’•wWgTr 
VOL.  LI.  No  2204. 
NEW  YORK,  APRIL  23,  1892. 
PRICE,  FIVE  CENTS. 
$2.00  PER  YEAR. 
The  Bordeaux  Mixture  Saved  the  to  a  smooth  paste  with  a  little  water,  and  then  stirred 
QUINCES  into  ^or<^eaux  mixture  in  the  proportion  of  one 
pound  of  Paris-green  to  100  gallons  of  mixture. 
In  the  last  report  of  the  Connecticut  Experiment  The  application  of  the  fungicide  was  made  much 
Station  is  an  account  of  spraying  a  quince  orchard  more  effective,  and  a  perfectly  even  distribution  of 
with  the  Bordeaux  mixture  to  prevent  the  disease  the  material  insured  by  means  of  a  plunger,  which 
known  as  leaf-spot.  This  disease  is  caused  by  a  fungus  was  worked  in  the  barrel  by  the  person  who  pumped, 
which  forms  small,  reddish-brown  spots  on  the  leaves  This  consisted  of  a  broom-stick  with  a  short  piece  of 
and  fruit,  which  rapidly  turn  rust- 
colored  on  the  leaves  and  cause 
them  to  fall  prematurely  even  as 
early  as  July.  This  not  only  ex¬ 
hausts  the  tree  and  prevents  the 
fruit  from  maturing,  but  hurts  the 
next  year’s  buds. 
For  two  seasons  Dr.  Thaxter  of 
the  station,  practiced  spraying  an 
orchard  affected  with  this  disease, 
with  excellent  results.  At  the  time 
of  blooming,  in  May  of  1891,  the 
rows  treated  the  year  before  were 
much  superior  in  the  amount  of 
bloom  on  them  to  those  not  treated, 
thus  showing  that  the  benefit  was 
not  confined  to  one  season. 
The  first  spraying  was  given  just 
as  the  first  blossom  buds  were  open¬ 
ing.  Two  rows  were  sprayed  with 
the  Bordeaux  mixture  [six  pounds  | 
of  sulphate  of  copper,  four  pounds 
of  lime  and  25  gallons  of  water)  and 
two  with  the  ammoniacal  solution  of 
copper  (three  pounds  sulphafe  of 
copper,  precipitated  from  concen¬ 
trated  solution  of  carbonate  of  soda 
and  then  diluted  to  25  gallons  of 
water).  One  application  was  made 
on  May  ll,  another  on  .May  28,  and  Quince  Orchard  Showing  Result  of  Spraying  with  Bordeaux  Mix 
another  on  June  22.  As  the  weather 
was  very  dry  a  fourth  application 
was  not  considered  necessary,  as  the 
Bordeaux  mixture  stuck  to  the  leaves 
until  late  in  September.  The  fol¬ 
lowing  facts  are  taken  from  Dr. 
Thaxter’s  report : 
‘  ‘  The  rows  treated  with  the  Bor¬ 
deaux  mixture  set  an  abundant  yield 
of  fruit,  in  most  cases  as  much  as 
the  tree  could  properly  mature, 
while  the  other  two  treated  rows  set 
a  much  smaller  amount.  The  “  set  ” 
of  the  untreated  rows  was  very 
small,  and  at  the  time  of  harvesting 
the  relative  yield  of  marketable  fruit 
was  as  follows : 
Marketable 
fruit. 
Two  rows  sprayed  with  Bordeaux 
mixture  in  1890-91  . 71}^  baskets 
Two  rows  sprayed  with  ammoniacal 
carbonate  of  copper  in  1890,  and 
with  precipitated  carbonate  of 
copper  in  1891 .  7  “ 
Five  rows  untreated  in  1890-91 .  1  “ 
Quince  Orchard  Showing  Result  of  Spraying  with  Bordeaux  Mixture.  Fig.  134 
The  superiority  of  the  fruit  from 
the  rows  sprayed  with  the  Bordeaux 
mixture  as  compared  with  that  from 
the  other  treated  rows  in  regard  to 
the  quality,  was  quite  remarkable. 
