WINTER FEEDING. 
MOOKE’S IIURAL NEW-IORKEK; AN AGEICULTURAl AND FAMILY JOUENAl. 
Tiieke cannot be a better time than the 
present for subi^itting a few remarks upon 
the subject of Avmtering the stock upon the 
farm. The farmer has toiled early and late 
for the last six months to fill his barns and 
granaries. He has stacks and mows of 
hay. He has wheat, and oats, and barley 
yet to thresh. If he be truly a thrifty far¬ 
mer, he has a goodly quantity of various 
roots yet to dig. No man, who has any 
claims to the name of a farmer, or his farm 
ever so small, should think of wintering- 
even his cow or his horse, without at least 
a quarter of an acre of carrots.. We be¬ 
lieve there can be no successful farming 
where the roots do not enter largely into 
the products of the land. It would seem 
than any man who had been to so much 
trouble to save fodder, Avould also take the 
utmost pains to make it go as far as possible 
in feeding his stock. But we have no doubt 
that there are thousands who will candidly 
admit that they do not save as much by one- 
quarter, or one-third, as they might do with 
a little more care. Look into any yard or 
stable and see how much hay is wasted.— 
See the straw and corn-stalks scattered 
about and trodden under foot. It’s no un¬ 
common thing for sheep and cattle to de¬ 
stroy as much as they eat 
But suppose only that one-quarter is lost 
by this defective mode of feeding, every 
fourth ton of hay is wasted, and more than 
wasted, for not only is the labor all lost in 
making it, but also the use of the land, and 
extra labor in feeding it out. The man who 
should carry a load of wheat to market, 
and after he had the money for it in his 
pocket, should throw away every fourth dol¬ 
lar, would be called insane. Yet he wo’d not 
be a whit more so than the farmer who wastes 
his fodder. A great saving can be made. 
1st. By cutting or chaffing the dry hay, 
stalks, or straw, if fed separately. 
2d. A great advantage is gained by cut¬ 
ting hay and stalks together, in equal pro¬ 
portions, if convenient, as by that means the 
whole will become nearly equal to good hay. 
3d. When hay is scarce, and roots and 
straw plenty, by cutting the straw, and feed¬ 
ing with the roots, the stock may be brought 
through the winter in good condition.— 
Many farmers who devote . their farms to 
wheat, cut straw for their horses, and mix 
wheat bran with it, and thus entirely dis¬ 
pense with hay. 
The nutriment of good wheat straw is 
about one-third that of good hay—300 lbs. 
of straw would be equal to 100 lbs. of hay; 
and as a ton of bran, in the wheat regions, 
only costs about the same as a ton of hay, 
the economy of the farmer is manifest. A 
bushel of corn meal is equal (or nearly so) 
to one hundred pounds of hay, as also of 
the ruta baga, carrot common turnip, potato, 
white beet ^^<1 Jerusalem artichoke; 25 
lbs. of oil meal, and 35 lbs. of bean or pea 
meal, contain about the same nutriment as 
100 lbs. of hay. With these facts before 
him, the farmer has it in his power to add 
largely to winter forage, by a little extra la¬ 
bor, which costs him but little, as it is want¬ 
ed at a time when labor is cheap. He 
must cut all his fodder. 
“But,” says Mr.-, “I can’t; I have 
a large stock to feed, and it would be im¬ 
possible.” Have you tried it? “No.”— 
Then you do not know what yoii can do.— 
With a good straw-cutter and a horse pow¬ 
er, a man can cut straw enough in one hour 
for a feed for fifty head of cattle with ease, 
or two hours a day would prepare the feed 
for that number of cattle. It is therefore 
an object for the farmer to use the straw- 
cutter freely, for thereby he can easily add 
largely to his power to winter stock. He 
must remember that no cattle, no manure 
— no manure, no crop. He must therefore 
look well to his manure heap, as that is the 
main spring to his prosperity. But to feed 
prepared fodder profitably, and tp save the 
manure, another thing is important: your- 
cattle and sheep must be housed. Aside 
from economy in feeding, by saving a direct 
waste, a great gain is made by keeping all 
animals warm during the cold weather.— 
An animal well sheltered, will not consume 
as much food by a large difference, as one 
left out unprotected. Good shelter, there¬ 
fore, will add materially to the durability of 
the mow, and conse(piently to the farmer’s 
profits. It will make a very great difference 
in the spring, whether you can sell tons of 
hay or have to buy to get your stock through. 
