MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL AND FAMILY JOURNAL. 
EXPERIMENTS IN BUTTER MAZING. 
We find re-publislied in “ The Plough, 
the Loom, and the Anvil,” for May, part 
of a valuable Pssay on Butter Making, 
by Prof. Traill, of Scotland, detailing a se¬ 
ries (eight in number,) of carefully con¬ 
ducted experiments, to show the compar¬ 
ative quality of butter yielded by— 
No. 1. Sweet cream churned alone. 
No. 2. Sweet milk and its cream churn¬ 
ed together. 
No. 3. Sour cream churned alone. 
No. 4. Sour milk and its cream churned 
together. 
No. 5. Scalded cream, or Devonshire 
cream, churned alone. 
The process of scalding the cream, is de¬ 
scribed as follows:—After standing with 
the rest for 39 hours, the milk and cream 
of No. 5, were placed in a vessel of warm 
water, heated until the temperature of the 
milk rose to 166 degrees. 
The milk in each experiment was that 
obtained from four cows, mixed together, 
and six pints set in each of five separate 
eafrthen vessels, for 39 hours, and then the 
cream of No. 1, with the addition of half 
a pint of cold water, was churned for 27 
minutes, raising the temperature from 62 
to 70 degrees, and producing 1386 grains 
of butter of good color, and perfectly well 
flavored. 
At the same time the contents of No. 2, 
sweet milk and its cream, were churned 
together for three hours, with occasional 
additions of cold water, but without produ¬ 
cing a particle of butter. 
The sour cream of No. 3, kept two days 
longer, was churned with half a pint of 
cold water, as in No. 1, for 20 minutes, 
rmsing the temperature from 54 to 63 deg., 
and producing of well washed butter, 1,- j 
756.5 grains of good color and taste. The 
butter-milk, as in all experiments from cream 
alone, was poor and thin, and fit only for 
the pigs. 
At the same time with No. 3, the sour 
milk and its cream (No. 4,) were churned 
together, with the addition of half a pint 
of cold water, for one hour and fifty min¬ 
utes, producing 1968 grains of butter, paler 
than the last, but good flavored. The but- 
tei-milk was excellent in quality. 
The milk and cream of No. 5 was scald¬ 
ed on the same day and the cream churned 
on the following day, producing 1998 grains 
of rich, yellow, and agreeable flavored but¬ 
ter. The milk remaining was very poor, 
and no butter could be churned from it— 
From No’s. 4, 1, and 3, a small quantity 
could be procured. 
The third series of experiments were 
with the same amount of milk from another 
four cows, kept for a little less time. The 
results were as follows: 
jqo. 1—Churned 45 minutes,! 137 grai n 
excellent butter. 
No. 2—Churned,—(time not stated,) no 
butter produced. 
No. 3 —Churned 40 minutes. 1246 grs., 
good butter in color and taste. 
No. 4—Churned 120 minutes, 1447 grs., 
quality equal to No. 3. 
No. 5—Churned 45 minutes, 1591 grs., 
good butter. 
The Essay says:—“ The general result 
of these experiments, confirmed by many 
similar trials, is, that the largest quantity of 
butter is produced, from the scalded, or 
Devonshire cream; the next in quantity 
from the method of churning the milk and 
cream together, when they have become 
slightly acid; the third in quantity is af¬ 
forded by cream kept till it is slightly sour; 
the smallest quantity is obtained from the 
sweet cream. We were unable to obtain 
butter from churning sweet milk and cream 
together; and in several other series at¬ 
tempted it no more.” 
Experiments were tried ?is to the quality 
of keeping fresh when exposed to the air, 
and it was found to be in regular order— 
No. 1 keeping longest, and No. 5 the short¬ 
est time. So also it appeared that the cae- 
sine or curdy matter in each specimen fol¬ 
lowed the same rule. No. 1. having the 
least 
Experiments were tried in over-churning 
butter, which added largely to the quantity, 
but subtracted more from the quality.— 
The addition of hot water had the same 
efieck though less perceptible. 
