242 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL AND FAMILY JOURNAL. 
and 12 inches wide, will just fit and per¬ 
fectly cover them, with the grass side down. 
The larger and smaller drams are all thus 
constructed, and when properly made, Avill 
never need repair or further attention. 
You must have noticed that for thorough 
draining the trenches are directed to be 
dug at distances thirty feet apart; and this 
is probably the greatest distance at which 
drains will act so as to draw tlie water from 
the earth; in this respect we must be guid¬ 
ed by the character of the soil, and expe¬ 
rience will probably teach us that a distance 
of forty feet is an extreme limit for very 
thorough draining. 
This is the method of draining now so 
extensively used in other countries, and 
about to be extensively adopted in our own; 
and these tiles are found to be far superior 
to masonry, to stone, to wood, or any other 
kind of drain hitherto tried. It is this sys¬ 
tem or method which has enabled the far¬ 
mers of England and Scotland, of late years, 
to raise twice the number of bushels of 
wheat from an acre, more than we can do. 
It is true, necessity has claimed from them 
great exertions to feed their over populous 
island, and necessity being a sharp master, 
has elicited, and will continue to bring forth, 
every talent useful for the comfort of man. 
Let us for a moment examine the action of 
this master motive among English farmers; 
and we learn from our talented countryman. 
Prof. Norton, now attached to the chemical 
and agricultural department of Yale Col¬ 
lege, that he spent much time in Great 
Britain examining their agricultural systems. 
Since his retui’n he tells us that he visited 
the farm of Mr. Dudg’con of Spylaw, at 
Kelso; the surface of his fiirm was stiff, the 
subsoil a close clay. Mr. Dudgeon has 
drained about 900 acres!! making a dis¬ 
tance of drains equal to 300 miles! he erec¬ 
ted a tile work on his own farm, which 
turned out not less than 400,000 tiles in a 
year. The drains which he laid raised the 
rental of his land immediately, from $2 50 
to $Q 50 per acre, and after enumerating 
other successful results from tile draining, 
Mr. Norton says, “ I have known instances 
in Scotland, wlipre the Jirst cro]) repaid the 
whole expense of the improvement.” And 
again at an agricultural meeting held at the 
farm of Sir llobert Peel, a farmer declared 
that “ he could not afford to deprive himself 
of the benefits of drainage; for he had drain¬ 
ed portions of his ground at a cost of from 
$8 to ^12 per acre, five feet deep, with one 
inch pipes, and the very first crop of wheat 
remunerated for the whole cost.” So also, 
close at home, gentlemen, we have an in¬ 
stance of very succcaiful drainage; one of 
our own enterprising fanners has done near¬ 
ly as much in point of value, though less in 
extent. 
The inquiry as to the expense or cost of 
these drains, now demands our attention. 
Not long since pattern tiles for drains 
were procured from Great Britain, and tiles 
of two sizes have been made and used in 
Seneca county. The cost has been at the 
rate of 20 cents per rod for the larger tile, 
soles have not been used. 
We have seen that thorough draining re¬ 
quires drains at parallel distances of about 
30 feet; let us say of two rods or 33 feet, 
then an aci'e would need seven drains of 
13 rods each in length, in all 91 rods; this at 
20-100 for the tile gives, say 818 20 
{[ / Add for discharge, laying and filling, 18-100 
to place the farmer on a level with other 
pursuits, where the profits are larger, ad¬ 
mitting higher prices for labor. Let us, 
however, be thankful and content, for if our 
profits are not so large, we have reason to 
believe they are more sure and enduring 
than is derived from other professions. 
Machinery is to accomplish our much de¬ 
sired object, and we will close this too ex¬ 
tended notice by exhibiting a few results to 
be derived from it. Supposing that as far¬ 
mers we are as intelligent as the English, 
and certainly not less industrious, if, then, 
we determine to drain by means of tiles, a 
field of ten acres, and then the machinery 
about to be introduced, or any other ma¬ 
chine, enables us to procure tile at a cost of 
12 cents per rod, the cost of our drains 
made in a lasting and perfect manner, would 
be at the rate of 30 cents per rod, or 827 
30-100 per acre. 