By grinding all the grain, and mixing the 
meal with the chopped feed, a decided sav¬ 
ing is effected, because, the meal is then 
perfectly assimilated in the stomach of the 
animal, and thus thoroughly digested. 
The best method of feeding chopped food 
is to cut it into a tub or vat, at least six or 
twelve houi-s before wanted for use, sprinkle 
and cover, so as to press the mass together. 
In this way it becomes very tender, and is 
very easily eaten. If bran or meal be used, 
it is Jis well to mi.x, in cool weather, when 
the mass is wet do\Vn, but in hot weather, 
it is as well to mix the meal just before feed¬ 
ing. When the roots are fed with chopped 
food, they sho’d be cut fine and mixed with it. 
We say to all, feed nothing to your stock 
that is not either cut or ground, and give 
warm shelter, and a better profit will be 
made than upon any other portion of your 
labor.— Oroiver. 
DISEASES OF ANIMALS. 
Lovett Peteks, an aged and experienced 
farmer, communicates the following tp the 
New-England Farmer, with great confi¬ 
dence as to their curative properties:— 
Scours in Calves. —Put half a pint or 
three gills of cider in a bottle; open a vein 
in the calf’s neck, and let about the same 
quantity of blood into the bottle as you 
have of cider; shake it well together, and 
give it to the calf.' One dose generally ef¬ 
fects a cure; if one does not, a second, with 
me, always has. 
Tail-Sickness. —There is no need of an¬ 
imals ever being tail-sick. My method of 
managing calves’ tails is a complete prevent¬ 
ive ; at least it has proved so with me, in a 
practice of twenty years or more. It will 
be found, by a careful-examination, that ev¬ 
ery calf has a small spot ^in the tail, some¬ 
times not more than half an inch in length. 
By nipping with the thumb, on each side of 
it, and a little way from the end, it will be 
found considerably smaller. Cut the tail 
off at this small place, and if it is rightly 
cut, the animal will have a beautiful switch, 
that it can swing over its back much easier 
than it can those heavy slit tails which some 
have. There will then be no tail-sickness, 
nor cutting of tails after. 
//orn-Ae7.—I believe there is a mistake 
about the seat of this disease. The opin¬ 
ion of some is,—and mine among the rest, 
—that the disease is on the liver, and dis¬ 
ease appearing in the horns is the effect, not 
the cause; and I am confirmed in this opin¬ 
ion by some examinations which I have 
made after the animal was dead. If the 
seat of the disease is on the liver, then tur¬ 
pentine between the horns could do no good, 
as I have never found it to be. With salt, 
pepper, and soot, equal parts, given in pow¬ 
der, I have cured many which I believed 
to have the horn-ail badly. 
Cure for Foot-ail in Sheep. —The fol¬ 
lowing receipt was handed to me by Mr. 
Thomas Wilkinson, of England. I tried it 
successfully myself, and feel confident in 
recommending it to others as an effectual 
cure for this troublesome disease. 
Take of quicksilver, one ounce, aquafor¬ 
tis (nitric acid,) two ounces, and put them 
together in a glass bottle; place it in the 
sun, or in a warm place, with the cork out, 
till dissolved when it is ready for use; cut 
the hoof away, as far a5 the foot is dis¬ 
eased; dip a feather in the mixture, and 
be careful to anoint the diseased part all 
over. After this, keep the sheep in a dry 
place for eight or ten hours. They seldom 
require more than one dressing, if proper¬ 
ly done. It will be necessary also, to wet 
the feet of the sheep not diseased with tur¬ 
pentine, to prevent it spreading among the 
flock.— Cor. American Agriculturist. 