While  the  yield  from  the  carbonate 
of  copper  rows  was  very  fair  as  re¬ 
gards  quantity,  the  fruit  was  so 
badly  injured  by  the  spot  and  more  A 
especially  by  being  “  wormy,”  that 
only  the  very  small  quantity  of  fruit  above  stated  was 
found  to  be  marketable.  The  apparent  effectiveness 
of  the  Bordeaux  mixture  in  keeping  off  the  quince 
“maggot”  suggests  the  advisability  of  using  an  in¬ 
secticide  with  the  fungicide  in  the  first  two  treatments 
as  is  often  done  in  spraying  for  the  codling  moth  and 
apple  scab.  If  Paris-green  is  used  it  should  be 'mixed 
Adjacent  Row  Showing  Result  of  no  Treatment.  Fig. 
board  screwed  on  the  end  and  was  worked  through  a 
small  hole  bored  in  the  top  of  the  barrel.  Such  a  con¬ 
trivance  gives  the  most  satisfactory  results  for  rapid 
and  complete  stirring,  and  is  indispensable  for  good 
work.  [Many  disastrous  experiments  have  been  due 
to  the  fact  that  the  Paris-green  was  not  kept  well 
mixed  with  the  water. — Eds.J 
The  cash  account  with  the  two  rows  treated  with 
Bordeaux  mixture  is  about  as  follows  : 
Db. 
To  ii  men  and  team  3  hours .  $1  80 
To  36  lbs.  sulphate  of  copper  at  6  cents .  2  16 
To  24  lbs.  lime  at  1  cent . . .  24 
To  7IJ^g  baskets  of  first-class  fruit  at  75  cents . $53  62 
Balance  above  expenses . $49  42 
Applying  the  Mixture. — The  Con¬ 
necticut  report  for  1890  discusses  the 
best  methods  of  applying  the  Bor¬ 
deaux  mixture  and  other  fungicides. 
A  good  nozzle  is  of  the  utmost  im¬ 
portance.  For  spraying  the  Bor¬ 
deaux  and  other  thick  mixtures  the 
Vermorel  nozzle  is  unsurpassed.  The 
fine  wire  nozzles  which  operate  by 
driving  a  stream  forcibly  through  a 
fine  gauze  are  excellent  for  clear 
liquids,  but  are  apt  to  clog  and  fill 
with  the  lime  mixtures.  All  the 
foliage  must  be  wet  and  not  drenched. 
An  imperfect  nozzle  not  only  wastes 
the  material,  but  puts  too  much  on 
some  parts  of  the  foliage.  A  strong, 
double-acting  force  pump  is  needed. 
Much  of  the  value  of  the  nozzle  will 
depend  upon  the  force  with  which 
the  liquid  is  driven  through  it.  Fig. 
136  shows  how  the  spraying  was 
done  at  the  Connecticut  station.  A 
barrel  containing  the  mixture  was 
placed  in  a  farm  wagon.  As  the 
wagon  passed  through  the  rows  one 
man  worked  a  double-acting  force 
pump  to  which  was  attached  a  Y 
coupling  hose,  so  that  streams  were 
re.  Fig.  134.  delivered  on  both  sides  as  the  wagon 
passed  through  the  row,  as  shown 
in  the  picture. 
The  hose  used  was  known  as  linen 
insertion  tubing  (one-quarter  inch). 
It  was  attached  to  a  light  pole  long 
enough  above  the  foliage  to  be 
sprayed.  A  piece  about  a  foot  long 
is  screwed  to  the  end  of  the  pole  so 
it  will  turn  readily  on  the  screw. 
Two  nails  are  driven  into  the  pole  so 
that  this  top  piece  can  turn  only  the 
distance  of  a  right  angle — that  is, 
one-fourth  the  entire  distance 
around.  Then  fasten  the  end  of  the 
hose  and  nozzle  to  the  end  piece,  so 
that  it  can  be  made  to  turn  in  any 
direction  by  simply  turning  the  pole 
in  the  hands.  The  whole  thing  is 
shown  in  the  picture. 
An  Experience  in  Spraying  Fruit. 
My  experience  last  year  here  in 
Ottawa  County,  Ohio,  was  somewhat 
varied,  as  I  sprayed  plum,  peach, 
pear,  cherry  and  apple  trees.  My 
plum  orchard  contains  15  rows,  with 
56  trees  in  a  row,  running  north  and 
south.  I  commenced  on  May  16  on 
the  east  side,  spraying  the  first  three 
rows  with  a  solution  of  three  ounces 
of  Paris-green,  and  four  pounds  of 
quick-lime  to  50  gallons  of  water 
The  remainder  of  the  orchard,  except  three  rows 
across  the  north  end,  which  were  jarred,  was  sprayed 
with  Paris-green  alone.  Prof.  W.  J.  Green,  of  the 
Ohio  Experiment  Station  had  charge  of  my  plum 
orchard  and  12  trees  of  Belmont  apples.  On  this  same 
date  (May  16),  I  also  sprayed  my  pear  and  cherry  trees. 
My  second  spraying  in  the  plum  orchard  was  dono 
