MOORE’S RUEAl NEW-YORKER; AN AGRICULTURAL AND FAMILY JOURNAL. 
coats and then oak-grained and varnished ; » 
the \v;ndow sash arc grained in.like manner ; | 
the balance of inside wood-work, including R 
chambers, 6lc., painted throe good coals. — IJ 
The dining or living-room (13J by 16 feet,) ,g 
is connected by doors with the parlor nursery, I | 
and hall at one end, with a china closet at the ' | 
other, and opens into an entry, from which | 
you pass out doors, into the kitchen, or dbwn ^ 
cellar, The kitchen (12 by 13J feet,) is sep- J 
arated from the dining-room by two doors, in I 
order to prevent the steam and unjileasant I 
odors of the cooking operations from penetra¬ 
ting other portions of the house. The kitch¬ 
en has connected with it a china closet, pantry 
and servant’s bed-room. The chamber over 
the front part, it will be seen, contains six very 
pretty bed rooms, with suitable closets, steps to tlie 
attic, Ac, All the inside walls and ceilings plas¬ 
tered with fiandsome hard-finish ; and the casings, 
doors, &c., finished in the ajipropriate gothic style. 
The outside is covei'cd with sheathing of pine 
boards, one inch thick and ten inches wide, tongue- 
and-grooved together, and nailed vertically to the j 
frame, and the joints covered by strips or battens, 
three inches wide. In speaking of this kind of 
covering, Mr. Downing says:—“We suggest this 
mode as a variation, as it makes a very warm and 
dry house,, and the ofibet is good.” The outside 
is painted four coats, of a mellow shade, and 
smalted two coats with best lake sand. The clus- 
> 7 X 10 I ■' 1 ^X 9-6 
XOXIO. JiO X XI 
Chambicrs. 
ter chimney-tops are constructed of bricks cut into 
shape for the purpose. The glass in the windows 
are cut dimonding. The large gothic window in 
the front gable opens down to the floor, through 
which j'ou pass out of the chamber on to the bal¬ 
cony over the porch to the front door. 
I have been thus minute in giving the details, 
so that any one can judge of the style of finish, 
and convenience of arrangement which may be 
obtained at a comparative small price. The whole 
expense does not exceed ^2,300. I contracted to 
have every thing furnished and finished complete 
for something less than that sum. 
Yours with respect, 
Thomas H. Hyatt. 
DiSrSES OF DECAY IN TIMBER-SEASON 
FOR FELLING. 
Thie following article from the Agricul- j 
turht, although sometime published, is too 
valuable to be lost to those of our readers 
who do not take that excellent periodical: 
Considering the magnitude of the inter¬ 
ests involved in the preservation of timbcT, 
it is surely a disgrace to us of the present 
day, that doubts should be as strong as ever 
concerning the true causes of its decay. In 
an absence of certainty as to these, for many 
years, attention has been turned away from 
the essential part of the inquiry, and direct¬ 
ed merely to secondary points. The prob¬ 
lem to be solved is, luhat cavses the decay 
of timber? 
In the first place, it is presumed that no 
one will dispute the fact that ancient timber 
lasted longer than modern. That being 
granted, we have only to ascertain Avhat can 
have caused the difference. Our Anglo- 
Saxon forefathers knew nothing of bicholoride 
of mercury, sulphate and pyrolignite of iron, 
chloride of zinc, nor creosote. There were 
no Kyans nor Burnetts, no Paynes nor 
Boucheries, in their days; yet, they perfectly 
understood the art of rendering wood im¬ 
perishable, as is sufficiently attested by what 
i-emains of their works. The great, though 
lorgotten architects, who fixed tiie wooden 
roof of Westminster Hall, in the time of 
Kichard II, and those'who erected the old 
country churches and corner castles of Eng-! 
land, must have known much better than | 
the architects of the present day how to j 
prepare their timber; or their wood work 
would not, have remained as sound as when 
it was put together by their artizans. 