^As summed up by Prof. Traill, the 
principal results of the experiments above 
detailed, are— 
1. " That the addition of some cold water 
during the churning facilitates the process, 
or the separation of the butter, especially 
when the cream is thick and the weather 
hot 
2. The cream alone is more easily churn¬ 
ed than a mixture of cream and milk. 
3. That butter produced from sweet 
cream hcis the finest flavor, when fresh, 
and appears to keep without acquiring ran¬ 
cidity; but that the butter-milk so obtained 
is poor and small in quantity. 
4. That scalding of the cream, according 
to the Devonshire method, yields the largest 
quantity of butter, which, if intended for 
immediate use, is agreeable to the palate 
and readily saleable; but if intended to be 
salted, it is' most liable to acquire, by keep¬ 
ing, a rancid flavor. The process oi scald¬ 
ing is troublesome; and the milk, after the 
removal of the cream, is poor, and often 
would be unsaleable from the taste it has 
acquired from the heating. 
5. That churning the milk and cream 
together, after they become slightly acid, 
seems to be the most economical process 
on the whole; because it yields a large 
quantity of excellent butter and the butte-r 
mi lk is of a good quality—a point of some 
importance when butter-milk is largely used 
as an article of diet, as it is in Lancashire. 
6. That the keeping of butter in a sound 
state appears to depend on its being obtain¬ 
ed as free from uncombined albumen, or 
caseine, and water, as it can be, by means 
of washing and working the butter when 
taken from the churn.” 
These results coincide with the expe¬ 
rience of the best butter makers in this 
country, and show that it does not depend 
altogether upon the salting and working, 
for keeping qualities, but upon the state of 
the milk and cream employed. b. 
TRAP TO CATCH MOLES. 
Ed. Rural : —The other day I was shown 
a new “contraption,” for catching moles.— 
It struck me as being an excellent thing for 
that purpose.- It is impossible to explain 
the manner in which it is made in a satis¬ 
factory light without a cut of the same, but 
a slight conception of it may be formed 
from the description I am able to give:— 
Two upright pieces of board, about two 
feet in length, and six or eight inches in 
width, are fastened about a foot and a half 
apart by a stay being nailed across at the 
top, and another about eight inches from 
the bottom. A round or square staff is run 
down through these stay blocks, and just 
below the bottom stay a block is fastened 
on the staff filled with long, sharp nails; and 
on the top of the staff another block is nail¬ 
ed for the purpose of laying something 
weighty on, to force the nails down into the 
ground when the trap falls. 
In order to set the trap, a place where 
the mole has been tunneling is sought out, 
and a short distance trampled down; on 
this the trap is placed, with the nails direct¬ 
ly over the road of the mole. The trap is 
then set by cutting a notch in the staff and 
setting the trap by a treddle, in the same 
manner that a rabbit trap is set. The tred¬ 
dle is laid directly on the track, and when 
the mole comes along he raises the earth, 
and this throws the trap—the iron prongs 
enter the ground and pin him fast. Num¬ 
bers of them are caught in this manner. 
Yours, &c, Leonadk. 
Germantown, Pa., August, 1850. 
GUA.N0 TRADE IN OHILI 
A coRiiKSPONDENT of the Albany Atlas 
—attached to an engineering party who 
went out to construct a Railroad in Chili — 
speaking of a small town situated five or six 
miles back on the “ Bay of Pisco,” has the 
following in relation to the Guano trade: 
“ This is the port from which the famous 
Guano is obtained in great quantities, and 
we saw at the Islands a few miles from the 
town, some 50 vessels to be loaded. This 
is an immense business and a source of rev¬ 
enue to the Government, though at present 
monopolized by an English company. One 
of our fellow passengers, Mr. Stutter, a mer¬ 
chant of Philadelphia, is trying to make a 
contract with the Government for the arti¬ 
cle, but I believe is not likely to be success¬ 
ful. 
