THE  RURAL  NEW-YORKER 
April  2 
226 
Experience  With  Winter 
Oats. 
Fifteen  years  ago  I  tried  winter  oats 
for  two  seasons  consecutively  in  New 
Jersey  with  the  result  that  every  spear 
disappeared  before  half  the  winter  was 
over.  The  venture  was  a  total  loss.  Since 
then  I  have  grown  them  in  western  North 
Carolina,  in  the  mountains  where  the 
winter  is  considerably  milder  than  in 
southern  New  Jersey,  but  with  the  same 
result.  Winter  oats  will  not  succeed 
north  of  the  Virginia  line,  except  perhaps 
in  a  few  favored  places  in  Maryland  or 
Delaware.  Nor  are  the  red  rust-proof 
oats  really  rust-proof  in  all  localities.  I 
have  sown  them  in  North  Carolina  sev¬ 
eral  times  ,and  four  times  out  of  five  the 
crop  has  been  a  complete  failure  from  the 
rust.  H.  STEWART. 
There  is  a  winter  oat  that  is  in  general 
use  in  Virginia  and  many  of  the  other 
Southern  States,  that  stands  the  winter 
well  and  is  heavier  and  generally  gives  a 
larger  crop  than  the  spring  oat.  It  is 
usually  sowed  in  September  and  har¬ 
vested  a  little  after  wheat;  then  about 
one  bushel  of  oats  per  acre  is  sowed  on 
the  field,  and  plowed,  as  there  is  gener¬ 
ally  enough  shattered  out  in  cutting  and 
hauling  the  crop  to  seed  the  field.  The 
field  is  then  plowed  three  or  four  inches 
and  not  harrowed.  The  oats  come  up 
and  cover  the  ground  before  winter.  If 
the  growth  looks  too  rank  it  is  sometimes 
pastured.  1  know  of  fields  that  have 
been  kept  in  winter  oats  for  several  years, 
just  by  sowing  lightly  after  harvest  and 
then  plowing  in  the  seed.  One  must  not 
follow  winter  oats  with  wheat  unless  he 
lets  the  oats  come  up  and  then  plows 
again,  or  the  oats  will  come  up  among 
the  wheat.  wm.  a.  lewis. 
Experience  of  a  Jerseyman. 
A  Tennessee  man  a  few  years  ago  ad¬ 
vertised  a  hardy  variety  of  winter  oats 
which,  he  asserted,  would  stand  the  rigor 
of  a  Northern  winter.  His  price  was  $2 
per  bushel  on  board  the  cars  at  his  sta¬ 
tion.  I  sent  for  a  bushel  for  trial.  For¬ 
warded  by  express,  they  cost  me  about 
S3  per  bushel  delivered  at  New  Bruns¬ 
wick,  N.  J.  There  were  probably  not 
over  three  pecks  of  oats  in  the  bag 
on  arrival,  the  remainder  being  burrs, 
straws,  sticks  and  stones.  I  had  intended 
to  sow  half  an  acre  with  the  seed,  but 
my  man  in  my  absence  dumped  the  stuff, 
as  poured  from  the  bag,  directly  into  the 
grain  drill,  and  then  went  ahead  with 
his  work  of  putting  the  grain  under 
ground.  A  few  minutes  sufficed  to  clog 
up  the  feed  holes  and  the  drill  ceased  to 
“pay  out.”  After  going  over  one-half 
the  ground,  he  concluded  to  investigate 
and  see  if  the  machine  was  dropping 
grain  properly.  Finding  it  was  not,  the 
feed  holes  were  opened  to  their  widest 
extent.  The  result  was  that  nearly  the 
entire  three  pecks  were  sowed  on  a 
quarter  of  an  acre.  There  was  no  remedy 
for  the  bungling  way  the  work  had  been 
done,  so  I  concluded  to  make  the  most 
possible  of  the  quarter  of  an  acre  sowed. 
Having  a  surplus  of  straw,  I  ordered 
enough  to  be  spread  over  the  sowed  field 
to  make  a  fair  mulch,  covering  the  ground 
very  well  with  it.  The  oats  all  came  up 
in  the  spring  and  grew  rank  and  strong. 
