MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL AND FAMILY JOURNAL. 
fX8xi%culiiixal. 
experiments in fruit culture. 
Fribnd Moore:—As the experience of 
every person, however limited, and in what¬ 
ever department of life he may move, would 
be of some value if made public, I will give 
you the result of some small experiments 
which I have been making in fruit culture. 
In the spring of 1849, I procured 12 
seedling apple trees, from 8 to 10 feet high, 
and set them 24 feet apart each way, and 
grafted them the same season, cutting them 
off about 5 feet from the ground—(most 
persons err in this respect, by making the 
trunk of the tree too long and throwing the 
top too high; low trees are preferable in all 
situations, not only on account of gathering 
the fruit, but also to keep the plow from ap¬ 
proaching too closely to the roots,) — leaving 
not a limb upon them, and inserted in each 
one or two scions according to the size of 
the stock. Every scion set, lived and made 
vigorous shoots, from a foot to two feet long, 
the same season. As soon as they were 
growing finely, I cut away the extra scions, 
leaving but one to a tree, and that one on 
the west or south-west side, to guard against 
their being blown off by the heavy winds 
which blow from that quarter. 
Last spring I cut off all the side shoots, 
leaving only the main centre shoot, and as 
new shoots formed through the season I cut 
off all except 4 or 5, such as I wished to 
leave to form the top of the tree. They all 
grew vigorously through the season and are 
in a condition to make fine shaped trees. 
I cannot say that this is the best way to 
start an orchard, but in cases where thrifty 
seedling trees and no others are at hand, it 
is certainly a very good mode, as you can 
procure your scions from leaving trees of 
such varieties and such only as you prefer, 
and thus ensure fruit to your taste. 
The fall would probably be the best time 
to set trees, unless on wet soils, and then 
graft the next spring. From my own ex¬ 
perience, I think all kinds of trees do much 
better when set in the fall than when set 
in the spring. If carefully taken up and 
well set, their growth will be retarded but 
very little. I have had both peaches and 
aprisots bear the first season after setting. 
I am sorry to see so little attention given 
to fruit culture, not by farmers oniy, but by 
land owners generally. The mechanic, the 
merchant or the professional man who owns 
a lot of land, if it be but two rods, should 
plant a few trees of various kinds of fruit. 
The objection that we may never be bene¬ 
fited by it, would be of no force if all would 
plant and cultivate fruit trees. I have oniy 
an acre of land and have occupied it but 
two years, yet have now growing 18 varie¬ 
ties of apples, 15 of peaches, 8 of pears, 7 
of cherries, C of plums 3 of apricots, and 2 
of grapes, besides a variety of small fruts. 
These occupy less than half an acre. 
If we would enjoy the luxuries of life, and 
make our homes attractive and our wives 
and children healthy, contented and happy, 
let us cultivate fruit trees, and at the same 
time not forget the garden. ii. n. w. 
Alabama, N. Y., Feb., 1851. 
RAMBO APPLE. 
The above named variety of apple we 
have had this winter, and it is now in eat¬ 
ing. A more spicy and well flavored fruit j 
we have not seen this season. 
Scions were brought from Maryland by 
the late Col. Wm. Fitzhugii, and grown on 
his farm at or near Geneseo, in whose .orch¬ 
ard many of the rare fruits are now to be 
found. For a dessert apple, it has no su¬ 
perior. Size, small—flesh, tender and juicy 
—color, yellow, with red cheeks when grown 
in the sun. The tree is a good bearer. 
We recommend its general cultivation. 
J. h. w. 
Grafting Wedges. —In cleft-grafting, as 
every grafter knows a good iron or steel 
wedge is wanted, to keep the slit open till 
the graft is inserted,a nd accurately adjust¬ 
ed. One of the largest sized cut-nails or 
cut-spikes, ground to a wedge upon a grind¬ 
stone, has been found one ol the cheapest 
and most convenient for this purpose, the 
head of the nail serving a good purpose in 
withdrawing the wedge.— Alb. Cultivator. 
Fruits changed by Climate. —No de¬ 
terioration of fruits appears to have been 
greater than in American peaches, taken 
to England. Of fifty sorts, from the middle 
and western States, tested at the great 
Chiswick garden, all but two were pronounc¬ 
ed “ worthless.” 
nm 
THE NEW JAM CEDAR. 
