1892 
THE  RURAL  NEW-YORKER. 
327 
Some  Experiment  Station  Bulletins. 
( Continued. ) 
a  forage  plant.  The  yield  of  nutrients  in 
an  acre  of  different  crops  is  given  as  fol¬ 
lows  : 
Cow  Peas. 
Soja  Beans. 
Corn. 
Crude  fat . 
14.78 
287.78 
131.48 
Crude  protein. . 
184.29 
480.58 
262.98 
Crude  fiber . 
43.34 
83.25 
56.27 
Nitrogen— free 
.901.27 
extract . 
4(54.10 
337.99  1 
Ash . 
24.81 
88.74 
43.20 
Experiments  with  Corn. — The  Indiana 
Station,  La  Fayette,  Ind.,  has  found  that 
early  planting  of  corn  is  best ;  medium 
thickness  in  drill  planting,  stalks  12  to  14 
inches  apart  has  given  best  results.  There 
seems  little  difference  between  deep  and 
shallow  plowing,  but  shallow  cultivating 
is  by  far  to  be  preferred.  The  I’lanet 
Jr.  is  the  best  one-horse  cultivator,  but  a 
two-horse  riding  cultivator  like  the 
Albion  gives  faster  and  far  more  uniform 
work.  A  useful  rotation  experiment  was 
tried,  corn  being  planted  in  a  rotation 
with  other  grain,  wheat,  oats,  corn,  and 
also  in  a  rotation  that  includes  clover  and 
grass.  The  results  clearly  show  the  ad¬ 
vantage  of  using  clover  and  grass  in  a 
rotation  in  which  corn  is  grown,  and  it 
is  also  shown  that  even  with  grass, 
manure  must  also  be  added  to  insure 
continued  good  results.  In  every  case 
tried  manure  gave  far  better  results  on 
corn  than  did  chemnal  fertilizers.  This 
is  in  line  with  hundreds  of  other  experi¬ 
ments  and  only  makes  clearer  that  corn 
is  the  plant  on  which  to  use  stable  ma¬ 
nure. 
The  American  Beet  Sugar 
Industry. 
Synopsis  of  American  Experiments. 
PROF.  C.  L.  INGERSOLT,. 
The  subject  of  sugar  for  the  United 
States  has  suddenly  sprung  into  national 
importance.  We  have  but  to  notice  that 
sugar  is  a  staple  article  of  diet  in  every 
household  in  the  land,  next  to  bread ; 
that  it  is  used  in  quite  large  quantity  per 
capita,  and  that  according  to  our  best 
authorities  this  use  is  constantly  increas¬ 
ing,  to  perceive  that  it  is  of  great  import¬ 
ance  to  all  the  people. 
According  to  good  authority,  an  aver¬ 
age  of  56  pounds  of  sugar  per  capita  was 
used  in  the  TJ nited  States  for  the  year 
1891,  and  this  was  an  increase  of  three  or 
four  pounds  for  each  individual  over  the 
previous  year.  The  cheapening  of  this 
staple  commodity  may  have  had  some¬ 
thing  to  do  with  this,  while  the  growing 
taste  and  uses  for  it  in  various  ways,  help 
to  increase  its  use.  If  is  safe  to  assume 
that  we  may  count  on  an  average  use  of 
60  pounds  per  individual  in  the  United 
States,  and  this,  with  a  population 
closely  approximating  66  millions,  will 
give  an  annual  consumption  of  nearly 
4,000,000,000  pounds,  or  the  enormous 
weight  of  2,000,000  tons.  This  is  an 
amount  so  vast  in  the  aggregate  that  we 
cannot  realize  it  unless  we  institute  a 
comparison.  If  this  were  to  be  loaded 
on  transfer  wagons,  each  carrying  two 
tons,  it  would  take  1,000,000  of  them,  and 
and  if  each  of  these  occupied  35  feet  of 
space  in  line,  the  procession  would  reach 
4,735  miles.  At  30  tons  per  car  it  would 
require  66,666  cars  to  move  the  load,  and 
this  line  would  reach  nearly  from  Omaha 
to  Denver. 
Again,  if  we  were  to  have  a  series  of 
factories  built  in  the  belt  where  sugar 
beets  thrive,  and  each  had  a  capacity  of 
350  tons  of  beets  per  day,  and  made  a 
campiign  of  100  days,  the  annual  output 
would  be  about  8,000,000  pounds  of  sugar 
at  220  pounds  per  ton  of  beets.  It  would 
then  require  500  such  factories,  working 
day  and  n'ght  during  this  period,  to  pro¬ 
duce  enough  to  supply  our  wants  in  this 
year  of  1892. 
