MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL AND FAMILY JOURNAL. 
A WCEB “ EraA1 ', Eurticultural. 
Fellow Readers, permit one of your 
number to speak a word in favor of “ex- qj? pears_ERIEFLY. 
tending the area” of the Rural’s usefulness. - 
No one will deny, that it is the duty of 1 mo ™n as I write;—my beautiful low- 
every one to so live, that he may accomplish branching trees are so broken and mangled 
the greatest amount of good possible. At aiK ^ m am:d by the weight of this mass of 
the longest, and do the best we can, our snow * a sa fl misfortune and wrings 
lives are quite too short to rightly acquit heart like the loss of a friend for I 
ourselves as moral, accountable beings. In ] °ve my trees. Immense damage must 
this age of cheap printing, papers and books have been done throughout this region in 
are scattered broadcast through the land, nurseries and elsewhere. V e are hereby af- 
naany,—alas! too many of them,—carrying forded one objection to low-spreading trees, 
pollution and moral disease wherever they Duchess of Orleans .—An imported tree 
touch. Their presence, in fact, to the mor- of this new variety in my garden, produced 
al constitution, is worse than the Upas was two specimens last season, large and beau- 
fabled to be to the physical. It is against tiful in appearance, and of fine and melting 
this soul-corrupting literature, that every flesh, but flavorless, 
well wisher of mankind should strive with Belle Lucrative .—A tree of this variety, 
all hi3 energy, that, if possible, the tide may also imported, gave me several pears, but 
be stayed, and the people be led to love and not one worth eating, 
cherish that literature which ennobles the . — These two varieties have a reputation 
mind—raises its aspirations to loftier things, for excellence; the latter being represented 
Or.e good means seems to lay in widely to possess the highest flavor. It may be 
extending the circulation of sound, reliable that another season will develope their good 
newspapers. We are emphatically a read- qualities, for it must be remarked that the 
ing people, and the taste grows upon each produce of a pear tree is often no true cri- 
succeeding generation. How praiseworthy terion of the value of the fruit, 
then, how noble indeed, to bring around the Seckel. — I grafted this on an apple 
tender and expanding mind those good in- branch anti obtained fruit the following 
fluences which shall insensibly lead it along season and again last year. The specimens 
the right path. Doing this, we perform a ' were larger than any I ever saw grown on 
work of charity for which we shall reap a P ear stocks, but not so highly perfumed, 
blessing, if not here, surely in the time to though very good indeed, 
come. Summer Bonchretien .—This favorite of 
The object of this article is, not to put masses, ^ Tnd to grow and bear well on 
money into the publisher’s pocket—though flnince. A tree of my own working— 
he should be well recompensed for his no- ^ ree y ears from the graft—produced last 
ble effort—but to fill the minds of the peo- autumn a dozen which were larger and 
pie with wholesome truth, and matter for ^ a ' irer ^ an ^ey usually are on pear stocks, 
thought. Nor is it for the Rural alone ^ ^Nought not ot so good quality. The 
that w r e should put forth our exertions; but kad ^ een thinned when small at least, 
for every good and sound publication that one Jia ^ w hich indicates productiveness on 
has for its object the truthful progress of fbe quince. I know gentlemen claiming to 
our fellow men. ° possess a discriminating taste who prefer 
Not unfrequently may families be found, this fruit to the Bartlett. 
whose straitened circumstances seem to for- < ^ rra y Doyenne. Alter eating freely for 
bid them the luxury of a paper. Could sevcra ^ y ears both the Gray and White 
not many of us say to some such; “ Here doyenne, ^ consider the former decidedly 
is Moore’s Rural New-Yorker, a valua- su P erior - Jt is somewhat later in maturing 
ble sheet of large size, filled with enter- and comes lnt0 eatln S when the white is 
taining and instructive matter-just such a nearl 7 S one - U IS a iair &' rower and ear] 7 
paper as you will like. Take it my friend, bearer ° n lts 0Wn St0ck ’ but 1 have uot suc ' 
I will pay Mr. Moore and you can remu- Ceeded Wlth 11 on the -probably 
Derate me in labor or as you best can.”- otberS more sklllful ma ? have done so ' 
-it i .if Brocfcport N. Y., Jan., 1851. h. p. n. 