(REPRESENTATION OF *A TREE SIX FEET HIGH.) 
The above engraving represents a tree 
six feet high, of this fine variety of foreign 
evergreens. It will be seen that the Japan 
Cedar is of a very graceful form and ele¬ 
gant proportions, and most beautiful orna¬ 
ments for our lawns and pleasure grounds, 
in the season when such trees are their only 
adornment It was introduced into Eng¬ 
land in 1844, by Mr. Fortune, who brought 
the first seeds from the northern part of 
China. 
The accompanying cut and following de¬ 
scription are from the Horticulturist:— 
“ The Japan Cedar, Cryptomeria japon- 
ica, which is nearly allied to the Cypress, 
and as it grows in the north of China, where 
the thermometer sinks nearly to zero, and 
forms large forests on the mountains of Ja¬ 
pan, at the height of more than a thousand 
feet, it follows that it is a hardy evergreen 
in all temperate climates. 
“ The English accounts of this tree state, 
that for beauty and rapidity of growth, it 
has no rivals among hardy evergreen trees. 
In the garden of the London Horticultural 
Society, young trees have grown four feet 
in a single season. It is described by some 
of its admirers as the “ Queen of Evergreen 
Trees.” Its peculiar beauty is in the grace¬ 
ful droop of its branches. It is a great fa¬ 
vorite in China for avenues, growing up 100 
feet high, with a remarkably straight stem, 
and dense and' handsome foliage. The 
-wood is said to be very hard and elastic, 
and “ withstands the most terriffic winds or 
monsoons which sometimes devastate that 
country. It is employed in China for the 
high poles, which are everywhere placed at 
the dwellings of mandarins, to denote their 
rank, where it lasts for ages.” 
« The Japan Cedar is said to be as hardy 
in England as the Deodar Cedar. As the 
latter tree, even in young specimens, has, 
in this country, withstood without injury, a 
winter temperature of 6° below the zero of 
Fahrenheit, we may safely say that the Jap¬ 
an Cedar, or Cryptomeria, will endure the 
winters of the Middle States, and possibly 
those of the Eastern States in proper situ¬ 
ations, i. e. those sheltered from sudden 
thawings in winter. 
“ The soil considered most favorable to 
the growth of this tree, is a sandy loam, 
mixed with some peat or leaf mould. Those 
inclined to plant it where there is doubt of 
its standing the winter, will take care that 
the subsoil is well drained when preparing 
to plant it. 
“This tree, is of course, yet quite scarce 
in this country. Plants may, however, be 
obtained of leading nurserymen. Every 
amateur will be glad to make the trial of a 
tree that promises to add so much to the 
beauty of our lawns and pleasure grounds; 
and we hope, in another season, the Japan 
Cedar, if found quite hardy, will be import¬ 
ed, so as to be afforded at a moderate price 
in our nurseries.- 
Worth Knowing. — How to Preserve 
Paste. —Every man who keeps a scrap-book 
needs to have a little cup of flour paste at 
hand. How can the paste be preserved ? 
A clergyman in Connecticut, told me, a few 
weeks since, that after various experiments, 
he tried putting the paste into an open 
mouthed vial or jar, and covering the sur¬ 
face with tincture of camphor. This was 
perfectly successful. He could at any time 
takeout what he wanted with a little wood¬ 
en spoon, without pouring off the camphor. 
Perhaps the uncamphorated alchohol would 
answer as well, but I should doubt it I 
have not lately met with any little discovery 
of this kind, which has been of more service 
to me, and many of your readers may be 
glad to know of it — Culturist and Qaz. 
The Alphistera. —To one pound of flour 
add half a pound of double refined, well sift¬ 
ed white sugar, four fresh eggs well beaten 
together. Work up the mixture into a 
paste, roll it out very thin, divide it into 
squares, cut it into strips, fry in hot lard to 
a delicate pale brown. The more the strips 
are curled and twisted the better; they 
should look like bunches of ribbons; pow¬ 
der them over with loaf sugar, they are 
then as pretty as nice.— Ohio Cult. 
