7o 
THE  RURAL  NEW-YORKER 
January  30 
The  Discontent  of  Theq 
Farmep 
In  tlie  current  number  of  The  Century, 
appears  an  article  by  J.  R.  Dodge,  on 
this  subject.  It  is  a  well-considered,  for¬ 
cibly-presented  article  that  should  be 
read  in  its  entirety. 
Large  bodies  are  difficult  to  move.  The  causes  of 
the  present  farmers’  movement  began  to  operate  in 
the  distant  past,  growing  in  importance  with  the 
growth  of  the  country,  the  development  of  its  indus¬ 
tries,  the  evolution  of  its  civilization.  The  precipi¬ 
tating  influence  that  gathered  the  forces  of  disrup¬ 
tion  for  an  outbreak  was  the  severe  depression  of 
prices,  which  found  its  lowest  level  last  year.  This 
was  a  sort  of  “  last  straw.” 
The  assumed  causes  of  discontent  are  Industrial, 
social,  financial  and  political.  They  are  more  numer¬ 
ous  and  aggravated  in  one  geographical  district  than 
in  another.  In  some  States  large  numbers  of  farmers 
are  unaware  of  the  existence  of  any  serious  griev¬ 
ances;  in  some  other  States  the  rural  classes  are  in 
a  state  of  active  ferment.  In  the  former  the  orators 
of  agitation  encounter  apathy;  in  the  latter  the 
public  ear  is  alert,  the  public  mind  receptive,  the 
public  heart  ablaze.  While  these  differences,  which 
sometimes  amount  to  contrasts,  characterize  in  some 
degree  large  districts,  there  is  much  of  differentiation 
in  the  mass  of  individuals  of  each.  The  farmer  who 
is  successful  makes  little  search  for  grievances,  and 
gives  less  thought  to  oppressive  ills.  He  who  suffers 
loss  and  incurs  debt,  whether  from  misfortune  or  mis¬ 
calculation,  is  inclined  to  look  outside  for  the  adverse 
influences  which  blight  his  enterprises.  They  may 
exist  unobserved  in  one  case,  and  be  very  real  and 
oppressive  In  the  other. 
The  spirit  of  unrest  has  its  largest  manifestation  in 
those  districts  in  which  nature  has  recently  been  most 
capricious  and  unkind.  Where  the  sun’s  rays  have 
scorched  and  rains  have  been  withheld,  where  enthu¬ 
siastic  endeavor  has  been  met  by  crop  disaster,  and 
poverty,  ambitious  to  build  a  home,  has  been  beaten 
by  climatic  weapons:  under  such  circumstances  the 
burden  of  debt  is  a  crushing  weight,  the  effort  for  re¬ 
lief  a  financial  nightmare,  and  the  contact  with  greed 
a  revelation  of  the  depth  of  human  depravity.  In 
such  an  atmosphere  of  suspicion  ills  are  magnified, 
the  good  in  society  becomes  evil  by  the  distortion  of 
refraction,  “  whatever  is,  is  ”  wrong,  and  reform  is 
made  to  mean  abolition  of  existing  laws  and  institu¬ 
tions.  The  realization  of  current  evils  is  intense,  the 
effort  to  combat  them  is  honest,  and  the  result,  as  the 
thunder  storm  clears  the  atmosphere  with  a  minimum 
of  destruction,  promises  to  bo  purification  without 
annihilation.  Here  industrial  grievances  lead  to 
remedial  effort  through  financial  and  political 
changes. 