A-s ancient practice is not sufficiently re¬ 
corded, we can only look to the nature of 
the timber itself, in order to learn the causes 
which hastens its decay. Foremost, among 
these, is its exposure to any moist atmos¬ 
phere exceeding a temperature of 33 ® Fah¬ 
renheit ; and the decay will proportionably 
be hastened as the temperature of that at- 
mosphei e is incretised. Timber, absolutely 
dry, would be unable to undergo decompo- i 
sition at any appreciable rate. A piece of 
wood found at the back of one of the friezes, 
at Athens, by Lord Elgin, is as sound at 
present as it could have been in the days 
of Phidias, more than 2,000 years ago.— 
Even animal matters, rapidly as theyputrify, 
are preserved for centuries in the absence 
of moisture. Travelers assure us that in the 
arid plains that stretch northward beyond 
the Himalayan range, the corpses of men 
and the carcasses of animals dry up instead 
of rotting. The Gaucho hangs his beef in 
the sun, and in the dry climate of the Pam¬ 
pas it hardens as so much hide, like which 
it may be kept for use. 
If, then, mere dryness is sufficient to ar¬ 
rest the decay of animal matter, how much 
more effectual must be its action upon 
vegetable substances in which a natural 
tendency to rot is infinitely less inherent.—■ 
Saw-dust is but timber broken to pieces; 
damp saw-dust rots rapidly; dry saw-dust 
will all but last forever. Charcoal, one of 
the most unchangeable forms of vegetable 
matter, is only timber from which the last 
trace of water has been expelled by beat 
Absence of moisture is therefore the great 
cause of preservation, as its presence is that 
of decay. 
Complete dryness may be assumed to 
have beeijk the cause of the durability of 
ancient timber. At least, in the present 
state of our information, we can refer it to 
nothing else; and dryness is amply sufficient 
to account for it. In the opinion of one of 
the most experienced and philosophical of 
modern writers, the late Sir Samuel Ben- 
tham, dryness was the great object to be 
obtained in preparing timber for naval pur¬ 
poses. Drying houses were recommended 
by him; and during all the period of his 
employment as civil architect of the British 
navy, this distinguished officer never ceased 
to point out the indispensable necessity of 
securing the dryness of timber before all 
other things. To the artificial metliods 
available for this purpose, we need not here 
allude. What we have to deal with is the 
natural means of bringing it about. Those 
natural means are much more effectual than 
any others, and it is a question wdiether 
they can be superceded by any artificial 
method whatsoever. The means which 
trees possess of relieving themselves from 
moisture, arc their leaves, which serve as a 
very powerful pumping apparatus, inces¬ 
santly drawing moisture from their interior, 
and giving it off to space. It is true that 
the same action which produces a discharge 
of fluid from the surface of leaves, has at 
certain seasons the counter effect of again 
charging the apparatus with more fluid, to 
replace that which is thrown off; but this 
happens only at certain seasons. In spring 
a tree is in full force; the roots then draw 
fluid from the soil, the trunk draws it from 
the roots, leaves draw it from the trunk, and 
waste it; and this goes on so long as the soil 
is filled with the rains of spring—so long as 
vitality is active. But as the summer ad¬ 
vances, the earth becomes dry, refuses the 
same abundant supply as before, and all 
vegetation slackens. The leaves, however, 
still go on, pump, pump, pump; till at last, 
the roots becoming torpid, the leaves draw 
off all the free fluid that the trunk contains; 
and when the last supply that it can yield 
is exhausted, they perish. At that time, 
the trunk, by natural means, is dried to a 
great degree; the free water lying in its 
cavities is gone; and the whole fabric ac¬ 
quires a hardness it did not know before. — 
Until the leaves are renewed in the suc¬ 
ceeding spring, but small internal change 
occurs; the roots arc torpid and will scarcely 
act; the pumps are broken; and little more 
fluid is introduced into the wood. Hence it 
is obvious that the period when the timber 
of a tree is naturally free from moisture and 
therefore least prone to decay, is between 
the fall of the leaf in autumn, and the re¬ 
newal of vegetation in the spring; and the 
nearer the Ml of the leaf the most free. 
In this point of view, timber which is in¬ 
tended to be durable, should be felled late 
in the autumn or in midwinter. No artifi¬ 
cial process will relieve it of its moisture so 
economically and so well, as the means 
which Nature has provided. On the other 
hand, if it is felled when the tissue is full of 
fluid, it is much to be doubted whether any 
artificial methods of exhaustion are capable 
of seasoning it properly. 
