MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL AND FAMILY JOURNAL. 
SEASONABLE HINTS. 
> _ 
If you wish to raise the earliest vegeta¬ 
bles, or get the best growth possible in any 
. annual plant, be sure to use well rotted 
manure. The chemists may say what they 
please about the loss of ammonia and the 
gases, and what they say about the actual 
waste in letting manure rot before using it, 
is true enough, doubtless. But setting that 
aside, practice has told me, time and again, 
that 1 can get a crop of peas four or five 
days earlier than my neighbors, in the same 
soil, by using manure a year old, and quite 
fine, when they use it almost as fresh as 
when it first comes from the stable. The 
fact is, fresh manure is like corned beef and 
cabbage—very hearty food, but requiring a 
strong stomach. Annuals of moderate 
growth, like something easier of digestion. 
As all old gardeners know this by constant 
trial, you can no more beat the value of rot¬ 
ted manure out of their heads, than you 
can make an elder bush bear white berries, 
by scolding it 
II you find some of your transplanted 
trees flagging, and looking as if they were 
going to say good bye to you, don't imagine 
you can save them by pouring manure wa¬ 
ter about their roots. YoTi might as well 
give a man nearly dead with debility and 
starvation, as much plum pudding as he 
could make a hearty meal of. The best 
thing you can do is, first to reduce the top 
a little more, (or a good deal more if need¬ 
ful)—for the difficulty most probably is, 
that we have more top to exhaust than root 
to supply. Then loosen the soil, water 
it if dry, and lastly, mulch the ground as 
far as the roots extend. This you may do 
by covering it with three or four inches of 
straw, litter, tan-bark, or something of that 
sort, to keep the roots cool and moist—so 
as to coax them into new growth. Water¬ 
ing a transplanted tree every day, and let¬ 
ting the surface dry hard with the sun and 
wind, is too much like basting a joint of 
meat before the kitchen fire, to be looked 
upon as decent teatment for anything living. 
If your tree is something rare and curious, 
that you are afraid will die, and would not 
loose for the world, and yet that won’t start 
out in spite of all your wishes, syringe the 
bark once every night after sun-set. This 
will freshen it, and make the dormant buds 
shoot out. 
If you find any of your fruit trees bar¬ 
ren, from too great running to wood, about 
the first of June is the time to shorten back 
the long shoots, and clip or punch off the 
ends of the side shoots, so as to force the 
tree to expend its substance in making fruit 
buds, instead of wasting every bit of sap in 
overgrowth. — An Old Digger, in Horticul¬ 
turist. 
INSECTS ON TREES. 
A subscriber of Clarksboro’, N. J. is in¬ 
formed that the common bark louse is eas¬ 
ily and effectually destroyed by washing 
the trees with a solution of potash and wa¬ 
ter, or ley of ashes. 
The leaf insect to which he alludes is on¬ 
ly more difficult to destroy, on account of 
of its position under the curled leaves. A 
suds of whale oil soap and water, or tobacco 
boiled in water, will soon end their destruc¬ 
tive career. It should be applied with a 
syringe or brush, so as to reach all the in¬ 
sects. It may be necessary to repeat the 
operation, especially after rainy weather.— 
These insects are not mentioned in any fruit 
books to my knowledge. The Wooly Aphis 
is the most destructive insect to the apple 
tree yet known, There appears to be two 
kinds. The native ere more harmless. The 
foreign kind are. more destructive, and are 
seldom seen in this country, except on im¬ 
ported trees. It is a small white downy 
insect, lodged in the crevices and crotches 
of the tree. Sulphuric acid of the shops, 
three-quarters of an ounce diluted with 
seven and a half ounces of water, will de¬ 
stroy them. Be careful-of your skin and 
clothing in using the acid. 
“A Subscriber” is mistaken in supposing 
that the leaf insects are the young of the 
ant. If he will take the trouble to visit the 
ant’s nest, he will discover that they are en¬ 
veloped in a tough case of the size of 
the full grown ant, and are perfectly devel 
oped when they first come to light,' by- 
bursting their prison-house doors. Why 
they are attracted to these lice I cannot 
tell, unless it is to obtain their eggs for food, 
which I think very probable .—Dollar 
Newspaper. 