In  the  northern  seaboard  States  there  is  compara¬ 
tively,  Mr.  Dodge  states,  little  discontent  among  the 
rural  classes.  The  newer  organizations,  so  numerous 
in  other  sections,  have  scarcely  a  foothold  in  this 
part  of  the  country.  The  Grange  here  is  still  popular, 
and  usually  active  in  the  work  of  advancing  the  soc¬ 
ial,  economic,  and  intellectual  status  of  farmers.  The 
financial  schemes  proposed  elsewhere  meet  with  little 
favor  and  are  generally  opposed.  The  more  enter¬ 
prising  are  doing  well  in  dairying,  fruit  growing  and 
market  gardening,  and  are  giving  little  attention  to 
grievances.  There  is,  however,  dissatisfaction,  more 
or  less  general,  with  unequal  taxation,  by  which 
farmers  bear  public  burdens  disproportionate  to  their 
share  of  the  general  wealth.  They  complain  of  the 
comparative  exemption  of  personal  wealth,  Including 
railway  property,  and  of  discriminations  in  favor  of 
manufacturers,  and  of  the  double  tax  on  indebted¬ 
ness  represented  by  mortgages.  They  are  beginning 
to  object  to  the  exemption  of  taxation  on  large  values 
on  real  property  owned  by  religious  and  charitable 
organizations,  and  are  keenly  alive  to  the  injustice 
advocated  by  many  in  cities,  of  concentrating  all 
taxation  on  farms  and  town  lots,  that  the  increas¬ 
ing  proportion  of  personal  wealth,  the  bulk  of  the 
property  of  millionaires,  may  escape  taxation  alto¬ 
gether. 
Every  It.  N.-Y.  reader  will  agree  with  Mr.  Dodge  in 
the  matter  of  disparity  of  prices  between  those  the 
farmer  receives  and  those  the  retailer  imposes.  The 
prices  of  vegetables,  as  reported  by  farmers,  are 
often  only  half,  sometimes  a  third,  of  the  prices  ob¬ 
tained  by  retailers.  The  dealers  often  get  as  much, 
perhaps  in  a  single  day,  for  selling  a  load  of  vege¬ 
tables,  as  the  grower  obtains  for  his  season’s  work 
in  growing  them,  including  the  cost  of  seed  and  the 
expense  of  marketing.  If  fruits  are  abundant,  almost 
equal  disparity  obtains  between  farmers’  and  hucks¬ 
ters'  prices;  if  scarce,  a  smaller  profit  may  become  a 
necessity.  In  case  of  positive  glut  the  grower  gets 
little,  while  combination  holds  up  the  price  to  con¬ 
sumers,  even  at  the  risk  of  dumping  the  remnant  as 
garbage.  It  is  claimed  that  the  poorer  portion  of 
shipments  of  fruit  have  sometimes  been  destroyed  in 
large  cities,  to  give  value  to  the  remainder,  and  save 
the  demoralization  of  the  market— in  other  words,  to 
prevent  the  enjoyment  by  the  poor  of  fruit  supplies 
at  nominal  rates. 
In  the  retail  trade,  in  public  markets,  and  in  green¬ 
grocers’  shops  and  hucksters’  stands  the  same  meth¬ 
ods  prevail,  and  the  maxim  “buy  cheap  and  sell 
dear”  is  the  golden  rule  of  the  guild.  Besides  com¬ 
binations  and  tacit  agreements  in  regulation  of 
diurnal  prices,  there  are  various  expedients  and  de¬ 
vices  to  secure  larger  profits.  One  of  the  most  unfair 
and  oppressive  of  these  is  the  excessive  percentage 
of  extra  profit  charged  in  small  sales.  The  huckster 
lies  in  wait  for  poverty  that  must  buy  in  small  quan¬ 
tity,  and  levies  differential  rates  in  proportion  to 
inability;  for  instance,  75  cents  for  a  bushel,  40  for  a 
half  bushel.  25  for  a  peck  and  15  for  a  half  peck,  while 
for  a  quart  10  cents  may  be  demanded,  making  an 
extra  profit  for  the  smallest  sales  of  more  than  100  per 
cent  by  so  minute  a  subdivision  for  the  convenience 
of  penury.  The  widow  trying  to  eke  out  a  meager 
subsistence  by  keeping  boarders,  compelled  to  buy  in 
small  parcels,  is  thus  charged  10,  20.  50  percent  or 
more  for  disability.  She  is  taxed  dally  a  much  larger 
percentage  on  a  dollar  than  the  capitalist  can  obtain 
for  a  year's  use  of  Ills  money.  This  unjust  discrim¬ 
ination,  which  is  very  common  in  many  places,  has  no 
possible  excuse,  its  only  motive  being  a  larger  exac¬ 
tion.  There  are  equitable  differences,  it  is  true,  be¬ 
tween  a  sale  by  the  car-load  and  by  tbe  peck,  which 
are  made  solely  by  the  increased  cost  of  handling; 
but  this  elementof  difference  in  the  ordinary  distri¬ 
bution  in  market  baskets  is  almost  infinitesimal, 
quite  too  trivial  to  become  the  excuse  for  doubling 
the  ordinary  profits  of  retailing, 
a  Another  imposition  on  the  consumer,  which  reacts 
on  the  producer,  tending  to  widen  the  margin  of 
profit  of  the  retailer,  is  the  practice  of  selling 
the  finer  cuts  of  beef  for  the  same  rates  for  differ¬ 
ent  qualities,  whether  taken  from  “choice”  or  “me¬ 
dium  ”  grades,  the  difference  in  cost  being  at  least  25 
percent.  It  is  based  on  the  opportunity  afforded  by 
the  ignorance  or  carelessness  of  a  considerable  class 
of  buyers  who  fail  to  discriminate  as  to  quality. 