InmFiitit (itoiiDini]. 
A RECIPE FOR CURING BEEF AND PORK 
There bein^ so many applications for our 
celebrated recipe for curing beef and pork, 
we think we shall best subserve the inter¬ 
ests of'all by AgaiJi publishing it. 
To one gallon of water, take one and a 
half pounds of salt, one half pound of sugar, 
and one half ounce of salt-petre. In this 
ratio, to be increased to any quantity requi¬ 
red. Let these be boiled together until all 
the dirt from the salt and sugar, which will 
not be a little, rises to tbe top and is skim¬ 
med off. Then throw it into a tub to cool, 
and when perfectly cool, pour it over your 
beef or pork to remain the usual time, say 
four or five weeks, according to the size of 
the pieces. The meat must be well cover¬ 
ed Avith the pickle, and should not be put 
down till at least two days after killing dur¬ 
ing Avhich time it should be slightly sprink¬ 
led with powdered salt-petre. 
Several of our friends have not boiled 
the pickle and found it to answer well.— 
Germantown Telegraph 
Make your own Candles.—T ake l^ozs. 
alum for every 10 lbs. of tallow, dissolve it 
in water before the talloAV is put in, and 
then melt the tallow; in the alum water, 
Avith frequent stirring, and it will clarify and 
harden the tallow, so as to make a most 
beautiful article, for either summer or win¬ 
ter use, almost as good as sperms. 
If the wick be dipped in spirit of turpen¬ 
tine, the candles Avill reflect a much more 
brilliant light. 
The above is from the American Farmer 
and appears to be a good recipe. 
It is said that a small piece of resin dip¬ 
ped in the water which is placed in a vessel 
on the stove, Avill add a peculiar property to 
the atmosphere of the room, which Avill give 
great relief to persons troubled Avith a 
cough. The heat of the Avateris sufficient 
to throAV off the aroma of the resin, and 
gives the same relief as is' afforded by a 
combustion of the resin. It is preferable to 
combustion, because the eA^aporation is more 
durable. The same resin may be used for 
Aveeks. 
To prevent the creaking of a door. — Rub 
a bit of soap on the hinges. 
\)t (II)rrljarii aiiii (Inriini. lEEtljcinif Site ^ Iciena. 
THE CHILI PINE. 
{Auracaria imbricata) 
This tree is a native of the mountainous 
parts of Chili, Avhere it attains the magnifi¬ 
cent dimensions of from 80 to 100 feet high. 
Standing closely together in the forest, they 
are bare of branches some sixty feet in 
height, with a cone-shaped top; the side 
branches horizontal—ascending slightly at 
the tips; over the branches the leaves are 
thickly set like scales, giving the appearance 
of rich embossed Avork. 
—a:;.— 
Auracaria imbricata. 
The Avood is of a yellowish Avhite color, 
veined—close texture; and the cones, Avhich 
are about the size of a man’s head, are used 
by several tribes of the natives as food, either 
in a raAV state, or boiled or roasted. 
This noble evergreen was introduced into 
England some sixty years since, and has 
proved quite hardy, both there and in this 
country. The tree is particularly ornamen¬ 
tal and can be used Avith great effect in dis¬ 
tinguishing spots of ground devoted to ar¬ 
tistic display or effect. Shelter in frostjr 
Aveather is necessary to preserve the bright 
green of its leaves, from changing more or 
less, to rusty brown. 
They are raised from seeds—started by 
bottom heat in pots, and transplanted to the 
nursery in the second year. They make a 
growth of about one foot in the season, and 
can be procured at the large nurseries at a 
reasonable price. 
PACKING GRAPES. 