WOOD LEAVES FOR MANURE. 
[From the Germantown Telegraj)!!.] 
It should be the aim of every farmer to 
incrcitse, as far as practicable, the quantity 
of his manure. This he may accomplish 
to a considerable extent, by industriously 
availing himself of the various refuse or 
waste matters that are produced in the fields 
and forests. The aquatic plants, so abun¬ 
dantly thrown up from swampy lands such 
as flags, rushes, Ac., and the brakes and 
ferns of the forest, as well as the leaves of 
deciduous trees, all make excellent manure, 
and when decomposed, act with salutary en- 
ergy upon the soil and crop. Leaves are 
generally abundant in the autumn, but the 
most favorable time for their accumulation 
is the spring. They are then in a compact 
form, and being moistened and compressed 
by the consolidating. action of the winter’s 
shows, may bo handled much more easily, 
than in the fall when they are light and 
dry, and moving with eveiy wind. But 
should the farmer have time, it would be an 
excellent practice to gather a few cart-fulls 
in autumn, store them away in some conve¬ 
nient place, and use them during winter as 
litter for his stock. They could easily be 
kept from the solid excrement, and thrown 
into some sheltered places where they 
could be removed in the spring to the com¬ 
post heap. A little gypsum sprinkled daily 
in the stalls, will render the absorption of 
urine, and the retention of its ammoniacal 
products much more easy, and give to the 
leaves a value which they otherwise would 
not possess. Enough should be gathered, 
if possible, not only to supply litter in the 
stables and cow houses, but to furnish bed¬ 
ding for the sheep and swine. They arc 
much preferable to straw for this purpose, 
and beside, the straw of a farmer ought al¬ 
ways to be converted to a more valuable use. 
It should be chaffed, mixed with rasped 
roots or corn and cob meal, crushed together 
and given to them as food, instead of being 
used as bedding. 
But where the object is to fill the yards, 
with some absorbent, decomposable mate¬ 
rial to supply the place, or increase the 
quantity of simple manure, the labor of ac¬ 
cumulation can no doubt be much more ea¬ 
sily and economically effected in the spring. 
On examining the ground, in a thick and 
heavy forest, you will find it overlaid with 
several strata of fallen foliage, all in differ¬ 
ent stages of decomposition or decay.— 
These strata are the products of many 
years, the nature of the leaf, and the re¬ 
markably cool and sheltered position they 
now occup}’’, rendering the decomposition 
of fibrous matter extremely slow. Only 
the bottom layer, cast, perhaps many years 
ago, will be found to be reduced to mould, 
the upper or superior strata being changed 
in color, but not in form. In removing 
them the fine mould should be taken with 
the leaves; it is already an excellent ma¬ 
nure, and when conveyed to the yards adds 
greatly to the value of the alimentary mat¬ 
ter there accumulated, be its nature what 
it may. 
There are also, in every wood-lot, large 
quantities of rotten wood, an article that 
readily becomes excellent manure when 
mixed with urine and animal excrement.— 
This should be taken along with the leaves, 
and the yards filled to the depth of several 
feet wuth it or with leaves, rotted wood, green 
vegetable matter from the swamps and pas¬ 
tures, loam and muck. In this way you 
will be able at small cost, greatly to aug¬ 
ment your stercoracious resources, and sup¬ 
ply yourself with an article at once ener¬ 
getic and valuable. Hundreds of loads of 
manure, might in this way be made annu¬ 
ally on every farm. All that is necessary 
is industry; nature has liberally provided 
the means, and an uproductive farm is a 
thing that need. never be seen in a land 
, like ours. Many farmers seem to suppose 
that the only manure proper for the sup¬ 
port of growing crops, is that w’hich is void¬ 
ed by animals. What reasoning can be 
more fallacious! The hay an animal con¬ 
sumes, could it be reduced to its original 
primitive constituents or elements, without 
passing the three storaaclis of the ox, or the 
one stomach of the horse, would be far 
more valuable, (on for ton, than it is when 
masticated and deprived of the great part 
of its alimentary matters by digestion. Yet 
some apppear to think this process necessa¬ 
ry, nay,' indispensiRble to convert vegetable 
matters into manure. 