On some of the Islands the Guano is 
found to the deplh of 200 or 300 feet, so 
that the supply must be nearly inexhausti¬ 
ble. It seems hardly credible that such an 
immense deposite could have been made by 
birds, and I think it is contended by some 
that such is not the case. The value of the 
material was first brought to notice by the 
captain of an American whaler, who acci¬ 
dentally discovered that it was suitable for 
manure, and at that time all the islands, 
which are utterly barren and uninhabitable, 
might have been bought for a song; now 
they are worth nearly as much as the gold 
and silver mines of the Andes.” 
It is better to do something than project 
many things. 
iDraestic (ictmorai]. 
PICKLING CUCUMBERS. 
WOOD’S PATENT.-CAST-IRON PLOW. need therefore very exact observation, to irdnTTtl^Pjttr (^ hf 11111111111 
- approximate a fair estimate of comparisons. »* 
Mr. Moore:-I n looking over the pro- \Ve hope Mr. Clark wall continue this class 
cecdings of Congress, some days since, I of investigation; it is important and valuable. PICKLING CUCUMBERS, 
was surprised with the announcement that It is not from any isolated experinient we , 
Mr. Wamkn of the Otsego District, of this 
„ ^ -AA T» OB this account we would urge Mr. blark chusetts Ploughman, receipes for Pickling 
State, Chairman of the Committee on a- i,is experiments, until repeated Cucumber from tiiree different corres- 
tents, had reported favorably on a bill for ^sults may justify a general rule. 
extending the patent of Juthko Woon up- The committee respectfully recommend 
on the cast-iron plow, for the benefit ot his that a volume ol the 1 ransactions ot the oo- a n i 
ciety be presented to Mr. Clark, tor his in- recipes, in order that the readers 
It would be gratifying to me to know in teresting communication. of the iSW ^etii-Forfer may notbe be- 
, , ., , . , TIT J, J. Delafield, Chairman. hind the rest ot woman-kind in knowledge 
what the said patent consists. Wood’s r. a a- i 
, , 1 1 J i 1 * - of Bn art so essential:— 
plow, so far as my knowledge extends, has p Johnsok, Esq., Sec’y, Ac. — It is No. 1 says, I will simply state that the 
long since gone out of general use, having ■v\-ith great pleasure that I undertake to re- method practiced by many in this vicinity, 
been superseded by those of more improv- deem my promise to furnish the result of vyjth entire success, is to put fresh cucum- 
ed construction. Bn experiment in raising wheat. On 23d bers, as soon as picked from the vine, into 
rni TIT ji A A A L u A J September, 1848,1 prepared four beds of weak brine boiling hot, and let them remain 
The Wood patent must have been stand- g„„nd to plant with wheat, on a summer 24 hours. They should then be taken out 
ing many years, and has remunerated the f-iHow that had been twice plowed during put into the vessel in which they are to 
patentee most fully. The object of grant- the summer. The ground was prepared by be kept, and vinegar boiling hot poured up- 
ing patents to inventors is supposed to be finely pulverising it with a hoe and rake, to on them sufficient to cover. In three days’ 
to protect them in the making of their in- depth of eight inches. Four beds were time the pickles will be fit for use. Pickles 
, Ai -1 J accurately measured, each one-lourth ot a prepared m tins way will keep an indefinite 
ven 10 ns, a ley ma} reap a ric rewai square, leaving a walk of about 7 inches length of time, and preserve all the fresh- 
for the time, talent, and outlay in perfect- between them; they were numbered and ness of the first pickling by paying proper at- 
ing and bringing before the public the arti- subdivided as follows: No. 1', in squares tention to the vinegar. After standing some 
cle patented. Whenever great expense inches each way; No. 2, about 2 inches; days, a scum will rise and cover the surface 
and much time have been expended in in- b little short of 3 inches, No. 4, 3^ of the vinegar. When this takes place, the 
troducing the patent into use, and the pa- nljeA I ''^‘’®‘“'i 
. , .J J • bed. Ihen with the thumb and finger 1 and scalded, the scum skimmed off, and then 
tentee has not been amply repaid during p^J.ef^lIy dropped a kernel of wheat in the while hot poured again to the pickles. This 
his term of fourteen years, it is understood corner of each small square, of No. 1 and 2, should be repeated until the recrement has 
to be within the province of the Commis- then with a stick prepared for the purpose, entirely disappeared and the vinegar become 
sioner, on proper application, to renew the ^ placed each grain 1-^ inches below the pure. The advantage of this method of 
patent or to extend it another term. This surface, and then with the head of a rake pickling cucumbers, over many others, is, 
, . A J 1 at A- Blade the surface entirely smooth. Un jt m ves to the pickles a most agreeable 
may e jus an necessary w lere le ar i jyjonday 25th, I planted Nos. 3 and 4 in the flavor, and at the same time preserves them 
cle patented is complicated, expensive, and same manner; they were all planted with j^a sound and healthy state so long as the 
does not come into use sufficiently to repay the Soule’s varietyJof wheat—the seed dry, vinegar is kept pure. 