Jnow many there are lacking the “ ready,” _ _, _ 
who would gladly become subscribers, could GARDEN MANURES APPLIED IN FALL 
they secure a copy by their labor. And AND WINTER. 
are there not among us many who have the -o , . ' , , 
, , , . / , . „ Frequent complaints are made by those 
ways and means to bring the happy influ- who are limited in their gardening opera- 
ences of the Rural to bear upon those who lions, that whatever manures they do ap- 
really need them. The good seed thus ply to their gardens, bum up their crops 
planted might spring up and yield fruit a w ben the heat of summer comes on. We 
hundred fold. Besides, we should let no bave felt this inconvenience too, and in look- 
t i, . .. - mg around to find a remedy, have come to 
favorable opportunity pass of presenting the th| conclusion that whenever a garden re- 
claims of a really good paper to those whom quires stimulating manures, they should be 
wc chance to meet in this busy world. applied in the fall or winter; in this way 
_ t. e. w. rank stable manure may be applied, and 
WINTER--WOOD AND MUCK. s P ad f d or plowed under immediately. It 
_ will fiave become by spring the proper food 
Most of our farmers in the interior have P^mt-s, and as all manures leech upwards, 
wood lots and procure their own wood, but surface soil will be in a fine condition for 
this work need not keep them employed ^e growth of vegetables: whereas if the 
through the whole winter season. They can manure * s applied at planting time, espe- 
therefore attend to other business, for we cai % l he crude manures generally applied 
hold that something should be done each here, just as vegetables are most required, 
day of our lives. The first step out of ^ey are fired by the action of the sun on the 
business is into vice or folly. A lazy habit manure, and the gardener has the mortifica- 
is a bad habit, and he who has indulged tiontofind his labor and money thrown away. 
through the winter in lounging finds it a Whatever manures are applied in the 
hard task to begin to earn something in the spring, should be well rotted or of a cooling- 
spring. nature. There are many families that an- 
It is unpardonable, when one has health, anally waste a barrel or two of leached 
to let the woodpile remain uncut and unfit ashes, when had it been applied to the gar- 
for the fire till the time comes when the den patch, they would have had “ yearly 
plow should be going. All the work of yorks” as well as their neighbors. " The 
cutting, splitting, and sheltering can be soa P suds from the wash tub is a manure 
better done in cool weather than in warm that may be applied with safety and with 
and a farmer who is obliged to quit haying profit in the spring, and yet how few ever 
.in good weather in July to go for wood to use them, except to enrich the earth around 
cook his dinner, ought to have a couficil kitchens, and make loathsome mud holes, 
of neighbors assembled to inquire into the when perfumed flowers, luscious fruits, and 
matter. mammoth vegetables, might have been made 
If yon have dug peat mud for the purpose by them, 
of carrying it on your high lands you can We do not yet appreciate the importance 
now transport it with sleds, for you will find of a garden. The bearing that it has upon 
that the mud is not frozen enough to pre- the health and happiness of a family, is 
vent digging with ease. The snow that plainly perceptible whenever we find a well 
fell soon after the grouncf froze on the sur- conducted garden; how highly important 
face has protected it effectually, and now is then that we should understand the proper 
a fine time to haul it off. Some go a mile food of plants. He would certainly be a 
or two for mud, and by going now much mad physician who would give his fevered 
time is saved. Besides meadows are not patients stimulants to raise the fever higher 
always approachable in summer.— Mass, and higher, until vitality was consumed.— 
Plowman. So with the gardener, plants are frequently 
~7 ‘ stimulated to death, for the want of proper 
Corn Oil is now extensively used in the cooling food. Our garden soils can scarce- 
Western States, and after the oil has been ly be too rich, but it must be a richness .re- 
expressed, the meal is said to be equally as tentive of moisture, and not as would be 
valuable for fattening hogs, as before. The the case if the stable manure was applied 
oil may be a superior article for light, but in the spring, be a richness which burned 
the latter statement we are inclined to everything in contact with it—Columbus 
doubt. Olive Branch. (f?u.) Enquirer. 
OF PEARS.-ERIEFLY. 
I mourn as I write;—my beautiful low- 
Brocfcport N. Y., Jan., 1851. h. p. n. 
GARDEN MANURES APPLIED IN FALL 
AND WINTER. 
WINTER —WOOD AND MUCK. 
, THE HYACINTH. 
This beautiful plant is one of a large 
family which comprises most of the bulbous 
rooted species, the Tulip and Crocus among 
others. They are in general cultivation 
among gardeners, and their treatment so well 
understood that it hardly needs a repetition. 