It is a law of nature that every substance 
that has sprung from, and been perfected 
by or in the soil, shall again contribute to 
the production and perfection of other veg¬ 
etable beings. No matter what may be 
the process, this must and will be the ulti¬ 
mate result. The leaf that falls silently in 
the forest, decays in time, and yields its 
constituents agmn to the tree from which it 
fell. The grass in the pastures, by decay¬ 
ing on the surface, ensures the production 
of a future crop. So throughout nature; 
this circle, this reciprocity of action, so per¬ 
fect and admirable in its action and accura¬ 
cy, is never interrupted. The worthless 
rush may be rendered a salutary food for 
the valuable cereals, and so on through 
nature; what is in itself valueless, may be 
made the means of producing that which 
is not only intrinsically valuable, but essen¬ 
tial to the happiness and life of man. But 
it is not necessary to dwell here upon the 
fallacy that all vegetable matters, in order 
to become good manure, must first pass the 
stomach of the cow or horse. The most 
peremptory glance into the laboratory of 
nature, will dispel this illusion. And now, 
Mr. Editor, allow me in conclusion to 
express the hope that every farmer, who is 
in the habit of complaining of a “ scarcity 
of manure,” and who lias crops to feed, 
will avail himself at once of the many 
and varied sources which nature holds open 
to his industry and zeal. Let him work 
for his crops, and they in -return will work 
well for him. 
STRENGTH OF THE HORSE. 
THE NEW ENGLAND FOWL SHOW. 
The povicr of a horse when ajiplied to The first show of the N. E. Fowl Asso- 
draw loads, as well as when made the Stan- ciation was held at Boston, on the 12th, 
dard of comparison for determining the value ^nd 14th Nov., under a mammoth 
of other powers, has been vanouslv stated. , * , ca v o-a * ai. x a AAx^ 
The relative irer.sti, of men and horses ri' 2=0 feet. About 6,000 spec,- 
depends, of course, upon the manner in were present of every imaginable va- 
which their strength is applied. Thus, the riety—of every cross and breed—from the 
worst way of applying the strength of a little Bantam, of a few ounces weight, to 
horse is to make him carry a weight up a majestic Shanghac that weighs from ten 
steep hill, while the organization of the to fifteen pounds. The New England Far- 
man fits him very well for that kind of la- ^ 
J .... mAv cniTB • 
bor. And three men, climbing up a steep 
hill, with each 100 lbs. on his shoulders, 
mer says: 
In this collection the large breeds prepon- 
will proceed faster than most horses with derated, not only in weight, but in numbers 
” Some of these large races that have been 
300 lbs. 
It is highly useful to load the back of a ^^pt several years in this country, and skill¬ 
drawing horse to a certain extent ; though fully managed, are receiving improved forms. 
• ‘ So far as uniformity of appearance, in • 
this, on a slight consideration, might be 
thought to augment unnecessarily the fa- uiany lespects, and beauty, is concerned, 
tigue of the animal; but it must be recol- ulsoinlargesiize,manyoftheforeignbreeds- 
-I • 1 .-I 1 QrA BimAVIAr TAr fUo SlTVinfAni* Pn/I 
lected that the mass with which the horse supeiior for the amateur and fancier; 
is charged vertically is added in part to the piofit in laying a good lot of good 
effort which he makes‘^in the direction of sized eggs, and furnishing a large number 
of traction, and thus dispenses with the of chickens of e.xcellent flesh, many-of our 
necessity of his inclining so much forward common native breeds or varieties still rank 
as he must otherwise do ; and may, there- uraong the best; and w'o regret, that our 
fore, under this point of view, relieve the own native fowls wcie not rnore fully repre- 
draught more than to compensate for the wonted at a show so extensive and so vari- 
additional fatigue occasioned by the verti- include almost every variety of 
commonly very careful to dispose of the Sood will grow out of it, and out of 
load in such a manner that the shafts shall excitement that has prevailed to so great 
throw a due proportion of the wjeight on u degree, and so constantly for a long period. 
