MOORE’S RUKAL NEW-IORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL AND FAULT JOURNAL. 
INTERESTING TO TAX-PAYERS. 
The following article from tlie Water- 
town Reformer discusses an important sub¬ 
ject to farmers—one in which reform is 
much needed. Though it speaks more par' 
ticularly of Jefferson county, its statements 
will apply with equal force to other sections: 
From the Comptroller’s Report, made to 
the Legislature in January, 1849, it ap¬ 
pears that the real estate of the County of 
Jeflerson was assessed at 733,569 acres, and 
at a valuation of $6,153,055, which, as av¬ 
eraged, is but little more than $8 per acre, 
including the buildings and improvements 
on it. There can hardly be an assessor in 
the county who does not know this to be 
much less than half its real value. Were 
they to assess real estate as the statute re¬ 
quires them, to-wit: “ At such sum as they 
would appraise it to be worth in the pay¬ 
ment of a cash debt,” they could not value 
the real estate of Jefferson County at a less 
sum than $14,000,000. The land of Jef¬ 
ferson County is mostly improved, with val¬ 
uable and costly buildings upon it, all of 
which is worth from five to one hundred 
dollars per acre. Where is the land that 
can be purchased at $8 per acre, the price 
at which it averages on the assessment roll ? 
There is none, unless it be a few detached 
pieces of swampy or rocky wood-land, of 
which there is but little; while most of the 
farming lands will bring from twenty to fif¬ 
ty dollars per acre, and in some of the vil¬ 
lages, land, with the buildings on them are 
worth from one to several thousand dollars 
per acre. 
If land was the only species of property 
assessed, it would make no essential diffe¬ 
rence what its valuation might be, provided 
it was comparatively estimated Avith refer¬ 
ence to some fixed value, whether the fixed 
value be the real, or but half or quarter of 
the real value. But it is assessed in con¬ 
nection with personal property. And when 
personal property is assessed, especially 
money, bonds, mortgages, bank stock, &c., 
they are assumed dollar for dollar. So 
that if personal property should be all placed 
on the assessment roll, it would pay much 
more than its due proportion of the taxes. 
But the fact that personal property is 
rarely found by the assessors, has led to 
these under valuations of real estate. As¬ 
sessors know that their valuations of real 
estate are less by half than the real value, 
but knowing their inability to reach the 
personal estate of the county, they are con¬ 
strained to equalize the matter as much as 
is in their power by under valuations of the 
real estate. It were an easy matter to 
correct this under valuation, if some pro¬ 
visions were instituted to bring to view the 
hidden thousands of personal property.— 
But let us look for a moment at the valua¬ 
tion of personal property. It was in this 
county for the year to which these state¬ 
ments refer, in the aggregate, only $1,060- 
601. Now can this be anywhere near the 
true amount? Let us^^see. The total 
amount of banking capital in Jefferson 
County, at the time of the above valuation, 
was $912,332,being only $147,269 less than 
the whole valuation of personal property of 
which it forms a part. Where is all the 
manufacturing capital, the cattle iipon a 
thousand hills, sheep, swine, bonds and 
mortgages, notes, goods in store, and money 
in chests ? If assessments are made accord¬ 
ing to the fact, then about six times as much 
capital are invested in banks as remains in 
personal property in the broad country and 
in all of the flourishing villages of the coun¬ 
ty of Jefferson. The thing is incredible.— 
The intelligent reader Avill see at a glance 
that not one-tenth part of the personal prop¬ 
erty of the county is ever brought to the 
eyes of the assessors. There must be at 
least from $8,000,000 to $10,000,000 Avorth 
^|fcersonal property .in Jefferson County 
assessed at all. This of course throws 
upon real estate a burthen of taxation that 
in justice it ought not to bear. Yet the 
fiirmers groan on, and complain of even ne¬ 
cessary taxation, but take no step to con e«t 
the injustice of the assessment laAv.s, which 
throAvs nearly the Avhole of it upon them. 
The power lays in their hands to correct the 
evil. And noAv is the time to take the neces¬ 
sary measures. No man can be elected to 
the Legislature against their votes; and they 
ought to A’otc for no man unless he js pledg- 
ged to use his best endeavors to remove the 
injustice that nc^w Aveighs upon the farming 
interest. The process is simple. Let the 
laAv require of men to exhibit under oath a 
schedule statement of their efiects and 
whatever they are found to OAvn, assess 
them for, and no more. 