Mulching Gooseberries. —The English 
gooseberry has always hitherto mildewed 
here: and I have been familiar with bushes 
of the best sorts for many years, without ev¬ 
er being able to gather any perfect fruit 
l have lately mulched some old bushes, 
which had hitherto borne this worthless 
fruit. I covered the surface of the ground 
under them a foot deep with wet, half-rot¬ 
ten straw, extending this mulching as the 
branches grew. 
Imagine my delight at finding the goose¬ 
berries on the bushes so mulched, ripening 
off finely, the fruit twice as large as I have 
ever seen it before, and quite fair and free 
from mildew. — Horticulturist. 
CULTURE OF ANNUAL FLOWERS. 
To succeed well in this, there are a few 
points that should be well considered: — 
1 . The ground must be deep, rich, and 
mellow, of such texture as not to harden 
or bake with the rain and drouhgt. When 
the seeds are sown, it must be as finely 
pulverized as it is possible to be; because 
the seeds are gent rally small, and r i t u e 
a very light, even covering, which can only 
be given in a fine soil. When hard, stiff, 
or lumpy, the seeds get buried too deep' and 
beyond the reach of a sufficient quantity of 
air, and heat, or they are exposed to an ex 
cess of air, and either do not germinate or 
perish during the process. Richness is in¬ 
dispensable, if a luxuriant growth and bril¬ 
liant large flowers are wanted, and this 
especially for the more robust species. 
For succulent plants, such as the portulac- 
cas and mesembryanthemums, a dry, poor 
soil, will do well enough. They derive a 
great portion of their nutriment from the 
serial gases. Bah m- and coxcombs in 
particular, require high feeding, and there¬ 
fore a rich, deep soil. 
2 . The seeds must be sown at a favorable 
lime. If put in the ground too early, they 
rot from the want of sufficient heat to effect 
the process of germination and assist their 
growth. We generally succeed best by 
sowing in the open border, about the first 
to the middle of May, and generally the 
latter. If the weaklier be very dry, water 
must be applied in the evening through a 
fine rose of a watering pot. Heat, air, mois¬ 
ture, are the great agents of vegetation. 
3. Transplanting. Many things do well 
by being sown where they are to bloom— 
the nemophilas, portulaccas, mesembryan¬ 
themums, and mignonette, for example; 
but the better way in .general is to sow the 
seeds in a well prepared border, and trans 
plant them into their permanent situation, 
when an inch or two in height. This should 
be done in a moist, dark day, or evening. 
The earth being wet, adheres to the roots, 
and especially if taken out with the point 
of a trowel. 
4. Arrangement. Where they are scat¬ 
tered along a narrow border or walk, the 
arrangement requires little skill; but when 
they are grouped in beds or figures on a 
lawn, care should be taken to place the tal¬ 
lest in the center, having the dwarfs or 
lowest at the edge. They should not be 
crowded, each plant should have space 
enough alloited it to obtain its full natuial 
habit and dimension, as nothing looks more 
confuted or di agreeable than a crowded 
mass of promiscuous flowers. A mass of 
verbenas, or dwarf phloxes, may run into 
each other with propriety; but different 
species should be seen distinctly and sepa¬ 
rately.— Genesee Farmer. 
iUccljumc %ci&, 
CLEANSING CIDER BARRELS. 
Mr. Editor :—Dr. Rodgers’ notes on 
cleansing wine casks reminded me of the 
method practiced by my father with his 
cider barrels in days of yore, which may 
be useful to some of your readers. After 
trying many ways, burning a sulphur match 
n the barrel, Ac., he found he could 
cleanse them perfectly by the following 
method. After using the cider he would 
wash them out and then lay them upon 
sticks in his cellar with the bung downward 
and the tap hole in the end open; the draft 
of air through the barrel would render the 
musty casks sweet in a short time. This 
would doubtless answer the same purpose 
in wine, vinegar, or any other casks, and is 
so simple and easily done that it recom¬ 
mends itself to all. Yours, 
Greece, N. Y., F. W. L. 
Beef Tea. —Boil a pound of tender, juicy 
beef ten minutes, salt and pepper it, cut it 
in small pieces, pour on a pint of boiling 
water, steep it half an hour, and then pour 
it off to drink. Another way is slower, but 
better. Cut the beef in small pieces, fill 
a junk bottle with them, and keep it five 
hours in boiling water. Then pour out, 
and season the ju'ce thus obtained. 