A field thus drained and well cultivated 
may reasonably be expected to yield in an 
increased ratio, equal to an English field, 
all things else being equal. Then, if our 
average crops have been 20 bushels per 
acre, (and many of our farms range much 
higher,) we shall now receive 40 bushels. 
But suppose we obtain only thirty bushels 
per acre, you will easily see that the profit 
has been increased from about 88 per acre 
to 818 per acre. In other words, the field 
of ten acres at a cost of $273, gives a re¬ 
turn in nett profits of 8180. 
One aero yielding 20 bus. at$1..820 00 undrained. 
Cost of cultivation,. 1200 
Profit,. 8 00 
Increase in product by draining 
say only 10 bushels,. 10 00 
Totaljprofit when drained,.$1800 
Then 10 acres will giv'e 8180, a ratio 
which soon returns the outlay. There is 
room here for large deductions;, and yet 
leave us well satisfied wuth the benefits of 
thorough draining; and from the facts given, 
every man can give his own estimates as 
to the value of the benefits claimed. 
In conclusion, let me say, that your plants, 
when thus protected from excess of mois 
ture, Avill obtain a more vigorous growth 
with a firm straw, preventing in a great de 
gree its lodgement by storms. The grain 
becomes more plump; it ripens uniformly; 
and of course it is heavier per bushel.— 
The straw possesses the elements of better 
fodder for your cattle and sheep, and makes 
better manure. Your fallows will be more 
easily and earlier worked; they will be less 
infested with weeds, and your plows may 
be run much deeper. 
Such, gentlemen, are the advantages 
which have been again and again derived 
by others. Why then, may not each one 
of us, be at least as fortunate ? It may be 
urged thar few farmers can spare so large 
an outlay on their farms, as we have spoken 
of; true, I admit it; but let us remember 
that our freedom was not not obtained in a 
day, nor do I believe in the benefit, comfort 
or advantage of steam car speed in our 
fiirming operations. Caution is always ne 
cessary, and I would not advise any farmer 
to undertake the draining of more than one 
or two acres at the outset. Sure, from what 
I have seen and learned, that he will double 
the quantity every spring and autumn, until 
his farm shall always blossom and. bear fruit, 
from every acre far beyond his needful' 
wants.” 
GRAIN GATHERER, OR WHEEL RAKE. 
This is claimed to be a decided labor and 
time-saving implement, and is said to be 
used extensively in several States where it 
has been introduced. One of them has 
been left with us, which we shall test in a 
few days. It is light, weighing about fif¬ 
teen pounds. As represented in the engra¬ 
ving, the binder takes the handles and push¬ 
es the rake before him, with the points of 
the teeth or fingers close upon the ground 
When he has gathered a sufficient quantity 
for binding, he places his foot upon the foot 
piece (a,) and by a slight pressure, and let 
ting go the handles, the fingers and grain 
are raised above the stubble, when the 
sheaf is readily bound, the binder being re¬ 
quired to stoop much less than in the old 
way of reaching to the ground. The sheaf 
being bound and thrown aside, the foot is 
removed from the foot-piece, the teeth drop 
down, and the handles rise ready for the 
next operation. The wheels are about 18 
inches high, and the width, between them 
is sufficient for the longest straw. Tlie rake 
is easily pushed before the binder. For 
sale by Emery & Co., of Albany. Price 
from 83 to 84. 
[From the Maine Farmer.] 