We copy however from an English work, 
the following remarks on house-growing 
this and other bulbs, in water and in moss, 
for the flower. 0 ,—but for stocks, an out 
door or pot culture is necessary: 
WFX 
mmk 
(The Double Hyacinth.) 
Of the many ways in which a bulb may 
be grown, the most common are the follow¬ 
ing:—in water, in pots of mould, in wet 
sand, and in moss. All of these are well 
in their way, but for elegance give us moss; 
for ease, water; for a make-shift, sand; and 
for the sake of the bulbs themselves, pots 
of mould. 
In Water. —Fill up the glasses till the 
bottom of the bulb will touch it, and con¬ 
stantly fill up the glass as the bulb absorbs 
it The custom of putting them in the 
dark has become very prevalent; but ex¬ 
periments which have been tried, purpose¬ 
ly to test the advantage derived from this 
plan, give no indication of its superiority.— 
The Narcissus, Hyacinth, Crocus, and early 
Tulip, all grow well in water; and some 
that we have seen placed in a strong light 
from the first have proved as strong and 
perfect as a similar number placed three or 
four weeks in the dark. 
The notion entertained is, that the roots 
should be developed before the growth of 
the foliage begins; and that in the dark, the 
roots grow, but the foliage does not advance 
materially. We have not found this to be 
the case, although we have, until the pre¬ 
sent season, acted upon the suggestion.— 
River water or rain water is far better than 
water from a well, and we have changed ?t 
every three weeks, though filling it up as 
it is absorbed by the roots will do. We 
have invariably objected to putting anything 
in the water, although we have seen it done 
by many, for we have never seen anything 
gained in color, strength, or size of flowers. 
In wet Moss.—This medium, properly 
prepared, and in a proper vessel, will be 
found both effective and pretty. Suppose 
it to be a flower pot —the hole at the bot¬ 
tom should be stopped; but the wet moss 
enables us to grow bulbs in almost any 
shaped utensil; a punch bowl, a salad bowl, 
a deep dish, basin, or jar, will do. A little 
sand at the bottom, and the moss pressed 
down level with the edge, will be sufficient; 
the bulbs are then placed on the surface, 
and rather pressed in than otherwise. If 
the vessel be large enough to hold half a 
dozen or a dozen things, the centre may be 
a Narcissus, round this six Hyacinths, round 
the Hyacinths a row of early Yan Thol 
Tulips, and outside of all a row of Crocuses, 
of three different colors; or, as the Tulips 
are inclined to yellow, perhaps blue and 
white alternately will do better. The moss 
is to be wetted well, and fine green picked 
moss should be piled up all over the bulbs, 
which may be completely hidden by it— 
i his might be done in a large punch or 
salad bowl, or round dish or glass milk pan. 
Smaller vessels may be used with single 
bulbs, or with two or three more. The 
moss in which they are placed, should be 
pressed down, and need not be of the finest 
color; but that put at top, forming a round¬ 
ing surface, and covering the bulbs, ought 
to be of the best color, and the handsomest 
that could be picked; for the moss is of it¬ 
self a pretty object, even before the bulbs 
throw up their green foliage. Those who 
prefer to see the bulbs, may merely put 
some of the best moss between them, and 
not enough to cover them. 
Talking. —The best rules to form a youm* 
man are, to talk little, to hear much, to re¬ 
flect alone upon what has passed in com¬ 
pany, to distrust one’s own opinions and 
value others that deserve it 
LIST OF PATENT CLAIMS 
ISSUED FROM THE UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE. 
For the week ending January 15, 1851. 
To T. Abbot, of Manchester, N. H., for im¬ 
provement in tires for railroad car wheels. 
To John L. Allen of New Haven, Conn., for 
improvement in raising carriage tops. 
To Erastus B. Bigelow of Clinton, Mass., for 
improvement in looms for weaving piled fabrics. 
To A. M. Billings, of Claremont, N. H., for 
improvements in connecting and disconnecting 
hubs and axles. 
To Joseph Dorvvart, of Morgantown, Pa., for 
improvement in tuyeres. 
To J. S. Gwynne, of New York, N. Y., for im¬ 
provement in rotary pumps. 
To Joseph Harris, Jr., of Boston, Mass., for im¬ 
provement in changing a reciprocating into a rota¬ 
ry motion. 