Grapes pack best in a sort of diagonal 
position—not quite flat, but nearly so; of 
course the stock end in the ascendant The 
box being ready, and sufficiently roomy— 
four inches deeper than the bunch when in 
its recumbent position—two inches at least 
of Avhite paper shavings may be placed 
in the bottom, tucking them somewhat close 
but not tight If any of the paper remains 
in masses, as cut from the quires, it must 
be separated into individual strips. The 
best way noAV, in our opinion, is to surround 
each bunch as they are placed in the box 
with silver or' tissue paper; this must be 
placed gently, and somewhat loosely, round 
the bunch, avoiding carefully all friction; 
and noAv a little extra paper shavings may 
be so placed as to form a soYt of nest for the 
bunch, and this so managed, as that Avhen 
the bunch Avith its paper is laid down there 
Avill be no occasion to move or to handle it 
again. As they are thus successively plac¬ 
ed, a little paper must be introduced here 
and there as a Avedge, or prop, to prevent 
the bunch from slipping. 
When the bunches are very large, or 
possess huge shoulders, some little pillows 
or cushions may be introduced between 
them and the body of the bunch; occasion¬ 
ally these may be formed by enclosing 
small portions of the paper shavings in the 
silver paper, thrusting such in any situation 
where a great Aveight of berries are likely 
to infringe on each other. The bunches 
being all thus placed, some more of the lit¬ 
tle cushions may be thrust here and there 
over the general surface, so placing them 
as to render it impossible for the bunch to 
move in any direction. The surface being 
thus brought leA'el, nothing remains but to 
fill up the box with the paper shavings, ta¬ 
king care that it is quite full, so that the 
lid in fiistening down Avill have to be com¬ 
pressed a little. The thrashed moss may if 
necessary, be substituted for the paper 
shavings; we are not aAvare which is .best, 
but confess to a partiality for the shavings; 
such however must not be coarse—the finer 
the better, and from thin white paper.— 
Cottage Gardener. 
NifivER attempt to save seed from two 
sorts of Cabbage at the same time—they 
spoil each other. 
LIST OF PATENTS 
ISSUED FROM THE UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 
For the week ending November 13, 1850. 
To Thos. Antisell, of New York, N. Y., for im¬ 
proved filler for oils. 
To Charles Atwood & George Kellogg, of 
Birmingham Conn., machine for making jack 
chains. 
To C. S. Bulkley, of Macon, Ga., for improve¬ 
ments in repeaters for electro magnetic telegraphs. 
To Samuel Cannon, of New Richmond, Pa., 
for improvement in seed planters. 
To S. S. Green, of LoAvell, Mass, for improve¬ 
ment in horse-shoe machinery. 
To Aquilla Jones, of New York, N. Y., for im¬ 
provement in drying paints. 
To John Krauser, Sommers Crowell & Cyrus 
Krauser, of Reading, Pa., for improvement in iron 
railing. 
To Samuel Pierce, of Troy, N. Y., for improve¬ 
ment in cooking stoves. 
To Allen B. Wilson, of Pittsfield, Mass., for 
improvements in sewing machines. 
RE-ISSUES. 
To Timothy Clark, of New Haven, Conn., for 
improvements in machinery for turning irregular 
forms—previously patented Jan. 19th, 1847. 
DESIGNS. 
To C. Y. Haynes, of Philadelphia, Pa., for de¬ 
sign for bas-relief of Heniy Clay. 
To D. Root, of Cincinnati, Ohio, for design for 
stoves. 
To R. J. Blanchard, of Albany, N. Y., (assign¬ 
or to Billings P. Learned & G. FI. Thatcher,) for 
design for stoves. 
To Apollos Richmond, of Providence, R. I., 
(assignor to A. C. Barstow & Co.,) for design for 
stoves. 
NEW COAL MINE IN RHODE ISLAND. 
The Bristol Pheenix reports that a vein of 
anthracite coal of good quality has been 
discovered in that tOAvn, convenient to sev¬ 
eral manufacturing establishments operated 
by steam'. The discovery was made by 
Messrs. O. M. Dinman & Co., in digging a 
Avell for the supply of Avater to a neAv sugar 
refinery in Thomas street. The folloAving 
is the account given by the Phoenix of the 
discovery: 
“ About fourteen feet befoAV the surface 
they struck a bed of coal, and have contin¬ 
ued their operation to about nine feet loAver, 
and find as yet no signs of reaching the 
bottom of the ledge. We are aware how 
much is usually said on making discoveries 
of this kind, above what results prove to 
be real; and therefore we mean to express 
ourselves with all due caution. As to the 
quality of the coal that has been thrown 
out, Ave think there can be no mistake. It 
has been tested by some dozen of our citi¬ 
zens, and found to burn freely in close stoves. 