There  is  much  complaint  in  the  West  and  South,  in 
the  domain  of  cereals  and  cotton,  and  also  more  or 
less  In  other  sections  of  the  country,  of  the  influence 
of  trading  in  futures  upon  prices  of  products.  It  is 
generally  believed  to  be  highly  injurious  to  the  pro¬ 
ducer.  While  it  is  recognized  that  there  are  “  bears  ” 
as  well  as  “  bulls  ”  in  the  wheat  and  cotton  “  pits,”  it 
is  known  that  the  dealers  in  these  games  of  chance 
live  and  thrive  only  by  fluctuations;  that  the  deeper 
the  sensation,  the  more  freqent  the  “  bulges  ”  and 
“  breaks,”  the  better  the  show  for  profit  (and  loss)  of 
individuals.  This  variation  in  quotations  of  futures, 
it  is  held,  must  affect  “spot”  prices  somewhat,  and 
whatever  fluctuation  is  caused  by  it  is  undoubtedly 
injurious  to  the  Interests  of  primary  holders. 
The  farmer  is  naturally  opposed  to  anon-producer, 
who  does  not  even  handle  or  forward  his  products, 
"who  toils  not,  neither  does  he  spin,”  while  yet  ar¬ 
rayed  in  habiliments  to  the  fashion  of  which  Solomon 
could  not  aspire.  He  who  plows  and  sows,  and  by  the 
sweat  of  his  face  reaps  his  wheat,  does  not  recognize 
as  his  associates  in  the  production  and  distribution 
of  wheat,  or  as  entitled  to  any  share  in  the  profits 
and  emoluments  of  the  trade,  those  who  convene 
daily  to  bet  upon  the  price  of  wheat  at  some  future 
day.  He  deplores  the  spirit  of  gambling  which  per¬ 
vades  business  circles,  the  desire  to  obtain  some¬ 
thing  for  nothing,  to  get  that  which  others  must  lose, 
to  gain,  without  equivalent,  wealth  that  others  have 
labored  hard  to  produce. 
Too  many  in  the  population  are  using  their  wits  far 
more  than  their  money  in  putting  into  operation  and 
officering  companies  and  associations,  printing  share 
certificates,  issuing  bonds,  buying  and  selling  securi¬ 
ties  based  on  small  values  and  large  expectations. 
There  are  many  for  management,  few  for  active  ser¬ 
vice,  or  for  the  manual  labor  involved  in  all  these  en¬ 
terprises.  They  prefer  trading  to  working,  scheming 
to  labor.  In  the  vigorous  language  of  the  border, 
“  by  the  sweat  of  their  jaws  ”  do  they  prefer  to  earn 
their  living. 
It  is  the  same  in  real  estate  as  in  fancy  stocks  and 
financial  chimeras.  A  farm  beyond  a  city  boundary 
is  purchased  by  a  syndicate  of  very  respectable  citi¬ 
zens,  a  surveyor  is  employed  to  lay  out  streets  and 
lots,  a  draftsman  to  make  a  map,  a  lithographer  to 
print  it,  an  auctioneer  to  sell,  while  a  free  excursion 
is  given  and  a  free  lunch  set  out.  Under  these 
incitements  and  excitements,  a  large  crowd  is  carried 
out  and  a  goodly  number  taken  in.  The  projectors 
appropriate  the  unearned  increment  of  value  which 
patient  settlers  may  create  by  hardship  and  persist¬ 
ent  effort  in  the  next  ten  years.  The  enterprise  is 
speculative,  deceptive,  not  to  say  dishonest.  It  is  by 
such  devices,  in  all  the  walks  of  business,  that  the 
city  fathers  amass  much  of  the  wealth  they  leave 
their  children,  who  follow  in  their  footsteps,  avoiding 
and  despising  labor,  and  helping  by  precept  and  ex¬ 
ample  to  make  a  nation  of  idlers,  tricksters  and 
gamblers.  Such  are  the  deliberate  opinions  of  many 
of  the  stanch  and  trusty  yeomen  who  view  with 
alarm  the  building  up  of  cities  devoted  in  so  large  a 
measure  to  the  plunder  of  the  productive  Industries 
of  the  wealth  which  they  have  created. 