To Prepare Phosphate ok Lime.— 
Phosphate of lime, or bone earth, is prepar¬ 
ed by burning bones in an open fire. The 
bones retain their form, and nearly their 
original bulk, and are easily reduced to poAv- 
der, 100 pounds of posphate of lime con¬ 
sists of 48^ pounds of phosphoric acid, and 
51-^ pounds of lime. Phosphate of lime 
enters largely'into the composition of most 
plants, particularly the cereals. The dress¬ 
ing may consist of from three to six or eight 
ewL per Irish acre, and may be used Avith 
great advantage in any quantity in compo¬ 
sition with farmyard manure.— For.paper. 
€\t (il)rr[iatb anii datiira. 
“THE APPLE OF APPLES IN ALL THE 
WORLD.” 
Ed. Rural Neav-Yorker: —Having ad¬ 
vertised in your paper a seedling apple 
which may* he regarded as the apple of 
apples in all the world, ” it seems to have 
arrested the attention of one of your cor¬ 
respondents in a communication over the 
signature of Jonathan Talcott, bearing 
date Rome, N. Y. Nov. 6,1850. The fol¬ 
lowing remarks in his article, published 
in the New-Yorker of Nov. 14, elicits my 
reply 
“ As I am beginning to cultivate fruit, I 
wish to knoAV what the apple spoken of is. 
It smacks a little of humbug, I think; if, 
however, it is an apple of high merit, I 
think Mr. Long is in duty bound to give a 
description of it—its peculiar good qualities, 
and the growth and bearing habits of the 
parent tree. I should be loth to let such 
an apple be passed by in my selection, if 
indeed it is such an one as his advertise¬ 
ment would seem to make it. However I 
do not think it best to admit it, on the 
strength of that piiff alone, (for such I con¬ 
sider it to be.)” 
To this paragraph I notice your kind of¬ 
fer, (of Avhich I most cheerfully avail my¬ 
self,) of a place in your paper to vindicate 
my claim for the excellency of this choice 
seedling apple. Permit me then, to state 
briefly, that this, Avith a number of other 
valuable varieties were highly recommend¬ 
ed to me for cultivation, but this especially 
above all others, by Mr. Joseph Tousey, of 
Brighton, in Avhose judgment I placed great 
confidence, in selecting the choicest apples 
for cultivation. I consequently procured 
some of the fruit from that tree for four 
years last past, not only to test its properties 
myself, but to obtain the opinions of others, 
amateurs in these matters. 
In my distribution, I forwarded a sample 
of the fruit to Albany for examination by a 
committee preparatory to a report to the 
“North American Pomological Convention,” 
to be held at Syracuse, Sept 14th, 1849. 
The Committe made a report upon this 
seedling, Avhich, though not so laudatory in 
every respect as others who have examined 
it, yet sufficiently so to ansAver my present 
purpose. (See page 36 of their report, 
Avhere may be seen an engraving of the 
apple in question.) 
The Committee say “that their attention 
has been called to a new seedling apple to 
Avhich they have given the name of Kings¬ 
ley Apple. This variety originated on the 
farm of a Mr. Kingsley in Pittsford, Mon¬ 
roe county, in this State, and as it comes 
up to the standard required by the Pomo¬ 
logical Rules adopted by the Convention 
for the guidance of its Committees, we an¬ 
nex an outline and full description of the 
fruit. 
Size —Medium, being about two and an 
half inches broad and tAvo and a quarter in 
depth. Form —Nearly globular, but slight¬ 
ly inclining to an oval. Exterior color — 
On a dark yelloAvish ground, pinkish red 
stripes and splashes diverge in every direc¬ 
tion from the stem end of the fruit, while 
the calyx end is surrounded Avith light 
russet, and the exposed side nearly covered 
Avith irregular patches of pinkish red, pro¬ 
fusely sprinkled Avith Avhitish dots. Texture 
—Fine grained and melting. Flavor—Oi 
peculiarly rich, pleasant sub-acid, and sup¬ 
plied with an unusual quantity of delicious 
juice. Gore—Oi medium size and open. 
Seeds — Small, of dark brown color, and 
few in number. Ste))i—Qhort, not quite 
half an inch in length, slender and inserted 
in a regular cavity. Eye —Small, closed, 
and set in a shalloAV basin. Growth —The 
tree is moderate in its growth, erect in its 
habit, hardy, and a profuse and early bear¬ 
er. Thirty bushels bushels of fruit Avere 
gathered from the original tree in the au¬ 
tumn of 1848. Season —From November 
until July. 