But  let  us  look  into  the  acreage,  pro¬ 
duction  and  labor  required.  It  takes 
approximately  3,000  acres  of  beets,  well 
tilled,  to  run  a  factory  through  a  single 
campaign  ;  for  500  such  factories  there 
would  be  required  1,500,000  acres  of  our 
finest  and  best-tilled  lands. 
We  have  the  land,  but  how  about  the 
labor  ?  Bulletin  No.  21  of  the  Nebraska 
Experiment  Station  gives  careful  aver* 
ages  of  cost  by  several  men  who  are  reli¬ 
able  and  whose  figures  of  cost  are  very 
nearly  the  same  as  those  of  the  station. 
The  average  cost  of  seed,  preparing  the 
soil,  cultivation  and  harvesting  was 
$44.85  per  acre.  Assuming  that  three- 
fifths  of  the  cost  of  the  crop  is  hand  labor, 
and  that  the  cost  is  $45,  we  have  $27  per 
acre  of  hand  labor,  to  be  expended  by  the 
farmers  and  those  they  hire  during  the 
growing  season ;  for  1,500,000  acres  this 
is  $40,500,000.  Add  to  this  the  cost  of 
labor  in  the  factories  during  a  campaign, 
and  see  what  an  enormous  sum  of  money 
we  would  be  paying  out  to  our  own 
friends  and  neighbors  for  one  of  the 
necessaries  of  life. 
We  are  annually  sending  abroad  ap¬ 
proximately  $160,000,000  for  sugar  (some 
say  $200,000,000)  that  should  be  produced 
here,  and  this  should  be  divided  between 
those  interested  in  the  cane  growing 
regions  of  Louisiana  and  Texas,  the 
sorghum  belt  further  north,  and  the 
sugar  beet  belt  still  further  on  and  reach¬ 
ing  to  the  boundary  of  the  British  pos¬ 
sessions. 
Early  History. — The  utilization  of 
the  beet  for  sugar  production  grew  out 
of  the  desire  of  Napoleon  to  make  his 
empire  and  people  commercially  inde¬ 
pendent  of  the  sugar  producing  colonies 
of  other  nations. 
The  discovery  was  made  by  A.  S.  Marg- 
graff  in  1747,  and  utilized  by  F.  C.  Achard, 
a  pupil,  about  the  year  1800.  France  and 
Prussia  soon  vied  with  each  other  in  im¬ 
proving  both  the  qualities  of  the  beets 
and  the  methods  of  manufacture.  In 
1813  there  were  334  factories  in  France, 
making  7,700,000  pounds  of  sugar  The 
growth  from  that  date  has  been  rapid 
and  steady  until  in  France  in  1880  there 
were  over  500  factories  producing  over 
500,000  long  tons  of  sugar.  Other  coun¬ 
tries  advanced  until  Austria,  Belgium, 
Germany,  Holland  and  Russia  were  all 
sugar  producers.  In  a  report  of  Com¬ 
missioner  Luther  I’.  Ludden,  Lincoln, 
Neb.,  figures  are  given  for  1889  in  which 
it  is  shown  that  the  above-named  coun¬ 
tries  produced  3,445,000  tons  of  sugar 
valued  at  $385,840,000.  The  cane  sugar 
produced  in  the  same  year  was  2,362,000 
tons;  so  the  beet  sugar  was  in  excess  of 
the  cane  sugar  by  1,083,000  tons  for  that 
year.  In  this  work  Germany,  Austria, 
France  and  Russia  stand  in  the  order  as 
producers.  The  same  authority  quotes 
the  Cyclopedia  Britannica  which  says : 
“  A  most  important  fact  connected  with 
this  industry  is  that  the  erection  of  a 
sugar  factory  is  immediately  accompanied 
by  an  improvement  in  the  agriculture, 
and  an  increase  in  value  of  the  land  in 
the  surrounding  country.” 
The  United  States. — Although  Eur¬ 
ope  had  been  making  sugar  for  a  third  of 
a  century,  the  citizens  of  the  United 
States  were  content  to  obtain  the  most  of 
their  sugar  from  the  West  Indies  rather 
than  attempt  its  production  except  as 
ribbon  cane  was  raised  in  the  extreme 
South.  This  cane  is  a  native  of  Java  and 
probably  of  other  parts  of  the  East 
Indies,  says  Bulletin  14,  second  series, 
Louisiana  Experiment  Station.  In  1814 
an  American  schooner  imported  a  few 
bundles  of  the  cane  at  Savannah,  Ga. 
These  were  planted  near  there  on  St. 