We hear complaints, on all sides, that 
money is scarce, the times hard, and that it 
is difficult for the poor, in these dull times, 
to get a living. We suppose that by the 
word “ living” is meant the prime staple of 
life, or, as it is sometimes called, the “ staff 
of life,”—bread. New bread is so plenty, 
that we throw half of it away. In order to 
show wherein this is done every day, let us 
reason together” a little. The principal 
material of which bread is made, in New 
England, is flour; and this, you all know, is 
made of wheat The good old days of corn 
bread, and “rye and Indian,” have gone 
by. Times have changed; and we may 
well say, that we have changed most essen¬ 
tially with them. People may say what 
they please about the “hardy New Eng¬ 
landers.” There used to be such a race; 
PARSNIPS SOWN 
THE FALL. 
per 
rod 
16 38 
34 58 
Maliing the lowest cost per acre,. 
and 38 cents per rod. 
Before we proceed, let us examine and 
compare the cost of making a common stone 
drain, the stone being on the field to be 
drained. Thus a man and team will draw 
stone in one day sufficient to build about 5 
rods of drain, • 
Cost of laving the stone at 6-100 per rod, 30 
Cost of the trench at 18-100 do OPJ- 
HONEY-DEW. 
This is a sweet substance found on plants 
and the leaves of tree's at this season of the 
year. It was firs.t observed, this season, i hundred and sixty-one. 
several days ago on the leaves of the elm, ■ ■ ' ' 
The aphis, a small 
^ Cost of 5 rods of common stone drain, 
or 45 cents per rod, thus shewing a dlffei:-' 
ence of 16 cents per rod in favor of .fSb 
drain tiles. To facilitate your calculations 
of the cost of the tile, I would state that for 
every acre, drains cut 
13 inch 13 inch 14 inch 15 inch 
tiles, tiles, tiles, tiles. 
At 15 feet apart, require, 2,904 2,681 2,489 2,32.3 
30 do do 1,452 1,340 1,245 1,162 
33 do do 1,320 1,218 1,131 1,056 
26 do do 1,210 1,117 1,037 968 
The great cost per acre under either of 
these systems, requiring capital for the out 
lay, and notwithstanding the rapid return of 
the cost by the additional products, presents 
a serious impediment to their general adop¬ 
tion, and compels us to seek some method 
for the more economical supply of tiles, 
This can and will be done, and in the course 
of another year these tiles will be afforded 
at a cost of 15 cents per rod or less. This 
is to be accomplished by inachinery, and 
am pleased with the authority to say, that a 
machine is now making in England for use 
in this county, (Seneca,) which will make 
from 8 to 10,000 tiles per day, of perfect 
form and solidity. The most eminent agri 
culturists of Great Britain have been con' 
suited in reference to this particular ma 
chine, and no doubt is entertained, but it 
will lead the way to an economical supply 
of tiles for draining. Labor in this country 
is too costly in proportion to the products of 
u.ir farms. We are now, and for a long 
(Ulmus Americana) 
insect, was found on the under-side of the 
leaf, in grelb'h.umbers. The upper-side was 
covered with a glossy substance resembling 
Choney. This may have been caused by the 
|, 4 nsGct already named. Two kinds of this 
dew have been observed: one is said to be 
secreted by the plant—the other, deposited 
by the aphis. 
The Honey-dew is said to be very abun¬ 
dant in the prairies .Nuttall, the Natural¬ 
ist, says that on going into the prairie one 
morning to hunt for Bison, the grass wag so 
loaded with honey-dew as to give their mpe- 
casins and pantaloons the appearance of 
having ^n soaked in oil. WJien crossing 
the prairie again at a Iktef • period a similihr 
profusion of^t^ substance was observed.— 
He deems* jtiimpossi^le, as some suppose, 
that it can..*be the ^pi^duct of aphides, or 
plant-lice, in consequence of the great quan 
tity in which it occurs. He attributes it to 
some vitiation in the proper juices of plants, 
taking place apparently at the ultimate pe- 
Although it is out of season for sowing 
this crop now, it may not be amiss to sug¬ 
gest a few hints in regard to its culture.— 
We believe the time is coming when much 
more attention will be given to this root than 
is at present. We believe* it will be found 
advantageous to sow it late in the fall, so 
that its seeds may be among the first to 
start in the spring. The work will not only 
then be out of the way in the spring, but 
the crop itself will be much better in every 
respect They require,- when sown in the 
spring, to be put in early, as they arc a long 
time vegetating; but if put into the earth in 
the fall, they will become prepared by the 
frosts to start early. The winter, instead of 
injuring the seed, is an advantage to them 
They should be sowed in rows wide apart 
so as to cultivate deeply and break up the 
soil that has been pressed down by snows 
and rains. 