Remarks. — The fruit above described 
has a peculiarly rich and agreeable flavor, 
and an unusual supply of delicious juice, 
and is in eating order at a season of the 
year, Avithout extra care, when very feAv 
other A'arieties are in good condition. The 
specimens from Avhich the above descrip¬ 
tion was Avritten, were eaten on the tenth of 
June, and Avere as fresh and free from de¬ 
fect as Avhen taken from the tree. This 
alone, would entitle it to consideration, but 
taken in connection Avith its other qualities, 
renders it well Avorthy of recommendation 
and name.” 
I would subjoin a few remarks by way of 
explanation of the reason of the fruit being 
of small size, and also of correcting some er¬ 
rors in the above description. The tree was 
greatly injured a few years since by hogs 
stripping the bark from over one half of the 
trunk, and is now in a perishing condition. 
By farther experience it is ascertained that 
the scions from this tree, set in roots or 
branches of other trees, have attained a vig¬ 
orous growth—nearly resembling that of 
the celebrated Northern Spy. 
In conclusion, I claim for this apple a 
fair reputation—of being a good apple to 
cook or for eating in October—and that it 
will grow better till July, when to my taste, 
it becomes the “ apple of apples in all the 
world.’' I have a few bushels of the pres¬ 
ent year’s crop on hand, which I should be 
happy to distribute, gratuitously, as samples 
— and especially, Mr. Editor, to your cor¬ 
respondent, Mr. Talcott, and others, who, 
like him, are beginning to cultivate fruit 
trees and are desirous of obtaining the best 
varieties. Very respectfully yours, 
Moses Long. 
Rochester, Nov. 16, 1850. 
APPLES FOR MARKET. 
We are fully persuaded, that great neg¬ 
ligence exists in putting up green apples 
for market. In many portions of Western 
New York, packers have purchased the fruit 
from farmers who had drawn them miles 
in a common farm wagon without springs. 
Apples thus transported must be bruised, 
although they may not show it. By the 
time they reach a distant market, signs of 
decay are unmistakeable, and a low price is 
obtained. 
Fruit should be picked carefully by hand 
and packed in the orchard, filling the bar¬ 
rel as full as it is possible to have it, and 
get in the head with a heavy pressure upon 
it. Any shaking of the fruit in the barrel 
will destroy it for Avinter keeping. 
Another difiiculty is, putting several 
kinds of fruit in the same barrel. Want 
of attention to these small matters has oc¬ 
casioned great loss to fruit buyers, and has 
the inevitable efllect to injure the reputation 
of good fruit from the same locality. It is 
not sufficient to raise good fruit, but every 
thing connected Avith marketing it must be 
done in a proper manner. ii. c. w. ' 
(ItDUDtnq. 
SAUSAGE STUFFER. 
Joke as people may about the scarcity of 
animals scientifically denominated feline and 
canine—in plain English, cats and dogs— 
wherever sausages are plenty, still the num¬ 
ber of those who appreciate a sausage as is 
a sausage, is by no means small. For the 
benefit of the latter we gave in our last 
number, a description of a sausage cutter, 
or mincing machine;—and, as the next 
thing in order, avc now present the sausage 
stuffer. 
IHuhamrlrta ^ Inenu. g^n ^wer. This d»ers 
® much in the various kinds of engmes. In 
LIST OF PATENTS common low pressure engines it is cus- 
ISSVEP FROM THE UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE tomary to allow 10 to 18 feet heating sur- 
For the week ending November 5,1850. face in the boiler for every nominal horse 
To Alanoon CryT^Wo,cosier. Mom., for P"™’' magnitude of the eylinder, 
improvement in machines for dressing irregular says Lardner, IS regulated by the nominal 
„ ^ power of the engine, and it is usual so to 
To Wm. H. Davis, of Maysville, Ky., for im- xi „ „ ,• <• i -i 
provement in rotary pumps. regulate the evaporating power of the boil- 
To F. P. Dimpfel, of Philadelphia, Pa., for cr that the piston shall move at the aver- 
improvement in furnace for steam boilers. age of 200 feet per minute. Upon this 
To R. A. Fisher, of Sanburg, Pa., for improve- _ . ,, , 
ment in Avashing machines. assumption custom allows 22 square inches 
To Junius & Alfred Judson, of Rochester, N. of piston surface for every nominal horse 
Y. (a^ignors to Junius Judson,) for improved power of the engine. . This amount of sur- 
valves for governors. ^ ° 
To A. s. Macomber, of Bennington, Vt., for moved at the rate specified, gives an 
improvement in straw cutters. estimated pressure of 7^ pounds per square 
To Wm. McCoy of Fannelsburgh, Pa., for im- jneh, and as the safety valve is usually load- 
provement in lime kilns. , J J 
To Joseph Pine, of New York, N. Y., (assi^- at 4 or 5 pounds per square inch, the 
or to Benj. Pine,) for improvement in the running steam in the boiler would have a pressure 
.r Mac., for i». 
