VOLUME 11. NO. 30. E 
ROCHESTER, N. Y.-TIIIJRSDAY, JULY U, 1851. 
JIIIOllK'S lllill A I. XKW-YOliKKR: 
A WKKKI.Y JOURNAL ftBVOTRI* TO 
Agriculture, Horticulture. Mechanic Arts and Sci¬ 
ence. Education. Rural and Domestic Economy, 
General Tntellierence. f lia Markets, &c., &c. 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, 
ASSISTED HY 
j. h. iiivry. i„ wf.thf.rf.ll. *^n n. o. white. 
D i. M. M. RODGERS. Foreign Correspondent. 
CONTRIBUTORS «N-n CnRRRSPnNHKNTS: 
I,. R. I,Avn'V'lRTHV, [I CiirrteR Okavey, t.L. D., 
f WINE. 
The following pigs were dropped from 7tli to 10th Apiil 
last. 
I. One pair of pigs. Henry Parsons.37 ."0 
*2- do Gen Cadwallader. 30 00 
3. dc Churchill,. 30 00 
4 and Two pair of pigs, G G Hubbard.."0 00 
0. One pair of pigs, Capt. Spencer, Westchester... 30 00 
7. 
do 
T Hancock, Burlington, N J 
8. 
do 
Henry Parsons. 
9. 
do 
Aaron Clement. 
Wp.l.l'M G'RRI'TT. 
>3 P. PfT \ T» %| A *<♦ 
O'VIP F.t.V. 
>!'«?•»* \n\NH, 
f! P. V *htov. 
T. C Peters* 
F. VV. Isvv. 
T. F|. W tf TM * »R R, 
R. R. W\nn , 'v. 
\ Rrilin V * P 
I. Pt fmpnt, 
n. W. Rai t.iit-, Jr., 
R. G. P<RHKE, 
I. Ill’ nRa'TH. 
.!•«. 11. VV r atts. 
W. K. 'VyckmFF, 
'V. II RtlQTna.. 
Wm P 1 *rry Fhoo, 
S. l.UTII'R. 
i,. n. wuiTivo. 
And numerous ithers-practical, scientific, and literary 
writers—whose names are necessarily omitted. 
For Tehm«. see last page. 
WO tJIPKOVEJIENT. 
EXTSNUYS SALE OF LIVE STOCK 
As previously announced, a large por¬ 
tion <if tin- stock of L. G. Morris, Esq. of 
Ford ham, Westchester county, was soiti at 
amnion on tin* 24il» ultimo. We under¬ 
stand that tImre was a large attendance of 
breeders and others, and that the sale pass¬ 
ed off very pleasantly. It will he observed 
that the prices are generally lower than al 
the sale of Mr. Vail’s Short-horns, -yet 
they are deemed satisfactory, considering 
that the larger portion of Mr. Morris’s herds 
were grade animals. 
We are indebted to the Cultivator, one 
of whose editors was present at the sale, 
for llie annexed statement. The stock sold 
consisted of 
Tit 1R008U Bred Shirt-horns. Cows, IIkipers and 
Heifer Cai.vbs. 
t. York. Gen Co Iwallader, Philo ’elphia.8H660 
•2. Cleopatn, 9 yeir-s oM. Got Cadwallader... 83 IK* 
4. Cogue to. fo ir years oi l. EdAvnrd II Smith, 
Smithtown. 30 Of 
5. Re I l.a ly. I vein ol I, Gctt C i twallader.... 173 1*0 
G. Eleanora. I years ol I, Do .... 13 > ()<* 
8. Mis- R life, 2 ye irs ol I. A Van Itigen. Jr.103 ()0 
0. Fiinn, P5 iirmiln old. Gen Ca Iwallader. . . . GOOD 
10. Re I Ro-c. 13 moutlia ol I, G Hopkins, l.ong- 
Islati 1. 30 00 
11. Kate, 3 months oM, G G Hulihar I, West Need-. 
hath .Mass. 140 0“ 
1’. Lilv.3 month ot I, loci Terrill. O.sweio. .. . 80 00 
13. Re tlah, i] mouths old. Geu Cadwallader.. .. 3.3 (H 
14. Pocahontas, il yeirsol I. Henry Parsons, C VV UK) Ot 
Improved Dairy Stock. 