Stev£ns;'Tn his Book of the Farm, says 
tlj^t' according to Col. Le Couteur, the 
wd%ht of a good crop varies from thirteen 
to twenty-^seven tons per acre, (in the island 
of Jersey,'in the Channel,) the latter quan¬ 
tity being sufficient to support twelve Jersey 
cows for six months. 
In this island they have been found to 
yield a heaver crop than the Altringham 
carrot, in the ratio of eight hundred and for- 
As the 
p^arsnip contains six per cent, more muc^- 
age' than the carrot, the Colonel conceivrf^ 
that the difference is sufficient to account 
for the superior fattening as well as buty 
racebus q^qlity o^ the parsnip. The result 
of expei-iment t^edias shown that not only 
in neat cattle, ^ in'the fattening of hogs 
and poultry the animals become fat much 
sooner, and are more healthy, than when 
fed on any other root or vegetable, and that, 
besides, the meat is more sweet and de¬ 
licious. - . 
In our country thera^*an advantage in 
the parsnip: a part of- tlKm may be left in 
the ground all winter, and be dug in the 
spring. If they are in a place where the 
water will not stand upon them, the root is 
improved rather than injured by remaining 
in the ground all winter.-^ATame Farmer. 
Sai^afarilla Syrup. —Purchase of a 
dftia^ist di known honesty, 15 ounces of 
Para Sarsaparilla; split all tluj'stalks in two 
lengthwise, and cut it in short pieces. Soak 
it in a gallon of pure waj;^ twenty-four 
hours, then boil it down to two quarts; strain 
and add while boiling, 15 ounces of white 
sugar; thicken all by a little additional boil¬ 
ing, precisely as you make the syrup of pre- 
THROWING BREAD AWAY. 
Now, let us sum the whole together, and 
see if we have not made out a clear case, 
viz: that we are daily actually throwing a 
vast quantity of food away. 
One thousand pounds of whole meal con¬ 
tain— 
Mu.scular matter, 156 pounds. 
Bone matter, 170 “ 
F’at matter, 28 “ 
354 
One thousand pounds of tine flour con¬ 
tain— 
Muscular matter, 130 pounds. 
Bono matter, 60 “ 
Fat matter, 20 “ 
210 
Now, deduct 210 from 354, and you have 
144 pounds of matter very essential to 
nourishment thrown out Who, then, will 
say that we are not throwing away food 
every day of our lives ? Is it any wonder 
. , ££■ • that wo are growing up a delicate and an 
but they are disappearing, and an e emin- people? Our children, instead 
ate race growing up to supply fb^ir p aces. being fed upon coarse bread, and turned 
There are many causes for the deteriora ion open air for exercise, whereby lungs 
of the strength of the people, but tie prin- limbs may be exercised and expanded, 
cipal cause is the present mode o iving.— cake, of the finest kind, and 
We throw away the best half of t le mewed up in air-tight houses, like plants in 
and eat only the finer parts. ° 7 a hot-bed, which wilt on exposure, 
must have superfine flour upon their ab e. our notions 
Well, to make superfine flour, the wheat 
must be ground fine; the meal must then 
be bolted through the finest bolts or selves; 
and the bran and other coarser parts are 
carefully separated, and consigned to the 
pig trough or cattle manger. What did the 
Almighty make these parts of the wheat 
for? For the nourishment of man,••but 
man has become so “ unco'' wise, that he 
throws them one side, and picks out only 
the finer particles; and he dearly pays the 
penalty of his folly, in decreased health, 
strength, and general stamina of constitution. 
or expressions, but we honestly believe that 
the man Avho invented the bolt to a flour 
mill, cursed the nation. 