In  this  connection  reference  may  be  made  to  the 
frequent  complaint  that  enterprising  and  ambitious 
sons  of  farmers  leave  the  paternal  acres  for  other 
vocations.  It  is  a  matter  for  congratulation  that 
boys  do  leave  the  farm  for  other  pursuits,  and  also 
one  for  regret  that  the  brighest  are  the  first  to  go,  if 
that  is  the  fact.  The  Interests  of  farmers  in  this 
country,  especially  under  a  r6glme  of  scientific  agri¬ 
culture,  under  which  alone  will  profit  be  possible  iu 
the  future,  require  that  not  more  than  one-third  of 
the  national  body  of  workers,  including  both  practi¬ 
cal  and  professional,  shall  be  engaged  in  rural  pur¬ 
suits.  Under  present  conditions  a  somewhat  larger 
portion  may  be  employed,  possibly  forty  per  cent.;  if 
more,  the  tendency  is  to  over-production  ;  with  a 
lower  proportion,  agriculture  will  nourish,  with  a  fair 
field  for  distribution  and  sale.  Therefore  the  drift 
to  other  pursuits,  even  from  country  to  town,  is  not 
in  itself  to  be  deplored,  but  it  is  deplorable  when  the 
drift  is  away  from  Industrial  occupations,  from  pro¬ 
ductive  and  constructive  industry,  toward  specula¬ 
tive  schemes,  toward  idleness  that  is  active  for  mis¬ 
chief, — the  present  standing  menace  to  national  in¬ 
dustry  and  honest  manhood. 
Short  and  Fresh. 
Ouk  old  and  respected  friend,  The  Cul¬ 
tivator  and  Country  Gentleman,  alludes 
to  a  successful  asparagus  grower  who  is 
careful  to  cut  out  all  the  weak  as  well  as 
the  strong  shoots.  The  buds  on  the  roots 
of  asparagus  are  similar  to  the  buds  of 
strawberry  plants  which  make  runners. 
If  cut  off  or  pulled  out,  the  nutriment 
they  would  require  is  reserved  for  the 
mother  plant.  It  is  the  same  with  aspar¬ 
agus.  Cutting  off  the  weakly  shoots  ar¬ 
rests  their  further  growth  and  the  larger 
shoots  thrive  accordingly . 
Thomas  Meehan  says  that  it  is  not 
generally  known  that  swamp  trees  and 
shrubs  do  better  in  dry  ground  than  in 
their  own  native  places,  and  that  many  of 
such  deserve  general  cultivation.  One  of 
the  most  desirable  of  these  is  the  Azalea 
viscosa,  a  plant  as  deliciously  scented  as 
it  is  very  beautiful . 
The  following  is  taken  from  The  Rural 
New-Yorker  of  1851;  that  is,  one  year 
after  it  was  founded.  It  was  written  by 
I)r.  Mapes,  the  father  of  C.  V.  Mapes, 
the  manager  of  the  Mapes  Fertilizer  Co. 
of  to-day: 
Tobacco  Dust  a  Protection  against  Insects. 
—We  last  year  procured  from  a  snuff  mill  a  barrel  of 
drv,  but  damaged  snuff  flour,  and  prepared  dredging 
boxes,  covered  with  a  fine  bolting  cloth  with  which 
we  sifted  it  over  the  surface  of  any  plants  attacked 
by  insects,  and  with  most  signal  success.  The  snuff 
should  be  applied,  if  practicable,  while  the  plant  is 
wet  with  dew.  and  repeated  after  every  shower.  If 
the  boxes  are  properly  made,  (like  a  common  flour 
dredge),  and  the  snuff  is  perfectly  fine  and  dry,  but 
littie  time  is  necessary  to  go  over  an  acre  of  plants. 