provement in operating the copping rail of cop ihere are SO many diflferent estimates 
spinners. and allowances to be made in calculating 
To C. W. Schindler, of New York, N. Y., for .-i • x-l x xi v -x xr ° 
improvement in hardening fats and oils. power of engines, that the limit of a 
To. H. S. Vrooman, of Springfield, Mass., for newspaper article cannot do anything like 
improvement in clamps for girdling emery wheels, justice to the subject. If what has been 
To E. J. Warner, of Waterbury, Conn., for t xi i i 
improved mode of fastening hooks and eyes upon ondensed from the mass and presented 
cards. here answer the queries of those interested 
To S. R. wilmot, of Lafayette, N. Y.,.for im- Qur object will have been obtained. ' 
provement in fly brushes. 
To John Butcher of Lowell, Mass., for im- U. W. 
provement in apparatus for stretching and smooth- --- 
ing cloth. A NEW WONDER IN MACHINERY. 
To J. P. Hayes, of Boston Mass., for improve- _ 
ment in portable furnaces. The Albany Knickerbocker thus describes 
A NEW WONDER IN MACHINERY. 
The Albany Knickerbocker thus describes 
To George Starkweather, of Hartford, Conn., a new Steam engine recently patented by a 
for improvement in processes for curing meat. Mr. Black of this State : 
GOOD GROUNDS OF DEFENCE, 
p'llii 
illiJi 
With this machine sausages are stuffed 
Avith extraordinary despatch and ease. It 
is simple, and easily operated. In sausage 
making establishments the stuffer is invalu¬ 
able, and farmers Avould probably, on trial, 
find it an economical addition to their do¬ 
mestic machinery. The “glide Avife” Avill of 
course vote for the improvement. 
We notice that both cutter and stuffer 
are on sale at the Genesee Seed Store and 
Ag. Warehouse, in this city, and Ave pre¬ 
sume they may also be had at similar es¬ 
tablishments in other places. 
To KEEP Apples. —Wipe every apple 
dry Avith a cloth, and see that no blemished 
ones are left among them. Have ready a 
very dry tight barrel, and cover the bottom 
with dry pebbles. These will attract the 
damp of the apples. Then put in the fruit; 
head up the barrel; and plaster the seams 
with mortar, taking care to have a thick rim 
of mortar all round the top. Let the barrel 
remain undisturbed in the same place till 
you Avant the apples for use. Pippins, bell¬ 
flowers, and other apples of the best sorts, 
may be kept in this Avay till July. So says 
an eastern paper. 
Creditors have better memories than 
debtors. 
equal to fifteen tons, (English;) hence it fol¬ 
lows that 15 cubic inches of Avater convert¬ 
ed into steam per minute, or 900 cubic 
ever since. 
inches per hour, Avill produce a force equal boxes by mail. It will be cheaper ‘ in the 
to the poAver of one horse; adding to this long run.’ ” 
amount power enough to balance the force Whoever sincerely endeavors to do all 
of working the engine and machinery and the good he can, will probably do much 
we have the Avhole amount necessary to more than he imagines, or will ever know 
constitute the-basis of a horse power. This fo day of judgment, when the secrets 
power is represented as being the same, hearts shall be made manifest . 
whatever may be the magnitude or propor- The SAveetest flowers are* those which 
tions of the cylinder. shed their odors in quiet nooks and dingles! 
There are so many things to be taken in- purest hearts are those Avhose deeds 
. XT, X XT, X -x • I- X- 1-1 of love are done in solitude and secret 
to the account, that it is hardly practicable 
to speak of any rule by which engine ma- Value a good conscience more than 
kers would be governed in constructing an praise. 
for improvement in processes for curing meat. Mr. Black of tbis State : ) 
” Mr. Black’s machine, we believe, is per- ' 
HORSE POWER OF STEAM ENGINES fectly’original, the power being applied di- ^ 
In speaking of Steam Engines it is cus the driving wheel, without the in- 
X X I -u XL L • C terruption of any cylinders, piston-rods, ; 
tomary to describe them as being of so walking beams, steam chests, condenser o^ ^ 
many horse power. To the general reader other apparatus. By this means an im- ^ 
the term conveys very little information of mense amount of friction, room and money ; 
the actual capacity and power of the en- is saved. This wheel, of which we speak, ‘ 
gine. The most satisfactory explanation ^ submerged one, and is so contrived that <- 
with which we have met is that given by -n immense hydraulic power is also obtmn- ! 