the outlay and a good profit. No great without any preparation. The soil is a clay No. 2 says, I have a recipe for pickling 
skill could have been requisite to have en- lo^m with a slight inclination to the north cucumbers which, if followed, I will warrant 
oKirx,! WtxtxaI I lo vxIax, a aTaa Bnd north-west, and fully exposed to the ^s good pickles as was ever seen in Boston, 
ablod Wood to construct Ins plow IVo those directions. luscdnofer- and they wUl keep, for aught I know, to car- 
new principle was brought out—only the ^lizers, except a little Gypsum; on l7th of ^y round.the globe. 
substitution of cast-iron for the maple slab. May while sowing on the rest of the field, I To a pailful of water add one-half pint of 
in making this article, then in common use. gave the bed a slight coating at the rate of gait, boil this and pour it on your cucum- 
For years have the tillers of the soil been from 1^- to 2 bushels per acre. Harvested bers; let them stand 24 hours, then pour oflf 
paying tribute to this substilutbn, and it ap- “th, 1849, with a hand cradle and the brine and boil again, and pour healing 
" ° , 1 . , ^ bound it into sheaves and carried it into the bot on your pickles; repeat .this the third 
pears to me the heirs can now have no re- barn in about two weeks. The parcels care- and fourth days; then the fifth day pour off 
ally good claim for its continuance. fully shelled and kept separate. On the ^he brine and boil fresh water and pour on 
Who will enlighten the public on this 22d Augustj each parcel.was weighed sep- them; let them stand 24ror 36 hours, al- 
matter—call public attention to the report by sealed scales, the result of which ^rays remembering to cover them to keep in 
A. at n -AA aI L A-A- • Biay be found in the annexed table. On the steam; the sixth day boil good cider 
o le ommi ee, an avepe ions circu ^Ytb of Dec., 3 oz. were weighed in vinegar and pour on them, add alum, horse- 
lated against the renewal or continuance of scaled scales, and by counting all the grains radish, cloves, and other spice to suit the 
the monopoly? At the approaching Far- weighed, I found that there were 800 grains taste. If the vinegar is not prime, the 
mer’s Jubilee in Albany, let the State So- in an ounce. An estimate of the amount of pfokles will not keep; the boiling should be 
ciety pass resolutions against the renewal, seed planted is made from this data, as well done in brass or copper. 
Every County Spdety should do the same cucumbers from the 
Ai • U TT- AA A- A -A No. 1.—Number of graiiiB planted 4,488; weight Tines, leaving on a stem halt an inch long, 
thing. Editors by calling attention to it product in pounds and ounces, 6 lbs. 8 oz.; a- wipe them clean, put them in an earthen 
may do the.farmers and manufacturers es- mount of seed sown per acre, 3 bu. 45 lbs.; yield pailful pot, and to a pot nearly full of cu- 
sential service. No patent of so simple a ^®^® ^O lbs. . cumbers, put two-thirds of a pint of good 
, A ,, No. 2.—Number of grams planted, 2,525; weight ’,f , , at ^ i i ° -at, 
nature, upon an article of general use, should of product in lbs. and oz., 5 lbs. 9ioz.; amount of coarse salt and then cover the whole with 
be extended beyond the first fourteen years, seed sown per acre, 2 bu. 6 lbs.; yield per acre in boiling water (be sure it boils,) and cover 
* J ’ 1_,.T,„T= ';Q Ki, an Ihc ALa. „asA ...IaV, « a,,. cant,a,a.AV.,t,a, ALoA will 
mer’s Jubilee in Albany, let the State So¬ 
ciety pass resolutions against the renewal. 