THE LADY’S HORSE. 
A LATE number of Mr. Skinner’s “Plow, 
Loom and Anvil,” contains an instructive 
article on that noble animal, the Horse, from 
which we make the following extract, for 
the benefit of our lady readers: 
The lady’s horse is, after all, the most dif- 
^ . w . . , ,, . , c ficult to obtain, because he ought to ap- 
Let us inquiie into e ingTC len s o pj-gach very near to perfection. His paces, 
wheat; and that we may no res w lo y on temper should each be propor- 
our own individual authoii y, we wi _ ca signed to the power and capability of his 
rider; and he should be proof against alarm. 
others in who have carefully examined the 
physical and chenaical Yiature of Avheai-— either noises or sights, which otherwise 
Prof. Johnston has done ns pre ^ y cause him to run aAvay. This des- 
thoroughly, and so we wi raw upon im horse should likewise be well- 
for a few tacts. ■ ^ bred, as in that case his action will be easier 
hirst, we will take into const eiaion j^s appearance and carriage more in 
some of the materials of our o les , an , the generally elegant ap- 
second, what is needed to eep up le re pg^j-ance of his rider. His pace should be 
pairs or supplies of these ma eiias as as canter; the trot causes an ungraceful 
as they are wasted or spen in le couise o naovement in the person of a woman, to en- 
, I .1 able her to rise to it; and if she does not 
The solid parte of the human o y are much shaken in her seat.— 
fat, muscle, (flesh,) and boi^c. Neither is the form of the side-saddle fitted 
The liquid or fluid parts o c o ycon canter of a well-bitted 
tain also the fat, and muse e, an one in- jg more safe, because his haunches 
grediente, in a fluid state, ^are more under him in that pace than they 
conveyed to different parts of the body, to 
be deposited where needed. 
Now, every body knows that these three 
substances are liable to constant waste, and 
required tb be renewed constantly, lore- 
new tliem, we must eat food; and if we eat 
food that, contains fat-making, muscle-ma p^^ggg^ gj, ^^g cover me lower garmi 
king, and bone-making materia s, an le rider with mud when the roads 
food is digested in a healthy manner, this 
waste is repaired with case and pleasure.— 
As we commenced with the article bread, 
we will confine ourselves to that. Vegeta¬ 
ble 'food contains these three ingredients or 
materials, and especially wheat 
That food must be the most nourishing 
can be in the trot A good, bold walk, 
however, with the liead in proper place, is 
essential to a horse that lias to carry a wo¬ 
man ; and his action shquld be ‘very true, 
that is, he should not “dish,” ©r throw his 
legs outward, as the term is, in any of his 
paces, or he will cover the lower garments 
are 
Wet and dirty. .To provide against the lat¬ 
ter inconvenience, however, all horses in¬ 
tended for this purpose, should not be much 
under fifteen hands and a half in height, 
which size corresponds with the lengthened 
drapery of a lady’s riding costume. As a 
preventive against accidents, ladies’ horses, 
that supplies all the ingredients of the body however, well broken and bitted, should not 
most abundantly, on the whole, or in pro- j^g highly fed; and, if at all^ibove them- '’I 
portions most suited to the actual wants of -ggiyes, should be ridden by a careful ser- 
the animal that eats it yant, Avith good use of liis hands, before 
Now, the grain of wheat, you know, con- indies mount them. It is, however, an ac¬ 
knowledged fact, that horses go more qui¬ 
etly under women than they do under men, 
which is accounted for by the lightness of 
their hand, and the backward position of the 
sists of two parte, the inner grain, and the 
skin that covers it The inner grain is your 
superfine flour, and the covering is the bran. 