Vegetable Poisons. —Almost every far- 
is more or less troubled with poison ivy, su¬ 
mach, parsnip, and the like. After try¬ 
ing a great variety of remedies, I have found 
that a poultice made of buckwheat flour 
and buttermilk, with a piece of blue vitriol 
the size of a pea, pulverised and dissolved, 
added to the mixture, has had the happy 
effect of removing the trouble and effecting 
a cure in a short time.— E. S. Fox. 
Rice Jelly. —Make a thin paste of two 
ounces of rice flour, and three ounces of 
loaf sugar; and boil them in a quart of water 
till transparent. Flavor with rose, orange, 
or cinnamon water. It can be made also 
by boiling whole rice long and slowly. A 
pinch of salt improves it. 
A grain of blue vitriol will tinge a gal- 
o o 
Ion of water, so that in every drop the color 
may be seen. 
LIST OF PATENT CLAIMS 
ISSUED FKOSl THE UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 
For the wvek ending May 6, 1851. 
To Linus Yale, Jr., of Newport, N. Y., for im¬ 
proved lock and key. 
To Thomas Vaiiderslice, of Valley Forge, Pa., 
for improvement in meat-cutting machines. 
To Charles Burt, of Belfast, Me., for exploding 
harpoon. 
To J R. St. John, of New York, N. Y., (as¬ 
signor to James Renwick, G. F. Barnard and E. 
B. St. John,) for improvement in hand-logs. 
To Nelson Goodyear, of New York, N. Y., for 
improvement in the manufacture of India rubber. 
To J. R. Kain and Spencer Lewis, of TiiFin, 
Ohio, for improvement in bedstead fastening. 
To J. A. Cutting, of Philadelphia, Pa., for im¬ 
proved spark arrester. 
To Nelson Newinan, of Cincinnati, Ohio, for 
improvement in pumps. 
To R. E. Schroeder, of Rochester, N. Y., for 
improvement in lime kilns. 
To John Gorrie, of New Orleans, La., for im¬ 
proved process for the artificial production of ice. 
Ante-dated Aug. 22, 1859. 
To Florentin Joseph de Cavaillon, of Paris, 
France, fof improvement in purifying illuminating 
gas. 
To 7’. J. Sloan, of New York, N. Y., for ma¬ 
chine for assorting screw blanks, etc. 
RE-ISSUES. 
To J. B. Hyde, of New York, N. Y., (assignor 
to T. J. Croggon, administrator of T. R. Wil¬ 
liams, deceased,) for improvement in machinery 
lor hardening bats in felting, &c. Originally pa¬ 
tented Dec. 14, 1840. 
To J. B. Hyde, of New York, N. Y., (assignor 
of Thomas Croggon, administrator of T. R. Wil¬ 
liams, deceased,) for improvement in machinery 
for forming bats for felting, &c. Originally pa¬ 
tented Dec. 14, 1840. 
THE EARTH’S ROTATION MADE VISIBLE. 
Mil W. C. Bond, of the Cambridge Ob¬ 
servatory, addresses the following to the 
Traveller: 
I have succeeded satisfactorily in repeat¬ 
ing Foucault’s experiment respecting the 
Rotation of the Earth. The new Tower of 
the western wing of the Observatory, I 
found to be perfectly adapted to the pur¬ 
pose. My arrangements are in this way: 
Across the top of the central pier, which is 
a hollow cone, thirty feet high, there is 
firmly fixed a wooden beam, having the 
centre perforated to admit the passage of a 
wire and the fixing of a Torison Circle, 
such as is used with the Gauss Magnetom¬ 
eters. To the centre of this circle is at¬ 
tached one end of a silver wire, thirty feet 
long, of the size commonly known as “ fine 
No. 6,” and to the other end of this wire 
is fastened a metallic cylinder weighing 
about four pounds, and terminating below 
in a conical point; on a platform directly 
below the point of suspension, is inscribed 
a circle of six and a half feet diameter, with 
the requisite subdivisions and radii. After 
giving the pendulum an unbiassed arc of 
vibration, a few minutes observation will 
suffice to show with certainty the motion of 
the earth on its axis, as the terminating 
point of the weight will be seen at each 
successive vibration to arrive at the northern 
boundary of the circle a little more easter¬ 
ly than it did at the preceding one. 
Another correspondent says that this 
beautiful. experiment is so simple, that it 
may be readily repeated in most of our 
dwellings. 