Even  the  rose  bug,  cabbage  louse,  thrips  on  grape 
vines,  etc.,  all  yield  to  the  influence  of  snuff,  and  the 
most  delicate  plant  of  the  hot-house  is  not  injured  by 
its  application.  For  field  vegetables,  caustic  lime 
made  into  a  fine  powder,  while  dry,  and  applied  be¬ 
fore  slaking  by  contact  with  the  air,  will  produce 
similar  results. 
A.  S.  Fuller  says,  in  the  New  York 
Tribune,  that  men  who  think  enough  of 
a  tree  to  treat  it  kindly  may  go  into  the 
woods  and  fields  where  the  chestnut 
grows  and  dig  up  trees  as  large  as  their 
arm  and  10  feet  high  and  make  them  live 
and  thrive  when  transplanted . 
Horace  Koies,  Governor  of  Iowa,  is 
now  04  years  old.  He  has  now  thousands 
of  acres  of  land  in  Iowa,  and  is  one  of 
the  largest  practical  farmers  of  the  coun¬ 
try.  He  makes  his  farms  bring  him  in  an 
income,  and  he  owns  one  in  Grundy 
County,  Iowa,  about  30  miles  from  where 
he  lives,  which  contains  2,040  acres,  and 
every  acre  of  it  is  in  a  high  state  of  cul¬ 
tivation.  He  has  a  herd  of  500  cattle  upon 
it,  and  half  of  the  farm  is  devoted  to 
stock  raising.  He  knows  every  detail  in 
the  management  of  it,  and  he  spends  a 
portion  of  every  year  upon  it,  often  going 
out  into  the  fields  and  taking  a  place  with 
his  men  in  the  work.  He  spends  his  va¬ 
cations  upon  it  now,  and  he  used  to  spend 
one  or  two  days  of  every  week  in  looking 
(Continued  on  next  paye.) 
&Ui;$ccUancou!&' 
IN  writing  to  advertisers  please  always  mention 
The  Ruhai,  New-Yorker. 
Prevent  the  Crip 
I)r.  Cyrus  Edson  of  tbe  New  York  Board  of  Health 
says  that  to  prevent  the  Grip,  you  should  avoid  ex¬ 
posure  in  inclement  weather,  and  keep  your  strength 
up,  your  blood  in  good  condition,  and  your  digestive 
organs  in  regular  action.  The  tonic  and  alterative 
effects  of  Hood’s  Sarsaparilla  so  happily  meet  the 
last  three  conditions,  that  with  the  protection  given 
by  this  medicine  you  need  not  fear  the  Grip. 
Hood’s  Sarsaparilla 
Is  an  inexpensive  medicine  and  a  single  bottle  may 
save  you  many  dollars  in  doctors’  bills  and  much 
suffering.  Truly,  an  ounce  of  preventive  is  worth  a 
pound  of  cure. 
HOOD'S  PILLS  are  the  best  family  cathartic  and 
liver  medicine.  Harmless,  reliable,  sure. 
LIKE 
CONDITION  POWDER 
Highly  concentrated.  Dose  small.  In  quantity  costs 
less  than  one-tenth  cent  a  day  per  lien.  Prevents  and 
cures  all  diseases.  If  you  can’t  get  it,  we  send  by  mail 
post-paid.  One  pack.  25c.  Five  $1.  2  1-4  lb.  can  $1.20; 
6cans$5.  Expresr— ”*  *  ’  *  '  ' 
cash.  Farmers’ 
orders  or  more. 
Costs  only  a  Cent. 
Send  us  your  address  on  a  postal  card ; 
by  next  mail  we  will  send  you  a  Buck- 
Thorn  fence  circular  full  of  good  points 
and  suggestions  about  Fence  Building; 
cheap  at  a  dollar  to  any  fence  builder. 
If  the  Buck-Thorn  Solid  Steel  Barb 
Fence  is  not  sold  in  your  neighborhood 
we  will  ship  it  to  you  from  the  mill,  all 
freight  paid. 
The  Buck-Thorn  Fence  Co.,  Trenton,  N.  J. 
Barb  Wire  Nowhere. 
