GEOLOGY. 
11 
at the last comer, before the road turns towards Eangagali, there is a repeated alternation 
of Gienmal, Spiti, and triassic beds. In the sandy beds of the Spiti shales I found a fragment 
of an Ammonite; and in the Gieumal sandstone, which occupies the whole corner, I got 
an Astarte, which is apparently the same as that I got at Lunari in the lower Umia beds, 1 
and a Trigonia , hut this is difficult to make out. The saddle on which Eangagali lies is 
again nummulitic shales. 
[The most interesting point in the preceding sections is the identification of the Gieumal 
sandstone (upper jurassic). Er. Waagen had previously recognised the Spiti shales, and had 
suggested that the sandstone represented the upper jurassic beds of Spiti 2 —a suggestion 
which Er. Stoliczka confirmed. The red Mari beds are called Nahan (newer tertiary) by 
Er. Stoliczka in his notes; but Mr. H. B. Medlicott, who is by far the best authority 
on the subject, considers that this is due to a mistake in the identification of the Nahan 
beds themselves near Simla, as proved by some notes in Er. Stoliczka’s diary, and that 
the rocks with which Er. Stoliczka really identified the Mari beds belong to Mr. Medlicott’s 
Eagshai division (older tertiary). Under these circumstances, I have ventured in the notes 
to substitute Mr. Wynne’s name “Mari beds ” for “Nahan,” leaving the question of identifi¬ 
cation undecided.] 
July 15th , Mari to Kohdla. —Mari sandstone and shale are seen all the way dipping in 
various directions: near the Jhelum the dip is about north or north by east. The older rocks 
are seen on the left bank of the river, at the base of the Eangagali hill. The boundary 
between nummulitic and Mari beds runs along the stream coming from Kaldana: on the 
right bank are Mari sandstones and shales, dipping at about 40° or 50° towards north-east or 
east. 
16th , Chatarlcelas. —All the way I saw nothing but the same Mari sandstone and shale, 
mostly dipping to north-east or north-east by east. 
17th to 23rd, Chatarhelas to TIri. —The Mari beds prevailed throughout the whole 
distance, and no others were seen on the left bank of the Jhelum, along which river the road lay 
for a great part of the distance. On the opposite bank dark shales, either Spiti or Sabathu, 
were noticed between Barn and Tinali, and limestones opposite Uri. Erom Tinali to Hatian 
the general dip of the Mari beds is south-east: near Uri they are much contorted. 
24th, Urambu. —Uri is on a high river plateau. After crossing a stream, very red 
shales are seen, and blocks of limestone, looking exactly like Krol limestone, which it 
probably is. I am not sure whether the shales are nummulitic : more probably they belong 
to the Krol series. Eurther on are chloritic and quartzose schists, which continue to 
Urumbu. The Urumbu bungalow is built at the foot of some very fine cliffs of a meta- 
morphic quartz and schist. 3 
25tli, Baramula. —The same metamorphic quartzose rock, with bacillary structure, 
continues a long way until the road opens into a portion of the old lake : this portion is 
separated by a ridge from 200 to 300 feet (high ?) of lake clay and gravel deposit. The same 
form the low hills to the south for several miles. The lake must formerly have been much 
larger and wider than it now is, its water extending far up the Sind valley. 
July 26th to August 6th. — Baramula to Srinagar and thence to Gandarbal. —[No 
description is given in the diary of the rocks about Srinagar, although reference is made to 
1 Of Cutch. 
2 Records, Geological Survey of India, V, p. 15. 
3 Lydekker, Eec. G. S. I., IX, p. 158, describes this section more fully. The limestone (Kiol) appears to be identical with Krol, 
as Dr. Stoliczka suggested. See also Rec., G. S. I., XI, p. 62. 