IMPROVED MACHINE FOR BENDING FELLOES 
Mr. Andrew M. Johnston, of St. Geor¬ 
ges, New Castle Co., Deleware, has invent¬ 
ed and applied for a patent for an improved 
machine for bending felloes for wheels of 
carriages, wagons, Ac., and which should 
receive no small attention. The principle 
of the invention consists in forcing the felloe 
timber between two curved curbs placed 
upon a bed-piece, the outer or larger curb 
being firmly secured to it. After the felloe 
timber is forced between the curbs, it is se¬ 
cured by clamps to the inner or smaller 
curb, and the smaller curb with the felloe 
attached is removed from the bed-pioce by 
removing bolts which hold it to the same. 
The felloe timber is forced out of a narrow 
box before entering the curbs, or the tim¬ 
bers may pass between rolls which will an¬ 
swer-the same purpose.— Sci. American. 
NEW BOARD FENCE. 
A new mode of constructing fences has 
been invented by Mr. J. Berdan, of Ply¬ 
mouth, Michigan, the principal features of 
which are not a little novel. By his plan, 
a good substantial and economical fence can 
be constructed of boards without posts.— 
The boards for the construction of this fence 
have notches cut in them near their ends, 
and they are locked together in such a 
manner as to form a worm or zig-zag fence. 
The boards are suppoited in the middle by 
stakes passing down each side and secured 
together by clamps drawn together by a 
wedge. A brace or rider passes between 
the stakes resting upon the clamps, thus 
adding to the height and strength of the 
fence. The inventor has taken measures to 
secure a patent.— Sci. Am. 
m f?\\ 
SMITH’S IMPROVED WIND-MILI, 
This improvement in Wind-Mills is the 
invention of Mr. Marvin Smith of New 
Haven, Conn, and relates to a superior 
mode of governing the vanes according to 
the velocity of the wind. The improvement 
strikes us as being pracitcal and valuable. 
A late number of the Scientific American 
thus describes the invention: 
Figure 1 is a perspective view, and fig¬ 
ure 2 is a plan view:—the same letters re¬ 
fer to like parts. 
The wind-mill is represented as built up¬ 
on a frame, with a vertical shaft, S, exten¬ 
ding down; this frame may be erected in a 
tower or building in the inside of which is 
the machinery to be driven. The power 
is taken from the shaft, S, which may have 
a gear wheel on it below, or else, a large 
pulley, and the power transmitted by bett¬ 
ing. A is a double fan, which performs the 
office of a “ governor.” Each has a sepa¬ 
rate vertical axis, so that they can spread 
out or be moved close together; each one 
has a flange on its side from which a 
rod extends to a cross bar or plate, B; C, C, 
are two rods attached to this cross bar. 
They are supported on curved arms, and j 
extend to and are united, as represented in 
figme 2, to another cross-bar, E. This lat¬ 
ter cross-bar is secured on a collar whioh 
surrounds the driving spindle, D, of the 
wind-mill. The collar is close to the neck 
and has a disc or round plate behind the 
hub ol the vanes or sails; II represents a 
vane or sail; each one is secured on a spin¬ 
dle, g, which spindle is placed on the back 
side, out of line with the centre of each vane, 
and with the inner end inserted in a cen¬ 
tral hub to turn in the same in a bearing 
(a bearing for each spindle). Between the 
hub and the disc ot the collar behind it, 
there are springs of steel. Each vane, H, 
has a small curved flange, h, (with an open¬ 
ing through it for the spindle, g,) which is 
united to the disc of the bar, E. Each 
curved flange has a perforation through its 
inner end, through which an axis on the 
disc passes, so that each vane is attached 
separately to the said disc, but all move 
simultaneously -together. The shaft, D, is 
secured in the centre of the hub and revolves 
in bearing collars on the crescent arms, K, 
which can be turned round to any point ot 
the compass as it is supported on the ver 
tical shaft, S, by surrounding the said shaft 
with a collar. It is necessary that this 
should be easily done to present the vanes 
to the wind in any quarter. F is a bevel 
gear on the driving horizontal shaft; it will 
therefore be understood how motion is com¬ 
municated to the shaft, S. The vanes of 
this wind-wheel are self-regulating. 
The stiffer the breeze, each vane by its 
axis being out of line, turns its edge more 
and more to the gale, while at the same 
time, the whole ol the vanes may be turned 
with their edges outwards by spreading the 
fans, A A, which thereby push the rods, C 
C, and their cross-bar E, close up to the 
hub. As the edges of the vanes are turned 
outwards, the said rods, by the curved flan¬ 
ges h h, are pushed back and the fans 
closed. The springs between the hub and 
disc, and the flanges, h h, allow the shaft, 
D, to be moved so as to ungear the bevel 
wheel, F, from the other, G. 
