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MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL AND FAMILY JOURNAL. 
ilurtinUHtrul. 
FRUIT CULTURE. - GRAFTING.—MANURING. 
Eds. Rural:— There seems to be at w q 
present a great stir in matters pertaining ma 
to the cultivation of fruit, and I find that it de{ 
is not confined to any particular class, but j^y 
nearly all who own land enough for trees the 
to take root in, seem to teel interested in p )e( 
the subject. Also farmers throughout the ^ 
whole land are engrafting their old trees, ha! 
which in somQ cases have stood half a cen- for 
tury in a profitless state, not adding one m£ 
dollar to the income of the owner in that g n 
length of time, and which,—if they had goi 
been engrafted while young, would have _ 
been a source of yearly profit, and occupied 
no more land and requred no more care 
than has been bestowed upon these com¬ 
mon trees. 
But there is a different notion prevailing 
now;-none but the best varieties of trees 
are wanted, and only the leading kinds, 
such as there is a demand for in the 
market, are being grafted by those who 
have taken pains to inform themselves. I 
think that this fruit growing will run into a 
sort of mania, something like the multi" 
caul us, yet will not end in such a disaster, 
but be conducive of lasting good: and these 
trees which are being set in such quantities * 
will last for generations to come. I have 
heard the remark made that the amount of 
fruit raised would not be consumed, but 
we need not borrow trouble on that ac¬ 
count, for by the time that these trees come 
into full bearing the number of people will 
be double to what now exists. 
At a time when less was known about 
the qualities of apples, trees were engraft¬ 
ed with such varieties as were supposed to 
be good, but on trial were not such as 
meet with ready sale, or were deficient in the 
qualities which constitute a first rate fruit. 
All such trees should be re-grafted, because 
it is only the standard varieties that pay for 
the cost of raising so that a real profit can 
be realized. A farmer might, for instance, 
grow a thousand bushels of fail apples, 
such as are most common, and except for 
feeding to stock, he will never realize a sin¬ 
gle dollar in the way that they are com¬ 
monly managed, as tne labor expended, 
either in making them into cider or in the 
process of drying them, will amount to more 
than can be realized from the sale. But let 1 
these trees bear such varieties as the Bald- ( 
win, Swaar, Northern Spy, Seek-no-further, f 
Spitzenburg, Roxbury Russett, Fall Pippin, t 
R. I. Greening, King apple, and the amount ( 
; in cash which would be credited to the 1 
: farm from the sale of this fruit would be 1 
| quite an item. I speak of this more par- , 
> t cularly because I would like to impress | 
5 upon the minds of our farmers the impor- : 
) tance of being more systematic in the man- ! 
\ a crement of their orchards; first to make up ; 
’ their minds what varieties will sell the best 
j in market, and such as will bear the best 
' crops, or are suited to the locality of the 
> owner. All these are to be taken into con- 
: sicjferation. 
; , As to the manner of grafting, the sub- 
> ject has been fully discussed, but I wil] 
; venture a few remarks. Never set a botch 
\ to work at your trees, at any price. It is 
> better to employ a man who is a judge of 
> f ru it and a master of his business, for it 
; should be the pride of every farmer to 
) have his orchard make a good appearance, 
> and no branch of farming business will 
) have so pleasing an effect upon the passer 
; by, as its neatness and regularity. I have 
! seen hundreds of fine apple trees ruined by 
) being unskillfully grafted, and presented 
■ ever after a sad lesson to pretending quacks 
i —at least such would be the case it they 
; could appreciate the injury that they in- 
\ flicted. 
\ It should be the aim in grafting to put 
> more or less grafts in eveiy large limb, as 
) the large branches cannot be cut off with' 
j out causing an injury to the tree by the 
( decay which is the consequence of making 
l these large wounds. It should also be the 
• aim to form as large a top as possible, be- 
\ cause the larger the top the more fruit the 
> tree will be capable of producing; one cab- 
• bage-shaped tree top is worth a dozen skel- 
> etons. 