^ -r ed without any cost whatever. Several of 
Dr. Lardner in his lectures on Science and t^ese engines are already in operation—one 
Art—a work, by the way, which should be near Williamsburgh, where it is employed ' 
in every district school library in the State, in sawing lumber and getting out floor 
The first general work for which steam This one operates m.Kt successful- < 
^ , J - ly. Much more, m fact, has been effected, 
engines were employed, was the working than even its most sanguine friends have , 
pumps for mills and mines, for which hor- dared to hope. It drives the machinery 
ses were in common use. The first engine with a degree of speed and force beyond ^ 
builders found it necessary to supply en- ^^7 P^'evious calculation. A two horse pow- ^ 
gines capable of performing the same work f Wf Produced by two jets of steam from ■ 
° 1 !_ r. r , • tubes of one-eighth of an inch in diam- 
that had been done before by some certain ^ter, with the consumption of only one bush- ^ 
number of horses. When an engine had el of coal in the space of ten hours, and was ( 
capacity to perform the amoutit of work in kept during the whole time in active use, \ 
the same number of hours which had be- sawing timber and boards; the expense of S. 
fore been performed by a given number of ^7*^1 required being about 25 or 30 cts. 
horses of average strength, it Avas called an market. What Avill render this ap- 
. 1 , CSX plication ot steam and Avater of general adop- 
engme of so many horse s power. Steam ti^n, is the fact, that it needs Tio ingenious 
engmes had been long in use before this artizan or machinist to construct it. Acorn- 
term acquired any uniform or settled mean- mon mechanic or mill-Avright, can build a 
ing, and it Avas not until necessity render- i^uchine of this description, and keep it in 
ed some knoAvn and definite mode of ra- Itdispensesentirely with the steam 
X- • T ,1 .1 , engine, so costly and expensive, and is much 
ting power indispensable, that measures ^ 
® ^ Lv-u r sater, requiring for any given poAA^er a much 
were taken to establish some term of ca- less pressure, or weight of steam to the 
pacity and power upon Avhich all engine ma- square inch. 
kei-s, and those Avho used engines, could . - -_ 
agree. ^00^ GROUNDS OF DEFENCE, < 
Expeiiments were instituted by different ^ qM gentleman, Avho had been bit 
persons with different results. Those of the calf of the leg by a dog, came to \ 
Messrs. Boulton & Watt, made with the Jonas in a tOAvering passion, declaring it \ 
strong horses used in the breweries of Lon- joker’s dog which had bit him.— 
don, were deemed most correct, and they ExpecUng an action for damages, the wag < 
, oo rxrtrx J • , drcw up tlic following Rrticles as his ground 
therefrom “ assigned 33,000 pounds raised defence •_ 
one foot per minute, as the value of a « i 3 y testimony in favor of the gene- 
horse’s power.” Dr. Lardner says:— ral good character of my dog, I shall prove 
“ This is the unit of engine power now uni- that nothing could make him so forgetful of 
versally adopted, and when an engine is canine dignity as to bite a calf. 
• J , , 1 lx- 2. He is blind, and cannot see to bite, 
said to be one horse power, what is meant g could see to bite, it would i 
is, that that engine, in good working order utterly impossible for him to get out of j 
and properly managed, is capable of moving his way to do so, on account of his severe ‘ 
a resistance equal to 33,000 pounds through lameness. 
one foot per minute. Thus an engine of 4. Granting his eyes and legs to be good, ^ 
ten horse poAver is one that would raise he has no teeth. 
330,000 pounds weight one foot per minute. j l,ad a dog! ”— City Item. 
It is estimated that for every cubic inch-„ 
f x X 1 • X X 11 - 1 , Good Advice. —The Lawrence Courieir 
of Avater converted into steam, and brought „ i x ^ ' i x- 
, ... / . says:—“Never let people Avork tor you gra- 
to act upon the cylinders of an engine, a yo^ never get out of 
force is produced equal to the raising of one their debt in all eternity. Two years ago, 
ton Aveight a foot high. The amount of one a man carried a bundle for us to Boston, 
horse’s power, 33,000 pounds, is nearly hec of cost. The consequence is, that we ; 
equal to fifteen tons, (English;) hence it fol- two shillings a week ; 
1 . I 1 (A w • 1 f . X over since. We shall hereafter patronize ^ 
the expresses; and Avhen we cannot find 
one of these, we will send our packages and 