the back of the shaft horse. ' will learn, from the deep atten- 
.. r .1 , 1 • tion to the subject, what fowls arc the most 
The best disposition of the traces during ..^juable and the most beautiful; common 
the time a horse is drawing is to be per- prevail, and each breed 
pendicular to the position of the co lar upon 'cordino- to its true mer- 
penuicuiar lo lae pusiuuu uv estimated according to its true mer- 
his breast and shoulders: when the horse 
stands at ease this position of the traces is ^ producer for 
rather inclined upwards from the direction a. ^ Gab p AAmn,Anri. 
profit, or a fancier who gratifies a commend- 
of the road; but when he leads fonvard to beautiful and useful, or a 
draw the load, the traces should then be- consumer, who is particularly interested in 
. ' , tjuiiauuiui, VYliU lO IJctl U^UIclIiy iUtCHJOLuU 111 
conae nearly parallel to fi^c plane over quality of the flesh and eggs of 
which the Ccllliclge is to be dlciwn, Ol, if WP nil tn rp- 
wnicn me carriage is lo ue uiawu ui, u Therefore we all have cause to re- 
he be employed in diavvmg a sledge, or success of this great and useful 
nriTr Ihinrr withAllt. wnpA fi t.hft inp. !nn.t.IAn ° i ■ . 
any thing without wheels, the incliiuxtion gj^^erprise, and that a fever so conducive to 
of the tiaces to the road should be about iiAoifUir nAtlAn An iLis BiiKinAi Upb nnjvAv. 
•aces 10 uie roau saouia oe aoouu action on this subject has univer- 
when the frictio^i is one-third of p^gyailed. 
18-^°, when the frictio^i is one-third of 
the pressure. 
When a horse is made to move in a cir¬ 
cular path, as is often practised in mills 
and other machines moved by horses, it 
will be necessary to give the circles which 
DRAWING STONE. 
Have you stone to draw from your fields ? 
If so, this is an excellent time, provided 
the animal has to walk round the greatest surface. On the 
j;_x„.. xi.„x __X * 1 ,.. 1 _ 1 trozen ground, a team will draw, on the 
diameter that will comport with the local ground, a team will draw, on the 
and other conditions to which the motion almost twice as many stone as on 
must be subiected. It is obvious, indeed, ” 
that, since a rectilinear motion is the most “P y°'" 
the horse the less the line in which unfrozen. If “ stone heaps” have been 
easy for the horse, the less the line in which ^n^uzen 
he moves is curved, with the greater, facili- 
tv he will walk over it, and the less he need ^ 
remove them, if practicable. In our 
t is rarely expedient to make such a 
recime from a vertical position; and be- “"P’ Somelimos the ground may be so 
sides this, with equal velocity the contrifu- =P™S ® "?PO®iWc to 
equal velocity 
gal force’will be less in the greatest circle, «tone from a piece of nevvly seeded 
which will proportionally diminish the fric- 
tion of the cylindrical part of the trunnions, 
and the labor of moving the machine. And, 
further, the greater the diameter of the 1 , n • 1 -a a o v 1 
horse-wJlk, the nearer the chord of the we have only some 
forbid mowing. In such a case, it may be 
best to pile them, but if so, now is the time 
to remove them. “ But,” says one, “ what 
circle in which the horse draws is to coin- stone and not enough of them for a 
cidence with the tangent, which is the most and if we remember, you once told 
advantageous position of the line of trac- f not to put them in the corners of the 
not be less than 25 or 30 feet; and in many 
instances 40 feet would be preferable to 
either .—Dictionary of Media,nics.. 
HINTS TO FARMER’S BOYS 
employed in, and the day of the month and 
date of the year. 