Blowing out a Candle.—T here is one 
little fact in domestic economy Avhich is not 
generally known, but which is useful as 
saving time, trouble, and temper. If a can¬ 
dle be blown out holding it above you, the 
wick will not smoulder down, and may, 
therefore, be easily lighted again; but if 
blown out downwards, the contrary is the 
case.— Exchange. 
Bread Omelet. —Put into a stew-pan a 
teacup of bread crumbs, a teacup of cream, 
a spoonful of butter, with salt and pepper, 
and nutmeg; when the bread has absorbed 
the cream, break in the eggs, beat them a 
little with the mixture, and fry like plain 
omelet 
To Make Good Corn Griddle Cakes. 
—Take a pint and a half of boiling sweet 
milk or water, stir in meal enough to make 
a thin batter, cool this by adding a little 
cold water, then add a table spoonful of 
yeast, a little flour, and molasses if you like 
it sweet, then again stir in meal, and thick¬ 
en to the consistency of thin batter, let it 
stand fifteen minutes in a warm place to 
rise, and when light stir in a teaspoonful of 
saleratus, and bake quickly. 
Try for yourselves.— Ohio Cultivator. 
Rennet Custard. —Put a piece of ren¬ 
net four inches square into a pint of wine. 
After soaking two or three days it will be 
ready for use. Pour your milk (new milk 
if possible) into a pan, and add a table¬ 
spoonful of the wine to a quart of milk.— 
Stir it well sweeten to the taste, then pour 
it immediately into cups before it curds.— 
Now grate nutmeg oyer the top, and you 
will find it delicious. — Ib. 
Plain Omelet. —Break throe eggs into 
a bowl and beat them until they are of one 
color; add pepper and salt and spread the 
egg very thin in a hot, buttered pan over 
the fire; as soon as the egg begins to set, 
roll it up carefully, by putting a broad-bla- 
ded knife under one edge, and turning over 
and over until it is all folded; serve it hot 
Frying Fresh Fisii.— Never put them 
into cold fat Let the lard, butter, or oil 
be first heated to a degree just short of 
burning, and then plunge in the fish—the 
greater the quantity of fat, and the quicker 
the fish are cooked, the better they will be, 
as they give off their own fat instead of 
absorbing that in which they are cooked. 
i&wljimijc State. 
LIST OF PATENT CLAIMS 
IBSDED FROM THE UHITJED STATKS PATENT OFFICE. 
For the meek ending February 5, 1851. 
To Delamar Kinnear, of Circleville, Ohio, for 
improvement in lard lamps. 
To Wm. M. Storm, of New York, N. Y., for 
improved method of obtaining motive power. 
To B. A. Beardsley, of Watcrville, N. Y., for 
improvement in cooking stoves. 
To T. H. Jones, of Philomath, Ga., for improve¬ 
ment in machines for preparing hides. 
To Enoch Burt, of Manchester, Conn., for im¬ 
provements in fancy check power looms. 
To Leonard Goodrich, of New York, N. Y., 
for improved ship’s light 
To S. 8. Hurlbut, of Racine, Wis., for improve¬ 
ment in grain harvesters. 
To II. G. Thompson of New York, N. Y., for 
improved method of adjusting the packing of rota¬ 
ry engines. 
DESIGNS. 
To S. A. House, of Mechanicsville, N. Y., for 
a Design for cooking stoves, and also a patent for 
a design on pailor stoves. 
AMERICAN DAGUERREOTYPES. 
The superiority of our Daguerreotypes 
over those produced in Europe is known to 
most persons who are familiar with current 
facts in art T. Buchanan Read, a young 
American artist now in Italy, writing to the 
Editor of the Cincinnati Commercial, refers 
to this subject, in a paragraph, which we 
extract He says:—“Previous to leaving 
Cincinnati, I possessed myself of a few da¬ 
guerreotypes, which were taken by Faris 
and Hawkins, and wherever they have been 
seen by artists and others in England, Ger¬ 
many and Italy, they have been pronounced 
to be the finest specimens ever beheld in 
these countries. One, a large plate by Mr. 