Every County Spifiety should do the same 
, ‘ A • T.A A* ’ bushels, 59 bu. 40 lbs, the pot with a plate or something that will 
unless there are most weighty reasons for grains,,lamed 1 . 206 ; weight keep in the steam. In 24 hours pour off the 
so doing. What the arguments and claims of producl in Ibe. and oz.. 4 Ibe. 12 or.; amouiuof ^ ^ 
are in this case should be made known. els *^ 5^0 bu. 40^ Ibs!^’ ” ' boiling water, cover close, and let them re- 
Seneca Co., August, 1350. h. c. w. 4.— Number of grains planted, 870; weight main another 24 hours, and then repeat the 
--- - of product in lbs. and oz., 4 lbs. 4 oz.; amount of salt and boiling water, which will make three 
WHEAT CULTURE. seed sown per acre, 43i lbs.; yield per acre in gcaldings, the requisite number. Let them 
■■ ' busliels, 45 bir. 20 lbs. ^ icih,, remain another day, then pour out the pickles 
EXPERIMENTS IN THICK AND THIN SOWING. Average yield per acie, o6 on to sieves or colanders to drain. After 
[From the Transactions of N. Y. Aj;. Society.] West Dresden,- Yates Co., Dec. 20, 1849. they are well drained, put them into a firkin 
[From the Transactions of N. Y. Aj;. Society.] 
The paper presented by Mr. Adam Clark 
of Yates county, contains a set of experi¬ 
ments on the sowing of wheat, which seems 
to the committee most opportune, inasmuch 
A HINT TO FARMERS. 
WHEAT CULTURE. seed sown per acre, ins., yieia per acre m gcaldings, the requisite number. Let them 
■■ ' busliels, 45 bit. 20 lbs. ^ icih,, remain another day, then pour out the pickles 
experiments in thick and thin sowing. Average yield per acie, o6 on to sieves or colanders to drain. After 
[From the Transactions of N. Y. Aj;. Society.] West Dresden,- Yates Co., Dec. 20, 1849. they are well drained, put them into a firkin 
The paper presented by Mr. Adam Clark --- and cover with good cider vinegar. Keep 
of Yates county, contains a set of experi- A HINT TO FARMERS. them in a cool place or down cellar. After 
ments on the sowing of wheat, which seems , . . . A i- • • a a while a scum will r^eon the vinegar, when 
to the committee most opportune, inasmuch tirougi le a joining wn must be poured off and boiled and skim- 
as the question of thicker thin sowing of ships of Bristol, a tew days ap wo saw med and put back filing hot and covered 
grain is agitated strongly at this time, not that some prudeffi farmer had placed an old close. I have found once filing the vine- • 
only in this country but m England. The pump log at the bar entvmce to a field from g^r greens them sufficiently. If it skims 
experiments of Mr. Clark show that wheat the highway, as a conduit for the water, as o^er the second time, throw it away-and 
planted uniformly at distances of li inches as to provide a gentle access to his take new vinegar. If t^y are not pen 
apart will require about 224i-lbs. or 3 bush- ^^eld. It stru^ us as a capital arrpp- enough, put it to them boiling hot A hand- 
els 44i lbs. per acre. This weight of wheat “«Bt; and wh^ we Rave no doubt but tliat of doves boiled m the vmeg:Rr improves 
consists of about 2,890,320 grains. Mr. similar means for similar uses are^ipplied by them very much; also tlirp or lour peppers 
Clark planted a poflion of ground in this others, we presume, indeed we know they and a few peeled omons of the spllest size 
manner, which was hiirvested at the proper Bre not in general use, as we have not me pickfos made by this rpipe will keep hard 
season and thrashed on the 22d of August, one before in our journeys for years; and ^ny length ol time by keeping the vinegar 