After  harvest  the  thrasher  turned  out 
17  34"  bushels  of  handsome,  plump  oats 
running  considerably  over  the  legal  New 
Jersey  weight  per  bushel,  or  at  the  rate 
of  69  bushels  per  acre,  This  was  quite 
satisfactory  as  to  yield,  and  was  proof 
that  middle  New  Jersey  could  grow  win¬ 
ter  oats.  The  ensuing  fall  I  renewed  the 
attempt  and  had  two  acres  carefully 
drilled  in,  this  time  without  the  mishaps 
of  the  first  trial.  No  straw  mulch  was 
used  and  the  field  was  a  little  more  ex¬ 
posed  to  the  northwest  winds  of  winter 
than  the  other.  Spring  came,  but  the 
young  oat  shoots  did  not.  In  early  April, 
on  a  careful  inspection,  I  discovered  one 
or  two  spindling  leaves  over  the  entire 
field  and  that  was  all.  The  New  Jersey 
winter  had  proved  too  much  for  the  ven¬ 
ture.  The  ground  was  plowed  and  a  crop 
of  spring  oats  started. 
I  have  not  tried  the  experiment  since. 
I  attributed  the  success  of  the  first  crop 
to  the  covering  of  straw  and  the  some¬ 
what  sheltered  location  of  the  field. 
Mulching  a  large  field  with  straw  is 
hardly  practicable  and  probably  would 
always  be  a  necessary  factor  in  the  safe 
wintering  of  fall-sowed  oats  in  the  lati¬ 
tude  of  central  Jersey.  A.  t.  t. 
Grafting  the  Chestnut. 
THE  QUESTIONS. 
1.  What  is  the  best  stock  on  which  to  work  the 
Japan  Chestnuts  and  what  method  of  grafting  is  best? 
2.  How  high  up  is  it  best  to  work  the  scion? 
3.  Has  it  occurred  in  your  experience  that  after  two 
or  three  years  of  growth  the  wind  Is  liable  to  blow  off 
the  head  at  the  place  of  union? 
i  have  found  the  American  chestnut  a 
better  stock  than  the  Spanish  or  Euro¬ 
pean  variety  for  grafting  the  Japan.  I 
do  not  know  that  the  American  is  the 
best  stock,  but  it  is  the  best  I  have  used. 
My  best  success  has  been  in  grafting 
about  three  feet  from  the  ground.  When 
grafted  near  the  ground  the  grafts  are 
liable  to  become  broken  out  in  working 
during  the  first  season.  I  have  grafted 
the  Japan  Chestnut  in  both  ways — whip 
grafting  and  crown  grafting — the  former 
has  been  the  more  successful.  I  have 
experienced  no  difficulty  from  the  graft 
being  broken  off  or  out  by  the  wind  when 
the  union  was  perfect,  but  unless  the 
graft  and  scion  are  both  cut  very  true 
and  smooth,  so  that  the  former  will  fit 
the  latter  closely  the  entire  length  of  the 
cut,  the  union  will  not  be  perfect  and  a 
large  excrescence  or  unnatural  growth 
will  form  at  the  junction.  This  will 
increase  from  year  to  year  until  the  graft 
is  blown  off.  j.  t.  lovett. 
We  have  never  had  success  enough  in 
grafting  chestnuts  to  claim  to  be  very 
well  posted.  The  American  chestnut 
makes  the  best  stock  we  know  of.  We 
have  been  unable  to  succeed  in  grafting 
them  high  up  or  in  tree  tops.  We  con¬ 
sider  the  best  plan  to  cleft  the  graft  low 
down  on  the  stock  ;  scions  are  always 
small  and  it  is  hard  to  splice  or  whip- 
graft  them.  We  have  always  had  trou¬ 
ble  in  grafting  chestnuts,  but  after  they 
have  been  united  for  two  or  three  years 
we  never  have  had  any  trouble  with  their 
blowing  off.  STORRS  &  HARRISON  co. 