The motion of this wind-mill can be very 
easily controlled. All the machinery will 
be covered in. It can easily be rendered 
portable so as to be carried in a wagon from 
one place to another. It is adapted to all 
purposes for which power is required. The 
inventor ^designs to erect 1 one on a truck, 
with wheels, so as to be moved at will: it 
can be used for driving grindirg machinery 
and other kinds, and may be very useful 
for farmers, for sawing wood, pumping, Ac. 
On the wide and ext'-nded pairies of the 
West, it appears to us, this wind mill would 
be of immense benefit. 
LITHOGRAPHY. 
TII^ ART OF PRINTING FROM STONE. 
The process of Lithographing is based 
upon the fact that Printing Ink, being large¬ 
ly composed of oil, will not adhere to any 
surface which is wet with water. Every 
one knows how utterly impossible it is to 
mix oil and water. To Lithograph, then, 
all that is necessary, is to draw on the sur¬ 
face of a dry slab of stone, with a greasy 
crayon, whatever is desired to be printed. 
A weak solution of nitric acid is then rubbed 
over the stone, which fastens the drawing 
so that it cannot be rubbed off. After this 
a solution of gum arabic is passed over the 
surface, and then tin* stone is ready for 
printing. By means of a sponge, water is 
now rubbed on the stone, and while yet 
wet the inking roller is applied. The ink of 
course adheres to the lines of the drawing 
because they are oily, but to the wet stone 
it does not stick. The paper is now laid on, 
and with the stone passes through the press; 
the result being a beautiful and exact copy 
of whatever is drawn. 
The stone employed for lithography, is 
of a peculiar kind of lime and clay nature, 
resembling in appearance a smooth yellow 
bone, yet possessing the quality of absorb¬ 
ing water. . It is found chiefly in Bavaria, 
though there are quarries of it in England. 
The Bavarian stones, however, are those 
most universally employed, and their impor¬ 
tation is a considerable object in commerce. 
They are worth in New York, from 5 to 10 
cts. per pound. — N.Y. Sun. 
NEW BARREL MACHINE. 
The Glasgow Da ly Mail says:—An in¬ 
vention has been patterned for constructing 
casks, barrels, puncheons, and everything 
in the cooperage line, in a space of time 
which literally baffles belief. One of the 
ma-lines is at p vsent in opeiaucn at the 
St. Rollox woiks. We have inspected it, 
and were certainly astonished to find the 
staves of an ordinary sized cask prepared 
pu: together, and headed in little more than 
ten minutes. The thing was perfect—the 
cutting and joining were done with mathe¬ 
matical precision, and all the hands had 
really to do, was to arrange the staves and 
fix the heads; all the rest was accomplished 
by machinery, and with so little trouble, 
that the article was finished before one 
could fancy that a hoop was on. The me¬ 
chanism, like that of almost all important 
inventions, is exceedingly simple; the only 
wonder is, when it is examined, how so 
clear and easy a mode of doing a great deal 
of work with a very small amount of labor 
has not been hit upon before now. The 
patentee of this great invention is Mr. 
James Robertson, of Liverpool. 
We should not be surprised to find it a 
modification of an American Invention, 
judging from the brief description in the 
Mail.— Ed. Far. and Mcch. 
Improved Grass and Grain Cutter.— 
Mr. Win. C. Betts, of Brooklyn, Kings Co., 
N. Y., has made a valuable improvement 
on machines for cutting grain, Ac., for which 
he has taken measures to secure a patent. 
He employs a revolving -cutter, by which 
the grass or grain is made to fall over on 
the platform without the aid of a conveyor 
reel. It also works with less friction than 
a commonly constructed reciprocating cut¬ 
ter. He also employs a series of rakes up¬ 
on an endless chain, to carry off the grain 
from the platform and deposit it on the 
ground in bunches. The machine is guid¬ 
ed in its motion by a set of guide rollers.— 
Scientific American. 
The pressure of the atmosphere is about 
2,200 pounds upon every square foot of the 
earth. A common sized man sustains the 
pressure of 30,000 pounds. 
Rain falls with a velocity of 34 feet in a 
second. Hailstones sometimes fall with a 
velocity of 110 feet in a second. 