and weighed on the l7th of December— tence we desire to call the attention of our p^re.__ 
estim.4ting every ounce to contain 800 “om dl Ms orvn To make Braedy PEAC,iES.-Seald the 
grams, as weighed by him. The product ,,,,5table peaches in hot Avater; then dip them in hot 
& an acre similarly treated produces 63,- f of the kind 
248,000 grains, or 4,160 lbs., which IS equal ,^^,1 f ’ the Dublic roads where throAV them into cold water; make a syrup 
to 69 bushels 10 lbs. of wheat per acre. 0 then- fiom tl e pu^^^^ three-fourtbs of a pound of loaf suglr to 
The second experiment shows that about one pound of fruit, Ld stew until a straw 
two bushels of wheat or 126 lbs., sowed on ® ^ ta bvmanv These '''ill pass through the pulp to the stone, 
an acre of ground at the uniform distance which is uoaa s ALniAdan/bridD-es Then set them to cool, and when cold put 
of two inches apart, will yield 3,580 lbs. of bs mu * » should ludffe much an equal quantity of brandy. 'J’his makes a 
.beak or.59 bnsbele 40 lbs. per acre. In ye^^^ deligl.tfulVerlf and a serf of stenracher at 
ratXTsl™:" if'genay-inclined roL into tbo lieM, 
It has been usually estimated that in “r ^ ‘ ' Take TpiE nv the Forelock. -Neigli- 
broad cast sowing of wheat under fiivorable ^ a . „ Upi/lc avo ^ growing up to bushes, 
circumstances as to weather and condition abrupt en ranees o ma y takes you longer to mow around them, 
nf tbP soil, the averap-e denosit of seed is 48 frequently ot a nature greatly to strain, and ,yould to mow over twice the ground 
broad cast sowing of wheat under fiivorable 
circumstances as to weather and condition 
of the soil, the average deposit of seed is 48 irequentiy oi a na uru gx.aujf to mow over twice tne grouna 
grains per square foot; if so,an acre of broad sometimes even to break, heavjly-laden they occupy. Why don’t you cut them? 
fast requireL,090,880 grains; and estimat- 'vagons; and we have, on “ Well, that ought to be done, I know but 
ing this quantity at the weight of Mr. ^een the loads of hay and gram p^ somehow or other, I can never get about it 
Clark’s wheat, it gives 2 bushds and 44 f a great many farmers 
lbs ner acre It would have been ad visa- culvert, then, offers an excellent pre- xkt're are rocks, bushes, and stumps that 
bletom‘easureand weigh the seed before ventive from all these dangers. - G'emari- obstruct their labors, and should be remov- 
planting, as well as after harvest, as season Telegraph. ____ ed. There is a swamp that should be 
and cultivation may essentially vary the rel- u ^'Bined. There is^an old brush fence t at 
ative quantity and quality of the seed and Enemies of the Wheat Crof.-Pi-o- should be replaced by a stone wall, rad or wire 
the product. We would have been pleased fessor Agassiz says there have been collect- fence. There should be some gates made, and 
to know also whether every seed planted, ed in Europe, 27,000 species of insects that a great many things ought to be done; but 
arrived at maturity; if not, what proportion preyed upon wheat. If they were all as “somehow or other, we can t get abwt it 
was imperfect or destroyed. It is well destructive as the “weevil” has b8en in AllthatiswantingisahttleresolutiontDcom- 
known that a large percentage of the wheat some sections of the United States, the mence the work, and energy to complete it, 
sown broad cast is fost to the farmer. We wheat grain would become wholly extinct and the improvements are mada—Am. Ag. 