To G. R. McFarlane, of Hollidaysburg, Pa., 
for improvement in cast iron car wheels. 
To Hugh & James Sangster, of Buffalo, N. 
Y., for improvement in reflectors for street lamps. 
To J. E. Andrews, of Boston, Mass., tor im¬ 
proved steering apparatus. 
1 o John Jones, of Clyde, N. Y., for improve¬ 
ment in carriages. 
1 o S. C. Blodget, of Georgetown, Mass., & 
John A. Lerow, oi Boston, Mass., for improve¬ 
ment in sewing machines. 
WHY MOST RAIN FALLS AT THE EARTH'S 
SURFACE. 
Eds. Rural: — In the last volume of 
the New-Y orxer I read under the head of 
“Rain—Curious Fact”—that the fact that 
rain falls to a greater amount on the sur¬ 
face of the earth than at any given distance 
above it, has never received a satisfactory 
explanation. 
Since the creation, the earth has been 
constantly encircled by a huge mass of gas¬ 
eous matter, called atmospheric air, which 
decreases in density in exact ratio to its dis¬ 
tance above the earth’s surface. The ever 
varying clouds are composed of the vapor 
constantly rising—the lighter particles as¬ 
cending to a greater height thaq the heavier. 
This vapor, when slowly condensed forms 
rain—and when quickly condensed, snow 
or hail. It is evident therefore, that the 
materials which form these are constantly 
rising from the earth’s surface. It is also 
obvious that all that is necessary to prevent 
their formation, is the condensation of the 
vapor as it rises. This can be, and is done 
by the descending rain or snow, and this is 
the cause of the fall of the greater amount 
at or near the surface, from whence the 
vapor rises (as it is then of greater density) 
than at any given distance above. 
Vapor is also condensed by the cool night 
air refreshing all nature with the grateful 
flew. G . c . 
Livonia, N. Y., January, 1351. 
NEW WOODEN EOWL MACHINE. 
Everett’s Wooden Bowl Machine is now 
attracting attention, as being one of the 
most simple and useful inventions of the 
present day. It is an improved machine 
for turning wooden bowls. It is construct¬ 
ed to alter the shape or thickness, and it 
will turn seventy feet of bowls per hour. It 
is easily kept in order, and its simplicity is 
one of its peculiar traits. The Scientific 
American says: 
“ The inventor of this machine is Mr. Ad¬ 
dison Everett, of Middlefield, Mass., who 
secured a patent for the same on the 30th 
of July. He has spent several years in 
in bringing it to its present state of perfec¬ 
tion, and encountered many difficulties, like 
all original inventors. After his machine 
was in operation, as a fixed fact, though not 
abandoned to the public, an inferior machine 
was got up and patented by one of his 
neighbors, which proved to be some obsta¬ 
cle to Mr. Everett’s success, who wisely pur¬ 
chased the whole right, and is now the pro¬ 
prietor of his own patent as well as assignee 
of the other. The machine will supersede 
the tedious process of hand turning, and it 
saves about one-third of the timber; the 
bowls are smooth and not liable to split, 
hard or soft wood can be used. The bowls 
can be made half an inch thick, or any 
thickness required; and as the demand for 
wooden bowls in every part of the world is 
almost unlimited, the use of Mr. Everett’s 
machine will form a profitable item in the 
statistics of o^ir country.” 
Improvement for Bending Carriage 
Springs.— Mr. James Watson, of this city, 
has invented and taken measures to secure 
a patent for an improvement in pressess for 
setting eliptical carriage springs. The way 
to set the spring is to bend one half of the 
spring first, then turn back the feed roller 
by reversing its motion, and set the other 
half of the spring. The improvement of 
Mr. Watson is in the gearing for reversing 
the motion, whereby one half the time is 
is economized in setting a spring and with 
fewer attendants to the machine.— Sci. Am. 
IMPORTANT DISCOVERY. 
Lard Rendered Fluid by Mixing with 
Rosin. —Professor Olmsted, of New Haven, 
has lately made the important discovery 
that, by adding one pound of powdered 
rosin to three pounds of lard, well stirred 
together, the mass becomes semi-fluid at 
72° Fahrenheit, and on being melted, which 
it does at 90°, notwithstanding if melted 
alone the rosin requires 300° and the lard 
97 3 of heat, the compound will remain lim¬ 
pid and transparent at that temperature.— 
As it cools, a pellicle begins to form on the 
suriace, at 87°; and at 76° it remains a 
dense semi-fluid. 