The miller is not able to peel the outer 
SAP OF PLANTS. 
roid of'vegetative vigor, and being more or I serves. Here you have two quarts of pure 
rum 5 , b I gigiity ggnts. The dose is from a 
less copious in proportion to the prevailing 
degree of heat It is sometimes found in 
drops very much like common dew. Ante 
and bees are said to be fond of honey-dew 
because of its saccharine quality. w. 
He who commands himself, commands] 
the world too; and the more authority you 
have over others, the more command you 
time mil be, compelled to tax our ingenuity must nave over yourselt 
teaspoonful to a wine glassful, according to 
age, three times a day; but it would do no 
harm if taken by the tumblerful; it is not 
hurtful in any dose. If you make it, you 
are certain that you get the genuine article 
—which is very doubtful if you buy it. 
It is a sign of wisdom to be willing to 
receive instruction : the most intelligent 
sometimes stand in need of it 
Lpart perfectly away from the inner, and so j^g^y jn saddle. We have, in fact, 
a little of it is always mixed with your flour; j^gg^yn several instances of horses being very 
but by the process of bolting it is removed pullers with men, standing up in their 
more completely than in any other way, g^iri-ups, and, consequently, inclining their 
and it may be considered as wholly sepa- j^g^jigg forward, but going perfectly temper¬ 
rated. . ate and at their ease under women. 
According to Prof. J., of the fat-making 
materials whole grain contains twenty-eight 
pounds in one thousand; fine flour, twenty 
pounds; bran, sixty pounds. Knight teaches that the sap of plants 
Thus you see, that, Avhile a thousand through the whitewood, and de- 
pounds of whole ^rain will give you twenty down the bark, depositing the mat- 
eight pounds of fat, a thousand pounds of g^ wood in its descent, but with- 
■fine flour will give you but twenty, and a becoming changed into it. That the 
thousand pounds of bran will give you 60. j^^atter absorbed from the soil and air, is 
If, therefore, you grind the Avheat all to- ggj^ygj-tgjj into the true sap or blood of the 
gether, you get nearly half as much again wholly in the leaves, from which it is 
of fat-making material. discharged into the bark; and that sjich por- 
Well, how is it with muscle, ox flesh-ma- g^ ^g ^^^.g j^g^ e.xpended in the gene- 
king material ? Whole grain contains one j.^j^igj^ gf new wood and bark, join, during 
hundred and fifty-six pounds in one thou- Spring and Autumn, the ascending cur- 
sand ; fine flour, one hundred and thirty ^l^g ^gg^j^ into which it passes by 
pounds. So you see that wheat, ground all medullary process. As the Autumn 
together, gives one-fifth part more muscle approaches, however and the ascending sap 
material than fine flour. ig no longer expended in generating new 
Our muscles, you will allow, are very jg^yos and blossoms, or young shoots, that 
serviceable, and their strength of great im- concentrates in a concrete state in the 
portance to us. Ought we not to supply .^gg^ gf ^j^g ^j.gg^ ^s in the tuber of the 
them with right materials ? But when we g^^fo^ and the bulb of the tulip, and joints 
bolt our Avheat, and use only the fine parte, grasses, whence it is washed out in 
we throw away about two pounds of such ^^^g gpj-fog, to form a new layer of bark and 
out of every ten. . wood, to form leaves, and feed the blossoms 
Of the hone-making material, whole gram 
contains one hundred and seventy pounds - , ^ .,1 
hundred Trees and vines which are kept tlie 
in one 
thousand; bran, seven - , -u j 
pounds; fine flour, sixty pounds. cleanest bear the best; like the human body, 
^ You will certainly allow that bones are a the pores of their skin become clogged with 
very important part of your bodies; and you dirb ^nd retain gases which should escape, 
will see, by the above, that, as it regards Trees, the bark of which has been scraped 
them, the whole meal is nearly three times and scrubbed, become more thnving and 
more’nourishing than the fine flour. more vigorous. 