We  have  not  grafted  enough  Japan 
Chestnuts  to  be  able  to  give  very  definite 
information.  What  few  we  did  graft 
were  worked  on  native  stock.  We 
noticed  they  did  not  all  heal  up  perfect¬ 
ly  ;  but  none  have  broken  off.  We 
know,  however,  that  they  sometimes  do 
break  off.  We  have  been  propagating 
the  Paragon  chiefly.  They  do  not  al¬ 
ways  heal  over  nicely,  and  some  break 
off,  but  only  rarely.  Our  method  of 
grafting  is  the  whip-tongue  for  small 
stocks.  For  large  limbs  we  cleft-graft. 
We  have  no  regular  height  for  grafting. 
We  have  found  the  work  to  do  as  well  at 
one  height  as  at  another.  We  think  it 
more  important  to  have  vigorous  stocks 
than  anything  else ;  but  even  with  the 
best  of  stocks  a  fair  proportion  will  fail 
to  grow.  H.  M.  ENGLE  &  SON. 
I  have  repeatedly  set  grafts  of  the 
European  chestnut  on  our  common  Amer¬ 
ican  species  and  found  the  union  as  read¬ 
ily  made  and  as  complete  as  in  apple  or 
plum  grafting.  The  trees  did  not  prove 
durable,  evidently  because  the  wood 
eventually  suffered  from  some  of  the  oc¬ 
casional  severities  of  our  winter  weather. 
So  far  as  I  have  had  experience  with 
the  Japan  Chestnuts,  they  seem  rather 
more  tender  than  the  European,  so,  as  I 
live  where  the  winters  are  sometimes  as 
severe  on  trees  as  in  Iowa,  I  have  not 
thought  it  worth  while  to  set  grafts  of 
of  them.  I  used  the  common  “whip” 
method,  which  I  prefer  generally,  and 
which  can  be  used  on  large  trees  by  head¬ 
ing  down  to  side  branches  of  suitable 
size  and  position.  But  it  is  more  con¬ 
venient  and  better,  because  less  violent, 
to  graft  on  small  seedlings  when  at  hand. 
I  have  found  budding  succeed  quite  well, 
too.  I  don’t  know  that  it  matters  at 
what  height  the  grafts  are  set,  so  that 
the  stock  is  wholly  sound  to  the  root 
below  the  point  of  insertion,  and  so  that 
there  is  not  too  much  heading  back  done, 
as  that  would  induce  inordinate  and 
late-continued  growth  from  the  scion, 
which  would  be  more  subject,  in  that 
case,  to  injury  during  winter,  or  by  wind 
storms.  But  so  far  as  I  have  seen,  the 
union  has  been  completely  well  knit  and 
natural  and  not  likely  to  be  broken  apart 
by  storms.  w.  o.  waring. 
Garden  Gossip. 
One  of  the  most  important  features  of 
the  home  garden  is  a  succession  of  beans, 
snap  or  string  and  shell,  through  the  sea* 
son.  No  one  article  of  food  is  more  use* 
ful,  more  wholesome,  and  at  the  same 
time,  more  easily  supplied,  and  of  late 
years  the  family  has  had  so  many  addi¬ 
tions  of  really  valuable  sorts,  that  it 
would  be  superlatively  foolish  to  neglect 
them.  We  should  always  have  at  least 
one  planting  of  the  flat,  green-podded 
sorts,  as  they  are  as  yet  the  earliest  of  all, 
though  not  so  fine  in  quality  as  the  round- 
podded  and  wax  beans,  which  come  a 
little  later.  Henderson’s  Bush  Lima  is  a 
small,  but  productive  variety  and  is 
worthy  of  a  place  in  the  garden.  But  in 
a  year  or  two,  when  the  real  large  Lima 
dwarfs  can  be  purchased  at  a  price  that 
is  not  ruinous,  they  will  doubtless  sup¬ 
plant  the  Henderson.  The  pole  wax 
( Continued  on  next  page.) 
Pijsrellanmts:  §Uv*rti0itt0. 
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