\ All of our orchards need a bountiful sup- 
! ply of manure. In most cases the tiees do 
) not receive this, but crop after crop is ta¬ 
il ken off in the shape of some kind of grain 
besides what is taken up by the trees them 
selves. In speaking of manure I do not 
mean wholly such as is made in the barn¬ 
yard, but muck, sods, leached ashes, lime, 
and leaves from the woodi—all of which 
will be beneficial; and especially vegetable 
matter should be applied where there is a 
deficiency in the soil, which may be known 
by its lean appearance, such as is generally 
the case with the tops of hills where it has 
been washed away by exposure to rains, or 
the hi h temperature of the soil in summer 
has caused it to decay and vanish. In our 
forests all leaves and decaying wood furnish 
materials for the new growth of trees, and 
great quantities of these mixed with the 
soil, and other circumstances favorable, will 
produce a wonderful luxuriance. The same 
will be the effect with apple trees by the 
application of these substances, as they will 
enter largely into the building up of the 
woody structure. 
When trees have become stunted from 
neglect, they can be renovated by high 
manuring and planting to some crop which 
is to be hoed during the season of growth. 
By continuing this mode of culture for 
a few years, a change for the better will 
come over the trees, which will be surpris¬ 
ing, while the crop grown on the ground, 
either in corn, potatoes or beans, will pay 
the expense of manuring and other labor 
expended. L H - 
Big Stream Point, Y. N., April, 1 S 51 . 
ititc. 
PHENOMENA OF FLAME 
LIST OF PATENT CLAIMS 
ISSUED FROM THE UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 
For the week ending April 15, 1851. 
To C. A. Broquette, of Ruy Neuve, St. Nicho- 
olas, St. Martin, France, for improvement in ma¬ 
terial for transferring colors in calico printing.— 
The principal phenomena of flame are 
well exhibited by a large gas-flame bur¬ 
ning from a wide orifice. It presents a 
hollow cone, the heat and light of which 
are confined to its exterior surface. A cross 
section of such a flame exhibits a ring of 
light enclosing, like a shell, a central unin- 
flamtd core, out of which an inflammable 
leriai lor uuuaieiiui" luiuio h* r . u 
Patented in France, April 1,1849; in England vapor may be drawn by a tube inserted 
A ril 01 into it, and again kindled at the extremity 
‘ To John Buckingham & J. LI. Baird, of Wat- of the tube. A flame may be very hot 
ertown, Conn., (assignors to the Scoville Manu¬ 
facturing Co.,) for improved milling tool. 
without being proportionately luminous. 
The flame of hydrogen, for instance, is scare > 
cumilff CO., ] mr Iiupiovcu mmn.g -— J • , . . , , , 
To E. T. Hanon Valcke, of Paris, France, for ly visible in day-light, but its heat may be 
improvement in mill stones. 
To John Krauser, of Reading, Pa., for improve¬ 
ments in iron railings. 
To It. F. Loper & John W. Nystrom, of Phila¬ 
delphia, Pa., for improvements in the steam en¬ 
gine. 
shown by placing in it a wire of platinum, 
which immediately acquires a white heat, 
and emits abundance of light. 
The light of all flames is of similar origin 
and depends upon solid matter ignited and 
rendered glowing by the heat of the flame. 
To J S. Marsh, of Lewisburgh, Pa., for im- Thus, if magnesia, or lime, in fine powder, 
provement in cooking stoves. be projected into the flame of hydrogen, the 
I ToS.S. Putnam, of Boston, Mass., for improve- brightness of the flame is immediately la¬ 
ment in window curtain fixtures. 
To John W. Robbins, of Camden, Ohio, for im¬ 
provement in setting logs in saw mills. 