Simons  Island  and  a  Mr.  King  first  began 
the  manufacture  of  sugar.  In  1817  plants 
were  taken  to  New  Orleans  where  they 
grew  finely.  From  these  beginnings 
came  our  sugar  interests  in  the  Southern 
States  and  particularly  in  Louisiana. 
In  1830  two  gentlemen  in  Philadelphia 
became  interested  and  tried  to  introduce 
the  beet  sugar  industry  ;  as  they  were 
ignorant  of  any  of  the  requirements  and 
the  processes  were  not  well  perfected  the 
effort  resulted  in  a  dismal  failure.  In 
1838  Mr.  D.  L.  Child,  who  had  spent  18 
months  in  Europe  in  the  beet  sugar  dis¬ 
tricts,  attempted  it  in  a  small  way  at 
Northampton,  Mass.  The  United  States 
Department  Special  Report  No.  28  says 
that  he  was  attracted  by  the  method  of 
drying  the  roots  invented  by  Schutzen- 
bach,  both  for  the  purpose  of  preserving 
them  and  for  facilitating  the  extraction 
of  sugar,  but  being  unable  to  obtain  any 
of  the  details  of  the  method  unless  he 
purchased  the  exclusive  right  for  the 
whole  United  States,  and  giving  security 
in  case  it  proved  a  success,  Mr.  Child 
declined  and  worked  with  apparatus 
devised  by  himself,  by  which  he  dried  the 
beets  and  macerated  the  ground  pulp 
with  three  times  its  weight  of  water  ;  the 
sweet  juice  was  then  extracted  by  pres¬ 
sure  and  worked  for  sugar.  He  raised 
beets  at  a  cost  of  $42  per  acre  and  obtain¬ 
ed  15  tons  yield,  from  which  he  obtained 
six  per  cent  sugar  and  2%  per  cent 
molasses. 
From  this  time  till  1863  there  was  agita¬ 
tion  but  no  active  work.  Gennert  Bros., 
began  in  that  year  at  Chatsworth,  III., 
and  struggled  on  till  1872  when  the 
machinery  was  taken  to  Freeport,  Ill., 
where  there  was  another  attempt  being 
made.  This  plant  was  eventually  moved 
to  Black  Hawk,  Wis.  Although  as  high 
as  1,000,000  pounds  were  reported  to  have 
been  made  in  Illinois  in  a  single  year, 
yet  at  last  it  was  a  failure  through 
drought,  too  great  a  cost  of  production,  or 
a  combination  of  causes. 
About  the  same  time  two  Germans  be¬ 
gan  work  at  Fond  du  Lac,  VVis.  They 
were  partially  successful  and  finally  were 
induced  to  m  ve  to  Alvarado,  Cal.,  where 
the  factory  was  operated  under  several 
changes  of  management  till  1876  and  then 
abandoned.  Other  companies  have  been 
formed  in  the  State  but  they  have  all  suc¬ 
cumbed  to  the  inevitable  or  have  been 
only  a  moderate  success.  In  California 
in  1873  there  were  reported  1,500,000 
pounds  of  beet  sugar  manufactured  in  the 
State. 
From  1870  to  1880  enterprises  were 
started  in  Maine,  Massachusetts,  New 
Jersey  and  Delaware,  and  bounties  were 
offered  as  a  stimulus;  but  this  did  not 
cause  any  one  of  these  to  continue  more 
than  three  or  four  years.  The  general 
result  maybe  summed  up  in  a  few  words: 
Difficulty  in  getting  a  ready  and  contin¬ 
uous  supply  of  beets  for  a  campaign  of 
100  to  110  days  at  a  reasonable  price. 
Mr.  Wm.  Saunders  of  Canada,  in  his  re¬ 
port  says  of  the  factory  at  Portland, 
Maine,  that  the  farmers  could  not  be  in¬ 
duced  to  grow  the  beets  at  $5  per  ton, 
and  the  factory  closed  and  the  enterprize 
was  abandoned  for  want  of  material;  and 
this  in  face  of  the  fact  that  the  machinery 
was  costly,  perfect,  and  did  its  work  ad¬ 
mirably.  The  final  outcome  was,  that 
each  farmer  preferred  that  some  other 
farmer  should  grow  the  beets  and  reap 
the  benefit.  The  company  talked  of 
renting  large  areas  and  raising  its  own 
beets,  but  this  was  abandoned,  on  the 
supposition  at  least  that  there  would  be 
decided  objections  to  the  introduction  of 
enough  labor  to  perform  the  work  on  the 
crop.  The  people  have  ever  been  very 
sensitive  upon  the  subject  of  imported 
foreign  labor,  and  in  agriculture  we  have 
no  exception  to  the  rule. 
(To  be  continued.) 
In  writing  to  advertisers  please  always  mention 
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