know there is a form of vegetable mat- form of manure, which is very rich when depends on their containing a large proper- ^ 40 shillings rent, besides a gewd 
it is to make plants grow under any cir- ^ ^^g properly treated. It is often poorer than it of mineral matter, and of that matter profit to the dairyman. You see irom this, 
cumstances. bran, which is given to cattle, pigs and other should be, owing to a want of attention to which supplies nitrogen and ammonia.— how impoi^nt it is to know the ettects ot 
In considering the different kinds of ma- stock, for food, as well as to fatten them.— his own interests which the fiirmer some- Here is a composition (pointing to a diagram) certain kinds ot husbandry upon land. Dairy 
nure, our attention is drawn to three differ- This bran contains much mineral and organ- times exhibits. I cannot enter now into the of the ditterent kinds of guano. The South husbandry produc( 2 s a special exhaustion ot 
ent classes of substances, which naturally fo matter, of yery a rich and fertilizing kind, mode in which this manure is employed; American, it will be seen, contains, besides foe soil, and knowing this, and what sub¬ 
present themselves in divisions: 1st, vege- and hence it is often applied, instead of feed- but will make one observation in regard to. auimal matter, ammonia and phosphate of stances have been taken out ot the soil and 
table manure; 2d, animal; 3d, mineral.— ing it to stock, as a manure, and is found to it When it ferments, the straw and other }uue, to the extent of 21 per cent, so that it carried off in the shape ot milk, you know 
The one derived from vegetable substances, be very beneficial to land, causing it to pro- such matters contained in it, become more ^s very rich. There are some varieties of ^ fo put m to rec aim it. 
another from parts of animals, and tlie min- duce very good crops. But there is another soluble, so that when the rain falls on it, the guano, particularly one found at the Cape I have alluded to the circumstance that 
eral from the substancesoccurring in nature form of dry vegetable matter, used with us, li(juid that oozes from it is exceedingly rich of Good Hope, containing 70 and even 80 mineral phosphates are found in ciirtainge- 
or which can extracted from rocks; and as a manure; it is one of those substances I in all the fertilizing substances which the per cent, ol the phosphate of lime, the ani- ological formations, and the mode in which 
there is a fourth class, more important, per- spoke of last night, viz: the cake that is left heap contains, especially the phosphoric acid, nial matter having disappeared by the ac- they are employed, when dissolved insul- 
haps, than all; those which result from the when oily seeds are crushed. This cake Here is a table, (pointing to a diagram,) tion of the weather. phuric acid, as a manure. 1 his is manufac- 
application of science to this subject, viz: contains all the remainder of the constituent showing the composition of the draining of I pass on to the subject of mineral ma- tured and s<)ld with us, under the name of 
the artificial manures, which are compound- 
contains all the remainder of the constituent showing the composition of the draining of I pass on to the subject of mineral ma- 
parts of the seeds, the composition of which such heaps. It contains mineral matter in nures. Of these, first I shall speak of phos- 
tured and sold with us, under the name of 
super-phosphate of lime, and, as I have told 
ed with reference to what we know to be I showed you last night The linseed cake large quantities, the phosphate of lime great- phateoflime. I showed you a certain form you, it is made and used with great profit, 
the wants of the plant Let me draw your is too valuable to be used as a manure; but ly predominating. But I pass over this, and of mineral phosphate of lime, which was both to the manufacturer and the farmer, 
attention to these manures, with this prelim- the rape cake, which cannot be much eaten I draw your attention only to two facts in capable of being applied to the fertilizing of Among the other mineral manures, this 
inary observation, however, that though we by cattle, is extensively employed as a ma- regard to the manure produced in this man- land. This phosphate of lime is brought in consists only of phosphric acid and lime; 
arrive from these considerations, at certain nure and with great effect Perhaps I may ner: First, as to the effect which the kind the form of bones, from abroad. These bones but among the mineral manures which sup- 
conclusions, as to what the plant reijuires use this as an illustration of the mode in of food which the animal gets, has on this are boiled, crushed, and sold in the form of ply the plant with all that it requires, I have 
always, that is certain organic and minend Avlfich our farmers profit by high manuring, manure. I have said that to sustain the dust, which is applied to land, and found to a fourth class, of artificial mineral manures, 
matter; yet we cannot be sure that certain and though it may seem to partake of the body of the animal when full grown, or to be exceedingly fertilizing. These bones which can be made by putting together the 
vegetiible, or animal, or mineral substances nature of speculation, it is an adventure build it up when not full grown, or to in- contain about 33 per cent, of animal matter substances which the plant is found to con- 
contain them all; but we can be certain that which is certain in its results. Suppose crease the muscle for the market, the food or cartilage, which will burn away, or when tain. The tiibles which I have shown you 
those manures which we make up shall J^ere are two farmers, occupying two farms, which the animal gets, supplies certain ma- boiled forms a glue, phosphate of lime and exhibit, in the composition of different crops 
contain them all cultivating each 40 acres of wheat The terials; but that after these materials are ta- magnesia. These bones therefore are for- the mineral matters which they take from 
As to the several kinds of manures; and one plows and manures his land in the or- ken out, by the operation of the stomach, all tilizing, because of the animal, as well as the soil I contrasted the exhaustion pro- 
1st, the vegetable manures. They are ap- dinary way, and the wheat comes up like the rest is rejected by the animal Now, mineral matter contained in them; hence dneed by the tobacco plant with that pro- 
plied 1st, in the. green or in the dry state.— his neighbor’s; the other, after plowing and if the food is very rich and supplies more of they will raise good crops where mineral duced by wheat and barley. Now, to re- 
Green manuring is the turning into the soil sowing, leaves the rest to Providence. He this nourishing matter than the body re- phosphates would not, for if the plant re- store land by artificial manures, which has 
vegetable matter which is growing; as when does not trouble himself, except perhaps to quires, the richer the droppings of the ani- quires organic as well as mineral matter, been specially exhausted by either of these 
a crop of clover is plowed in, or when the take out the weeds, leaving his crops to the mal, and the richer the manure of the farm- these bones supply it. But if the soil is crops, I must make up a manure which 
sward is plowed up, and the grass buried, influence of the seasons. But the other man yard, than when the contrary is the case.— rich in the form of organic matter which shall contain the substances wliich they take 