To A. D. Spoor, of Troy, N. Y., for improve¬ 
ment in agitating grate bars. 
creased. All common flames, as those of 
toal-gas, wax and tallow-candles, &c., owe 
their brightness to minutd particles of char¬ 
coal. When flames are cooled, they are at 
the same time extinguished. Hence a 
To Andrew Dennison, of Brunswick, Me., for flame may, as it were, be cut in two by a 
machines for cutting out the corners and scouring piece of wire gauze held horizon tally across 
the edges of paper for boxes. Ante-dated April 4, it. In this case the smoke, gas, or vapor 
1851. S and charcoal, go through, but, being cooled 
To Samuel Avery, of. Phoenix, N. Y., for im- by their passage through the gauze, they 
provement in apparatus for operating window-blind cannot inflame; yet by applying a flame to 
slats. this smoke it may again be kindled. Thus 
To II. Hoffman & C. F. Hill, of New York, the upper portion of the flame may be 
N. Y., for improvement in ornamenting marble, burned, while the inflammation of the lower 
To D. G. Littlefield, of Lowell, Mass., for im- balf is prevented by the interposed cooling 
provement in cooking stoves. medium. 
N. Y., for improvement in ornamenting marble. 
To D. G. Littlefield, of Lowell, Mass., for im¬ 
provement in cooking stoves. 
To John & Win. W. Wood, of Conshohocken, 
Pa., for improvement in the process of manufac- IMPROVEMENT IN CARRIAGE WHEEL HUBS, 
luring glazed sheet iron. 
DES1GNS . We would call attention to an improve- 
To D Arnold, of Providence, R. I., for design ment on Carriage Wheel Hubs, secured by 
for cooking stoves. patent on the 1st inst, to the mventor. 
To John Abendrotli, of Port Chester, N. Y., for Simeon Ileywood, of Claremont, JN. H. It 
design for cooking stoves. is a neat and useful improvement, and by a 
HIGH BUSH BLACKBERRY. 
BLACKBERRIES. 
Tiih subject of cultivating the wild high Y 
bush blackberry, has been lately suggested 
by some of your cotemporaries. It is a c 
fine fruit—is considered healthy—even es¬ 
teemed medicinal by many. Its culture j 
therefore would meet general favor, especial- f 
ly if it might, like the strawberry and rasp- t 
berry, improve in its good qualities by gen¬ 
erous husbandry. Large quantities of the { 
field blackberry are generally brought into * 
market, at the proper season. And occa¬ 
sionally a sample is offered, of a decidedly , 
superior quality. Now I advise the culture , 
of this fruit; and recommend, when a bush - 
producing a berry of superior size and fla- ( 
vor is discovered, that it be marked, and at 
the proper time be transferred to the gar¬ 
den, and cultivated with care. I see no 
reason to doubt, that a large, wholesome, 
and rich berry can thus be obtained. 
I have had the promise of a farmer, 
whose friends reside in New Jersey, to 
brin<r me from that State, a few vines of a 
splendid blackberry, the botanical name of 
which I do not know, but the berry is very 
large—glossy, raven black—tender, melting 
and luscious. In size, quite superior to the 
common sort—the bulbs or protuberances 
on the berry, are fewer in number, and 
much larger than on the common berry— 
very glossy, and full of rich juice. I have 
never seen it in this State—and know of it 
only in New Jersey and Connecticut. In 
my younger days, I knew it by the name 
of “ dew berry,” or “ low-bush blackberry.” 
If I recollect right, it was a vine, lying up¬ 
on the ground, not unlike the longer vines 
of the raspberry. If this sort could now be 
i found and obtained, and would bear culti- 
; vation, and improve under its influence, it 
: would excel in concentrated richness, any 
• of the small fruits. e. d. 
: Remarks. —We fully concur with oures- 
■ teemed correspondent in regard to the lus- 
' ciousness of the blackberry and its desira¬ 
bleness as a garden fruit. The pleasure 
- enjoyed in gathering and partaking of this 
j most admirable and healthy berry, during 
- the days of our boyhood, is remembered as 
a one of the happiest of rural pastimes—and 
if it can be successfully cultivated in the 
garden, we propose to re-enact a few scenes 
in early life. The blackberry is a sponta¬ 
neous production of the New England 
States, and is said to be successfully culti¬ 
vated by a few amateurs in the vicinityof 
Boston. If any of our readers possess in¬ 
formation relative to its garden culture, we 
trust they will furnish us the same. 