Ihe discovery ot the above named fact 
will he of great importance to those who 
use lard lamps, as the lard is rendered more 
fluid by the rosin, and the power of illumi¬ 
nation increased two-fifths; yet, after two 
hours’ burning, it loses its brilliancy on ac¬ 
count of the wick becoming clogged. This 
will not be. an important objection in fami¬ 
lies, while in point of economy the gain will 
be considerable, for lard is worth three or 
four times as much as rosin. 
To machinists, the discovery is very im- 
]X>rtant, as it enables them to make use of 
lard instead of oil, which is not only a saving 
in cost, but what is of far more importance, 
the addition of the rosin completely neutral¬ 
ises the quality of acidity in the lard, which 
corrodes metals, particularly brass and cop¬ 
per, to such a degree it is unfit to apply to 
anything not in constant use. Professor 
Olmsted says, a thin coating of the com¬ 
pound laid upon a grate or sheet iron stove 
with a brush, as thin as possible, will keep 
it free from rust all summer, although 
stored in a damp place. 
To soap makers, the discovery is also im¬ 
portant. If one pound of the compound is 
is added to two pounds of common Windsor 
soap, the quality is greatly improved, and 
the tendency that soap has to grow rancid, 
when in use or kept moist, is thus entirely 
prevented. A shaving cream of an excel¬ 
lent quality may be made by taking a cake 
of good shaving soap and steaming it soft in 
a close cup and mixing half its weight of 
the compound and working it well together, 
adding a little oil ot almonds or any other 
agreeable flavor. 
The same compound applied to boots and 
shoes renders them nearly impervious to 
water, and if applied to the soles will not 
soil the floor. The uppers will be soft and 
pliable, and not prevented from receiving a 
blacking polish. 
For oiling carriages, the mixture of lard 
and rosin will be valuable; and, when want¬ 
ed for heavy wheels, a proper consistency 
may be given to it by adding wheat flour, 
or, if greatly preferred, black lead. 
No doubt the soap paste above described 
would he a good lubrication for carriage 
wheels. We hope this discovery will in¬ 
crease the consumption of lard, and thereby 
give an improved market to the farmer, and 
thus enable him to turn land into lard, and 
lard into light, and in the meantime enlight¬ 
en his mind and improve his condition.— 
American Agriculturist. 
NEW TUBULAR SUSPENSION BRIDGE. 
The tuoular iron bridge which crosses 
the Menai Straits is a mighty triumph of 
human art, and does great credit to the na¬ 
tion whose name it bears. But Yankee in¬ 
genuity we think is destined to eclipse it 
whenever sufficient financial courage can 
be found to give an opportunity. Mr. Am- 
mi White, a plain, unlettered mechanic of 
New Hampshire, has invented a construc¬ 
tion by which wood will give all the strength 
of iron, with a vastly longer span. By his 
plan a railroad bridge may be thrown across 
the Niagara, or the Ohio at Cincinnati, at a 
single leap. He can span a river 1000 or 
1500 feet in length with towers less than 
200 feet high, with all the safety and more 
than the strength of iron of far less spaa 
A piece of wood will bear more strain for 
its weight before it will pull apart than iron 
will. 
Mr. White takes advantage of this fact 
and constructs stringers by splicing timbers 
in an ingenious manner, so as to hang from 
tower to tower in a catenary curve; to these 
stringers, or between them is suspended a 
wooden tubular structure made of two 
thickness of boards bolted together trans¬ 
versely, keyed fast at both ends. This tub¬ 
ular portion, or rather just the roof of it, 
will be strong enough to support the whole 
structure, and with the stringers it will be 
strong enough not to be more affected by 
the passage of a train, than a fiddle bow 
would be by the passage of a fly over it— 
Mr. White has secured a patent for his in¬ 
vention, and we think it cannot be long be¬ 
fore some of our railroads will test the prac¬ 
ticability of his plan on a large scale.— 
Chronotype. 
Liquid Leather.— Dr. Beruland, of Lar- 
ria, in Germany, is said to have discovered 
a method of making leather out of certain 
refuse and waste animal substances. He 
has established a manufactory near Vienna; 
no part of the process is explained ; but it 
is stated that the substance is at one stage 
in a state of fluidity, and may then be cast 
into boots, shoes, <tc. Such a discovery is 
not improbable. 