Faris, has attracted so much attention and 
admiration, that it is continually lent out 
and passed around as a curiosity, showing 
how far the new world has beaten the old, 
even at her own inventions. A friend of 
mine yesterday exhibited this one to a 
French daguerreotypist in Florence, w r ho 
stared over it with eyes like saucers, and 
shrugged his shoulders up to his ears and 
exclaimed, “Vive l’Amerique!”recognizing 
at a glance that it was not European. He ' 
acknowledged, without any hesitation, that 
he had never seen anything in his line of 
art to compare with it. To be convinced 
of the truth of this, one has only to look at 
the specimens which adorn the show cases 
here; they remind me of those “ half dol¬ 
lar” establishments to be met with so fre¬ 
quently in our eastern cities. I cannot un¬ 
derstand why, in this old world of art, da- 
guerrotyping should be so far inferior to 
what it is in America; nor have I heard 
any satisfactory explanation. The operators 
when they pretend to give any reason, lay 
the blame upon the weather. In London 
this might be a good and sufficient reason; 
but in Italy, especially, the atmosphere can 
scarcely be the sole cause for so much dif¬ 
ference. I am inclined to think that good 
chemists in this country have not, as in ours, 
turned their attention to the subject” 
New Self-Centering and Self-Re¬ 
leasing Lathe. —Mr. Thomas R. Bailey, of 
Lockport, N. Y., lias made a very valuable 
improvement in lathes for concentric turn¬ 
ing, such as l'or broom handles, die., for 
which measures have been taken to secure 
a patent. The live spindle has a sliding 
cone mouth into which the rough material 
; is placed, and the slide spindle has also a 
cone mouth in a line with the other. The 
rough material is placed within these cone 
mouths, and must be centered, as the spin¬ 
dles always bear a fixed relation to one an¬ 
other, and the cone mouths guide the rough 
material to lie in a true central line with 
both spindles. When the slide has run its 
length, it strikes a cam upon the frame, and 
the broom handle, or whatever it may be 
that is turned, is thrown out from the spin¬ 
dles, and drops down. The turning tool 
can be guided by a fixed side pattern to 
turn out many different irregular forms.— 
This lathe is easily attended and is very 
simple. It is a good, new, and useful im¬ 
provement— Sci. American. 
Toast Water. —Very few know how to 
make toast water right Toast the bread 
carefully to a full brown, but not in the least 
burnt If not enough toasted, it will taste 
raw; if too much it will be bitter. Put it 
while hot into cold water, and it will be al¬ 
most immediately ready for use. Boiling 
water renders it insipid. 
AIR, STEAM AND WATER ENGINE. 
This invention of Mr. Black, described 
and illustrated in former numbers of the 
Farmer & Mechanic , seems in all experi¬ 
ments which have been made with it to be 
perfectly successful Messrs. Coons & Ai¬ 
ken, the assignees of the patent, have con¬ 
structed one on a larger scale, which was 
exhibited and put in operation at Albany 
recently, in the presence of some two or 
three hundred spectators. The editor of 
the Knickerbocker, who was present, after 
describing the arrangements of the machine 
remarks: 
“ In the experiments which we witness¬ 
ed, (which was only a temporary arrange¬ 
ment,) three of the four jets emitted very 
little steam if any at all, and to the surprise 
of all present, a single jet of steam but an 
eighth of an inch in diameter, caused that 
massive wheel (weighing 1,600 lbs.) to re¬ 
volve at the rate of thirty to thirty-five rev¬ 
olutions per minute, and no two men pres¬ 
ent were able to check the motion in the 
least We were informed by the proprie¬ 
tors of this patent that they have several 
smaller engines in operation, and they all 
work admirably. 
“ This invention, we think, must produce 
a complete revolution in all stationary mo¬ 
tive power. The remarkable simplicity of 
its entire construction, its neat and beauti¬ 
ful appearance, its safety, and its adaptation 
to all the various uses which power may 
be applied, together with its low price and 
durability, must soon give it a preference 
over every other engine in the market Of 
its simplicity our readers may judge, when 
we state, that any person of ordinary capa¬ 
city, whether a mechanic or not, needs but 
an hour’s instruction to make him fully 
competent to manage the whole of tha ma¬ 
chinery. 