Horse-Radish. —This, like most other 
The World’s Fair. —Among the articles 
at the Industrial Exhibition at London, in 
1851, will be a garland of artificial flowers, 
which will not be less that 1,851 feet in cir¬ 
cumference, and will contain 1,851 varieties 
of flowers and fruits. This monstrous gar¬ 
land will be composed of materials from all 
the manufacturers of flowers in the English 
metropolis and the counties. It will be ded¬ 
icated to Prince Albert, to the Duchess of 
Southerland, the Countess of Carlisle, the 
Royal Commissioners and all the subscribers 
who have contributed to this project. It 
will be enclosed in a glass case, on the sides 
of which will be inscriptions to commemo¬ 
rate the exhibition. 
a race of scientific book farmers, not to be markets.— Working Farmer. 
imposed upon. George Washington, one —-- 
of the best farmers of America, kept a jour- Turnpike .—We apply this iQvm to the 
nal of the farm. road. The English always to the toll-gate 
The true ingredients of conversation are 
truth, good sense, humor and wit. 
it for the present, hoping some one more Store, for shop or storehouse. In Eng 
capable will write upon the subject hereaf- land, the word store is never employed to 
tax.—Dollar Newspaper. 
denote a building. 
addittonal fatigue occasioned by the verti- include almost every variety of 
cal pressure. Carmen, and wagoners in Meign fowl. - 
general, are well aware of this, and are Yet the show was a magnificent one, and 
tion. On these accounts it is that, although ^ide of tlio road.” If we ■ 
a horse ma« draw in a circular walk of 18 so, we siioko correctly. If you have no 1 
feet diameter, yet in general it is advisable i 
that the diameter of such a walk should m the middle of the road, m some wet place, f 
not be less than 25 or 30 feet; and in many f.'J “1“', “““ -ia? 
instances 40 feet would be preferable to “ the frost will bring , 
either.-ilicitoaary of Mechanics. . (»P < 
_ _ _ to pick out next spring. We liave seen ^ 
HINTS TO FARMER’S BOYS this tried repeatedly, and we never yet saw 
- one or more loads of small stones, put into ! 
There is one thing that I would like to one place, that arose higher than they were' | 
impress upon the minds of the farmers of at first placed. Such a bed of stone is often ^ 
this country. To all of you who have boys used for a foundation for walls, both for ; 
that can write, get each one a memorandum fences and for buildings, and is rarely dis- f 
book—a few sheets of paper will do if noth- placed. As a remedy for a wet, springy • 
ing better can be had—and in that have place in the road, we never yet saw so ef- 
each one keep an account , of every day’s fectual an article as a mass of small stones, 
work done in the year; the kind of work — Culturist and Gazette. ^ 
If in sowing, mention the kind of grain, I plants, deliglits in a deep rich loam, and 
and the amount of seed per acre. The moderately moist, provided the moisture be 
time of planting, and of reaping. In fact, furnished regularly by a constant supply of 
I should have them note all the passing water. This root will not grow in poor soil, 
events of the farm; and as thev grow older nor beneath the drip of trees. It is a na- 
.1 Ml A 1 - _ ■_ L _...x. X-.- -c ■V' _*_I _J c __ 
they w'ill find more of importance to note, tive of Europe,’and is used for medicine, 
Six cents will buy a book that will last salads and sauces. The root is rasped or 
one year to commence with. My word for scraped, and used either plain or soaked in 
it, if the farmers will adopt this course, their vinegar. Its medicinal effect is said to be to 
sons will be much better farmers than their stimulate the glands to activity. The root, 
fathers. when freshly grated, assists digestion, and 
It may seem like dry business to cbm- is therefore in high repute as a table 
menco with the first of January, but as the condiment, as it is supposed by some to pre 
spring opens the green grass spears, and vent scurvy. 
bright prospects are in our paths, and .the In a commercial point of view it is fast 
task will be more pleasing every day until rising into importance: hundreds of acres 
the close of the year. are now cultivated for exportation. The 
Who would not give twice what the pa- root is suffered to grow for two or three 
per and ink cost, could they but obtain a years, and is then lifted and sold to pickle 
memorandum book written by a grandfather makers by weight, who grind and pack it in 
100 years ago ? bottles for exportation, and in this form large 
Try it, farmers, young and old; keep a amounts are sold for ship’s use, and for the 
journal of every day, and you will become West Indies, South America, and other 
Much might be written to prove the ben- on the road. They would say “ turnpike 
efit of such a course, if adopted; but I leave road” where we say “ turnpike.” 