In this connection the accompanying cut 
and following remarks from Hovey’s Maga¬ 
zine of Horticulture will p* ve interesting: 
“ Tiie blackberry is likely to become one 
of the most esteemed of the smaller fruits. 
Since the introduction of the improved 
variety, about six or seven years ago—of 
I which we have heretofore given several ac¬ 
counts, and whose cultivation has been so 
well detailed in our last volume, by Capt 
Lovett, of Beverly, who has been one of 
the most successful growers of the fruit— 
it has been very generally disseminated; 
and, the past year, many remarkably fine 
specimens were exhibited before the Mas¬ 
sachusetts Horticultural Society. 
The liberal premiums offered for this 
fruit, by the Society, have had the good ef¬ 
fect of producing very general competition; 
and so superior have been some of the speci- 
10 Joan iiuenuruin, ui *•>*''* - j ' , , 
design for cooking stoves. is a neat and useful improvement, and by a 
__ simple contrivance converts the wheel into 
WHITEWASHING. its own wrench for turning on or off the 
- screw-nut which confines the hub upon the 
As the time is now at hand for white- ax j e The mechanism employed is a dog 
washing on a large scale, we will give a au( j S p r i n g, both being enclosed in a close 
receipt which is the best known for out- me t a i cap°which covers the outer end of 
houses. Take half a bushel of good un- t ^ e hub, and excludes all dirt. The dog is 
slacked lime, slack it with boiling water and 0 p era ted from the outside by means of a 
keep it covered during the slacking process. commun screw-driver, and when turned in 
Strain the liquid through a seive, and add one direction, catches thp nut in such a 
a peck of clean salt dissolved in warm water, manner that it willbe turiWd off by turning 
and three pounds of boiled rice or wheat the wheel in the same direction. The same 
paste and half a pound of dissolved glue, 0 p era tion reversed will turn the nut on and 
Add five gallons of water to this mixture, secure the wheel; the dog may then be 
and it is best to put it on hot, but in that turned to a position midway, between the 
case use only old brushes, or make allow- a b ove> where it will be securely retained by 
ance for the spoiling of them. the S p r i n o-, and the wheel be left free to 
It has been found. that our dry winds revo lve. — Sci. American. 
bite off, as it were, more of the whitewash___ 
than do rains. The salt is to obviate this Novel Planing, Tongueing and Groov- 
evil. For whitewashing the interior of ING Machine. —We have seen a Planing 
dwellings, do not use any salt, as it absorbs Machine of a novel character, invented by 
moisture, and to the above lime, add about ^ ^ Wood, of Albany, and manufactured 
two pounds of Spanish whiting. It makes ^ Messrs. White & Wood, which operates 
il ,d mViito mnr o rl.P.n.V lookinD' it a little indi- ... .1 _Tritinlrin nrpi>i«iplv tlifi Riime. 
above, where it will be securely retained by 
the spring, and the wheel be left free to 
mens—so much larger than when first ex¬ 
hibited, evidently showing what care and 
attention will do for this as well as other 
fruits—that the Society have deemed it 
advisable to offer a high prize for a seed¬ 
ling, with the hope of still further improve¬ 
ment , for, although what few attemps have 
been made in this way have not been at¬ 
tended with very favorable results, there is 
still good reason to believe that it will yield 
to the ameliorating influences of cultivation, 
as well as the strawberry, the gooseberry, 
or the raspberry. 
Our engraving represents a single cluster 
of the blackberry, of the ordinary size, under 
good cultivation. Several of the berries ex¬ 
hibited by Capt. Lovett, C. E. Grant, and 
other amateurs, the past season, measured 
one and a half inches in length. 
We can commend the blackberry to all 
lovers of fine fruit, as one which should in 
no case escape their attention. A dozen 
vines, when well established, will yield suf¬ 
ficient fruit for an ordinary family. For its 
cultivation we would refer to the article of 
Capt. Lovett, above mentioned; merely 
remarking that the berries should be allowed 
to get fully mature before they are gathered; 
otherwise much of their excellence is lost. 