“ This machine will, when completed, be 
placed in our press-room, and taught to turn 
oneof Hoe’s mammoth presses. When ready 
for company, we shall announce the same, 
when the public will have a bettor chance 
of understanding the wonder than any writ¬ 
ten description can possibly enable them to 
do at present.” — JV. Y. Farm, and Meek. 
PROGRESS OF A POUND OF COTTON. 
The following is an account of the travels 
of a pound of manufactured American cot¬ 
ton : “ The cotton was sent from the Uni¬ 
ted States to London ; thence to Manches¬ 
ter, where it was spun into yarn; thence to 
Paisley, where it was woven; next to Ayre- 
shire, to be tamboured; and then to Dum¬ 
barton, where it was hand sewed. It was 
then again sent to Paisley; whence it was 
conveyed to a distant part of Renfrew to be 
bleached, and then returned to Paisley. It 
was afterwards sent to Glasgow and finish¬ 
ed ; and from Glasgow it was taken to Lon¬ 
don. From its shipment in America, till 
its arrival in the London warehouse, it must 
have journeyed 3,000 miles by sea, and 920 
by land. Its value was increased by the 
processes of the manufacturer 2,000 per 
cent.; whilst no less than 150 persons were 
engaged in its carriage and preparation.” 
IMPROVED EURNING FLUID CAN. 
Mr. John Cask, of Philadelphia, has in- 
ted and taken measures to secure a patent 
for an improvement in cans for containing 
burning fluid, such as camphene, phosgene, 
&c., to prevent explosions of the cans by 
ignition. The object is to prevent atmos¬ 
pheric air entering into the interior of the 
can; and also a plan for breaking the con¬ 
tinued connexion oetween the inside and 
outside. There are two spouts—the one 
delivering the fluid to a small outside cham¬ 
ber, in which is the spout descending to the 
lower end of the said small chamber, to de¬ 
liver the fluid to the lamp. Owing to the 
way this is made, the inner end of the out¬ 
side spout is surrounded with the fluid, 
while the delivering end of the tube, com¬ 
ing from the inside of the can, is not, but 
is separated from the outside air by the fluid 
in the bottom of the small chamber into 
which the outside dips. This, it is alleged, 
will prevent explosions in this fluid can. 
— Sci. American. 
Improvement in Carding Cylinders.—■ 
James Greaves, of Baldwinsville, Or.on. Co., 
N. Y. t has made an improvement in the con¬ 
struction of rollers for picking wool, where¬ 
by they arc made cheaper than heretofore. 
He runs a composition of lead and zinc 
around an iron.roller of suitable size to about 
l-£ inches in thickness. After this, punched 
sheet iron is wrapped around the whole, 
and steel wires are driven into the holes 
with a bossing punch. The wire can be 
sharpened before being driven in by this 
method. The teeth may be perfectly point¬ 
ed with a file after being driven in.— Ib. 
Leather Cloth. —A new article of boots 
and shoes has just come up in England.— 
It is called the Panama Corium, the leather 
cloth, and was invented by a person named 
Hull. The material is cotton, but has the 
mass and general appearancce of leather, 
and rece ives a polish from ordinary black¬ 
ing, and in the same way. It is used only 
for the upper, the sole being leather. It is 
said to be as durable as leather, never cracks 
or splits, and possesses the advantage of not 
drawing the foot— Sci. Am. 
.VARNISHES. 
Mastic Varnish for Pictures or Draw ¬ 
ings. —To every quart of spirits of turpen¬ 
tine put one pound and a quarter of the 
cleanest gum mastic, set it in a sand-bath 
till it is all dissolved, then strain it through 
a fine sieve, and it is ready for use; if too 
thick, you may thin it with spirits of turpen¬ 
tine. 
For Varnishing Leather. —Especially of 
delicate colors, the following is recommend¬ 
ed:—Six parts of oil of turpentine, satura¬ 
ted with caoutchouc, two parts of copal, and 
two parts of oil of rosemary.—This varnish 
should be applied somewhat fluid, and al¬ 
ways dried at a high temperature. 
Turpentine Varnish. —To one gallon of 
spirits of turpentine add five pounds of clear 
rosin pounded; put it in a tin can, on a stove, 
and let it boil for half an hour; when the 
rosin is all dissolved, let it cool, and it is fit 
for use.— Farmer & Mechanic. 