It leaves no cinders, and deposites ashes of 
a greyish color. The mining having but 
just been opened, it has been visited as yet 
by no scientific miner. This will soon be 
done, and the extent of its locality e.xplored. 
I There is every indication that we have 
struck upon a bed extending almost defi¬ 
nitely to the North and South, and which 
lies near the surface. It Avould be prema¬ 
ture to suffer our thoughts and our pen to 
take wing as to what may be the results of 
this providential discovery. That Ave have 
found coal good for manufacturing purposes, 
promising abundance and easy access, in 
the heart of our town—at the very door of 
a steam engine, there can be no rational 
doubt. And here we leave the subject for 
the present, in the hands of the operators 
and such professional men as may be tempt¬ 
ed to test the locality, promising our read¬ 
ers that in due time they shall hear from us 
again, when future developements Avill au¬ 
thorize us to speak. 
“ Since the above was in type, several 
lumps Aveighing from 300 to 500 pounds 
have been taken from the Avell, and the 
quality is considered to be equal to the coal 
from Pennsylvania.” 
Eastman’s Improvement for Dressing 
Stone. —This is a valuable improvement, 
for which Letters Patent Avere granted to 
Robert Eastman, Esq., of Concord, N. H., 
June l7th, 1850. It is for dressing or 
sharpening stone for architectural or other 
purposes, by cutters of chilled cast iron. It 
is noAV ascertained that iron, by a peculiar 
process of chilling in casting, may be con¬ 
verted into an intense, or diamond-like hard¬ 
ness, that perfectly fits it for reducing Avith 
great facility and economy, the surface of 
stone. The cutters made in this way, retain 
a sufficient degree of sharpness for a long¬ 
time, and, costing no more than other cast 
iron, can be maintained at a A'ery trifling ex¬ 
pense, being wholly formed and finished in 
casting, and Avhen Avorn out, become still 
harder by re-casting. By varying the shape 
and arrangement of the Burrs, ornamental 
surfaces, of various patterns may be pro¬ 
duced. The simple cylindrical Burr leaves 
a plane, smooth surface; if the peripheries 
of the Burrs are convex, the surface pro¬ 
duced is alternately curved grooves and 
angular ridges, as on the common fluted 
column; if concave, they produce alternate 
curved ridges and angular grooves, or the 
reeded column, and in like manner various 
tmouldings, (fee., may be applied. We 
think it will be very extensively adopted by 
workers on stone generally.— Farmer and 
Mechanic. 
HOW COAL WAS MADE. 
Geology has proved that, at ona period, 
there existed an enormously abundant land 
vegetation, the ruins or rubbish of which, 
carried into seas, and there sunk to the bot¬ 
tom, and afterwards covered over by sand 
and mud beds, became the substance which 
we now recognize as coal. This was a nat¬ 
ural transaction of vast consequence to us, 
seeing hoAv much utility we find in coal, 
both for warming our dwellings and for va¬ 
rious manufactures, as well as the produc¬ 
tion of steam, by whicli so great a mechan¬ 
ical power is generated. It may naturally 
excite surprise that the vegetable remains 
should have so completely changed their 
apparent character, and become black.— 
But this can be explained by chemistry; and 
part of the marvel becomes clear to the sim¬ 
plest understanding when we ’recall the 
familiar fact, that damp hay, thrown closely 
into a heap, gives out heat, and becomes of 
a dark color. When a vegetable mass is 
excluded from the air, and subjected to 
great pressure, a bituminous fermentation 
is produced, and the result is the mineral 
coal, Avhich is of various characters, according 
as the mass has been originally Intermingled 
Avith sand, clay, or any other earthy impurities. 