Where  parties  are  well  acquainted  with  the  Buck- 
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for  any  other  wire,  and  can  just  “knock  the  stii:, 
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O.  P.  Griffith,  Connersville,  Ind. 
The^’  Sower  'W  has" 
No  Second  Chance. 
[Uood  sense  s»js  make  the  most  of  the  first.) 
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P.  O.  Box  1241 
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SEE 
I>S.  12  pkts.  Flower ,  10c. ;  12  pkts.  Vegetable, 
30c.;  t>  Dahlias,  50e.;  lOGladlolus,  30c.  All 
Wl.  Half  50c.  II.  F.  Burt,  Taunton,  Mass. 
“A  Treasure  and  a  Wonder  In  the 
Horticultural  World!” 
Splendid!  Delicious!  Ex¬ 
cellent!  are  the  ex¬ 
clamations  from  those 
who  have  fruited  and 
tested  the  Green  Moun¬ 
tain,  the  earliest  and  best 
of  all  grapes.  Ripens  in 
August,  yet  is  of  most 
delicate  texture  and  ex¬ 
quisite  ffavor.  Be  not 
mislead  into  buying  this 
grape  under  other  names 
Every  genuine  vine  is  sealed  with  our  trade 
mark  seal  as  above.  Send  for  circular  giving  full 
Information.  Agents  wanted  in  every  State  and 
County.  Address  STEPHEN  HOYT’S  SONS,  New 
Canaan.  Conn. 
Unnr  C.  W  I II  *1  .  wil1  mail,  post-paid, 
*""**'"  ™  W  ■■■  W  ■  Practical  Treatise 
on  “Grape  Culture  ”  and  nine  vines,  best  White,  Red 
and  Black  varieties.  First-class,  safe  arrival  in  good 
condition  guaranteed.  Price  list  free. 
J.  H.  TRYON,  Willoughby,  Ohio. 
CDIIIT  TREES 
1  11  ill  I  peach  Specialty 
A  full  selection  of  all  the  leading  varieties. 
A  oorreot  descriptive  I  Also  a  full  line  of  PLANTS  end 
end  finely  Illustrated  ORNAMENTALS.  Plants 
Catalogue  FREE  I  and  Trees  by  mail.  Address 
JOS.  H.  BLACK,  SON  &  CO., 
Vlllaga  Nursarlas.  Hlghtatown,  N.J. 
PRUNE  WEEDSPORT. 
Inquire  about  it.  We  can  Interest  you  with  proof  of 
its  value  over  any  other  Prune.  Price  of  trees  on 
application  to  WILEY  &  CO.,  Cayuga,  N.  Y. 
BLOOMINGTON’'  (PHOENIX)  NURSERY. 
600  ACRES.  13  GREENHOUSES. 
TREES  and  PLANTS 
I’  itGJ  i  arm  1 . . . . . 
ltoscs.  Vines,  Small  FRUITS,  1 1  edge  Plants, 
FRUIT  and  FOREST  TREE  SEEDLINGS. 
Priced  Catalogue  mailed  free.  Established  1852. 
PHOENIX  NURSERY  COMPANY 
bucccswis  to  MDXEY  TITTLE  X  CO..  BLOOMINGTON,  ILL. 
MtN  Ur  nbrlNk.Mb.NT, 
beautiful 
Should  send  for  our  list  of  Three 
Hundred  varieties  of  I  PC  AIITICIII  EI/CDPDCCUP 
natives  of  all  lands.  fDtflUllrUL  Llthunttllo 
EVERGREEN  NURSERIES,  Evergreen,  Wis. 
rCNun  I  lICCv  stock  of  best  varieties.  W 
will  quote  low  prices  now  for  Spring  delivery. 
EDWIN  ALLEN  &  SON,  New  Brunswick,  N.  J. 
WANTED 
Every  reader  of  this  paper 
who  is  interested  in  STRAW¬ 
BERRIES  to  send  for  my 
Illustrated  and  Descriptive  Strawberry  Catalogue 
Free.  Send  now,  it  will  pay  you. 
W.  F.  ALLEN,  Jr.,  Salisbury,  Md. 
HIGH-BRED  Seed  Potatoes.  One  barrel  worth  two 
of  Northern  Seed.  All  that  grow  Irish  Potatoes 
should  have  my  catalogue  free  with  testimonials 
J.  W.  HALL,  Marion  Station,  Md. 