They will drop from the stem, upon the 
I least touch, when they are quite ripe.” 
the white more clear looking it a little indi- 0Q t he board or plank in precisely the same 
go is squeezed through a cloth amongst it. raanner a s a common hand plane. The 
Amongst the lime, Spanish brown or ochre j an h or board to be planed is stationary, 
mav be stirred to make a colored lime paint. and t he knives, four or more in number, 
The sulphate of iron .(copperas) makes a are p r eceded by a set of gouges which clear 
buff color; the sulphate of copper, (blue the face of it. * They are both set in a frame 
vitriol) a blueish color. which is attached to the piston of a steam 
--- cylinder, by the motion of which the knives 
Self-adjusting Curtain Fixture. —A are forced back and forward over the face 
curtain fixture of a peculiar construction 0 f the board, which is planed by a single 
has recently been invented by Mr. S. S. forward stroke of the piston. The tongue- 
Putnam, of Boston, the object of which is j n g an d grooving is done by a series of chis- 
to obvidte the inconvenience of using tacks 0 r cutters set in the same frame and at 
in fastening the curtain to tue roller. The the same motion of the piston, pe: forming 
method invented by Mr. P. is, to cut a its work in the most perfect and speedy 
o-roove lengthwise in the roller, into which manner. It is certainly the most simple, 
a bar of corresponding size is adjusted, expeditious and efficient planing machine 
The upper end of the curtain is laid in the that we have seen.— Far. and Mech. 
groove and pressed in by a bar which is -- 
secured at each end by means of a tenor Improvement in Forge Fires. —Mr. A. 
and slot at one end and a knob embracing g. Beadleston, of Ausable Forks, Essex Co., 
the bar at the other. In this invention the N. Y., has made a valuable improvement 
necessity of balances and cords are avoided j n the construction of forges, for which he 
by the use of movable pivots at the ends of has taken measures to secure a patent. In 
the roller, which are pressed outwards by connection with any forge fire used in the 
• ii* * _1 a l T „ t* i . C io nlonnrl 
coiled wire springs, and the points intro¬ 
duced into the orifices of the window cas- 
manufacture of wrought iron, there is placed 
an oven between the fire and the chimney; 
ing. When the pressure is removed the this oven is heated with hot air and the 
pivot is ejected outwards, causing a friction ignited gases proceeding from the fire. This 
which will keep the roller in any position, oven is for charring the ore previous to its 
without balance weights or cords. The fix- being introduced into the forge fire. It is 
ture can be used with or without brackets, s0 situated that the ore can be properly 
and is both neat and convenient introduced into it and moved directly from 
--—--- it into the fire. The object of the invention 
Improvfd Harvesting Machines. —Mr. is to save time and fuel by employing heat, 
George H. Rugg, of South Ottowa, La which otherwise is wasted, bci. Am. 
Salle Co., Ill., has taken measures to secure —--; 
a patent for valuable improvements in har- New Roofing. —A gentleman in Eng- 
sane UO., ill., lias iukcii mca&uicb ig bvjttii c 
a patent for valuable improvements in har- New Roofing. —A gentleman in Eng- 
vesting machines—grain reapers. The ma- land intends to cover a, large barn, 110 feet 
chinery is so arranged that the driver while long and 28 feet wide, on his farm at 
sitting in his seat can work a lever with his Heavitree, with a glass roof, after the mo- 
knees and move a guide roller and the ma- del of the palace of glass. The expense 
chinery in any direction. The cutter or will not be above two-thirds of the cost of 
sickle can also be tightened by the driver slate, and he anticipates several advantages 
while sitting in his seat, and the fingers for from the novel roof; among others, it may 
(Gathering in the grain or grass are so shaped be applied to the drying corn during a 
and combined with rivets, that they never catching harvest. The corn can be placed 
clog. These improvements are allowed in the barn immediately upon being reaped, 
to be of considerable importance.— Sci. Am. by which means it will have the benefit of 
__ - the sun when it shines, be protected from 
Gold, by hammering, may be rendered the showers, and also, dried by artificial 
so thin that 282,000 leaves must be placed heat, if required. He will next sow the 
upon each other to produce the thickness land with turnip or rape, and so get three 
of an inch. crops in one year. 