On account of the change effected by 
mineralization, it is difficult to detect in coal 
the traces of a vegetable structure; but 
these can be made clear in all except the 
highly bituminous coking coal, by cutting 
or polishing it down into thin transparent 
slices, when the microscope shows the fibres 
and cells very plainly. From distinct isola¬ 
ted specimens found in the sandstones 
amidst the coal beds, we discover the na¬ 
ture of the plants of this era. They are al¬ 
most all of a simple cellular structure, and 
such as exist with us in small forms, (horse 
tails, club mosses, and fens,) but advanced 
to an enormous magnitude. The species 
are all long since extinct. The vegetation 
generally is such as noAV grows in clusters 
of tropical islands; but it must have been 
the result of high temperature, obtained 
otherwise than that of the tropical regions 
noAv is, for the coal strata are found in the 
temperate and even the polar regions. 
“ The conclusion, therefore, to which most 
geologists have arrived is, that the,^earth 
originally an incandescent or highly heated 
mass, was gradually cooled down, until in 
the Carboniferous period it fostered a groAvth 
of terrestrial vegetation all over its surface, 
to Avhich the existing jungles of tropics are 
mere barrenness in comparison. The high 
and uniform temperature, combined with a 
greater proportion of carbonic acid gas in 
the manufacture, could not only sustain a 
gigantic and prolific vegetation, but would 
also create dense vapors, showers and rains; 
and these again gigantic rivers, periodical 
inundations, and deltas. Thus all the con¬ 
ditions for extensive deposits of Avood, in 
estuaries would arise from the high temper¬ 
ature; and every circumstance connected 
with the coal measures points to such con¬ 
ditions.”— Chambers’ Miscellany. 
PLANK ROADS. 
One who has had considerable experi¬ 
ence, says that a plank road may require a 
removal, either because it has worn out at 
the top by travel upon it, or because it has 
been destroyed at the bottom by rot. But 
if the road has travel enough to make it 
profitable to its builders, it Avill wear out 
first, and if it does, it Avill have earned suf¬ 
ficiently enough to replace it twice over, as 
we shall see presently. The liability to de¬ 
cay is therefore a secondary consideration 
on roads of importance. As to natural de¬ 
cay, no hemlock road has been in use long- 
enough to determine how long the plank 
can be preserved from rot Seven years is 
perhaps a fair average. Different species 
of hemlock vary greatly, and upland timber 
is always more durable than that from wet 
and low localities. The pine roads in Can¬ 
ada generally last about eight years, v’ary- 
ing from seven to twelve. The original 
Toronto road was used chiefly by teams 
hauling steamboat wood, and at the end of 
six years began to break through in places, 
and not being repaired, was principally gone 
at the end of ten years. Having been poorly 
built, badly drained, not sanded, and no care 
bestOAved on it, indicates the minimum of 
durability. Oak plank cross Avalks are used 
in Detroit, the plank being laid on those of 
pine. It is believed that oak plank, Avell 
laid, would last at least 12 to 15 years.— 
One set of sleepers Avill outlast tivo plank¬ 
ings. Several Canadian roads have been 
re-laid upon the old sleepers, thus much 
lessening the cost of removal.— Buff. Adv. 
Fine Gl.ass in Engl.\nd.— The English 
manufacturers have attained a degree of 
perfection in the manufacture of fine glass, 
which excels even the Germans. In silver¬ 
ing glass they are particularly excellent— 
The silvering is indestructible in combustion, 
and is coated over with glass, the vividness 
of Avhose colors be they Avhat they may, or 
however varied, are thus infinitely height¬ 
ened, and the most delicate carvings upon 
them are so brought out as to recall the old 
Byzantine ,mosaics in their multiplicity of 
tints and lustrous haemony of combination. 
They do this by a ncAv process. Vases are 
made which are as high as $3,000 per pair, 
nine-tenths of the cost is incurred in design¬ 
ing and engraving. 