Choi. II aid l Infer Cnh'S. 
13. Reauty, G years old. Dr V Smith. New Rochelle 103 0C 
Iti. Sue. 8 ye irs ol I, Richar I Lewis, NY .1"0 of 
17. Watson. Henry Parsons. 8 ’ Of 
18. Strawberry. (Jen CadAV.allader. 73 0 
10. Ross, it yc-rs old, G Hopkins. 63 oo 
29. Gazelle. I years oil. G W Phactter. Pelham... 1-3 00 
21. Al mi. 1 ve irs oil. J >ha Rae, Morrisania.... 37 30 
21. Ladv In lenen letiee. 3 yetrs old, Robt. Segoin, 
Richmond co.inty. 67 3' 
23. Miss Stew Tt, 2 ye trs old, James Robertson, 
Peek skill. 70 0 
21. Ilarle n Maid, 2 ye trs old. Gen Cidwillader.. 73 0: 
23. Lady C inning. 2 years Old, G G Wilmerding, 
Sullblk county, I. I. 120 00 
2G. M iriiM i. 2 ye irs o d. Gen C i Iwallader. 70 00 
07. Sabina, 2 ye irs old. Dr Smith. 77 30 
28. MUs M iry. Id months old, liobt Segoin. 73 00 
20. Ressie, 18 months ol I, J J M pee, New-Jersey 33 00 
30. Clara, 14 months onl, Robt Segoin,. 30 00 
SI. Lanrd, 9 months old, Geu Cadwallader. 30 00 
32. Lucy, Do . 37 30 
S3. Helen, 3$ months ol I, Morris Ketchum, N Y.. 100 03 
Su.iiiT-itoRN and Ayrshire Cross. 
34. Co unless, I ye irs old, Gen Cadwallader. 82 30 
33. Jeiniiie, 2 years old. Morris Ketchum,. 1)0 00 
3G. Betty Morrym in, 0 months, P R Paulding, 
Tarryiown. G000 
Nearly Thorouoii Bred DuTcn. 
30. Julia Edgtr. Lewis Livingston, Rltinebeck, 
Dutchess county.,. 120 00 
38. Dinah, Leans Livingston,. 37 00 
39. 1 yoke of oxen, d T Wright, Morrisiania.. .. 143 00 
Bulls. 
Thorough lined Short-horn. 
1. Logan, 23 months old, Oliver Slate, Jr., Pelham 173 00 
4. Mark Anthony, Jas R Wilson, East Troy, Wis. 133 00 
5. Passaic, 2 mouths old, Joel Terrill. 50 00 
Bulla alight It/ rr ■aanl will Ama/ei </ain Dutch. 
6. Pontiac, 15 months old, J C Goodwin, Kings- 
faridge. 70 00 
7. Red Rover, 5| months old, T Rives, Virginia. 103 00 
8. Medley, 11 months old E 1. Riddle, Morristown, 03 00 
Pure Bred Devon. 
10. Barton, 17 months old, Gen Cadwallader. . . . 145 00 
Buck Lambs. 
1. Buck lamb, 3 months old. Aaron Clement, 
Philadelphia. 30 00 
2 . 
do 
•21 
do 
Ed G Faile, West Farms. 30 00 
3. 
do 
n 
do 
Lincoln Brooks, Prov R I tOCO 
4. 
do 
31 
do 
Gen Cadwallader. 30 00 
5. 
do 
‘21 
do 
Do . 25 00 
0. do Aaron Clement.27 .10 
10. One hoar. Lewis Livingston.17 00 
It. do Gen Cadwallader.17 00 
12. do Jas B Wilson.17 00 
13. do Thos Hancock.10 00 
11. do Linco'n Brooks.Iti 00 
10. 1 sow, 9 months old, G G Hubbard. 30 00 
From the foregoing it will be seen that 
the pure bred bulls and bull calves, four in 
number, averaged $120,12 per head. The 
Improved Dairy Slock, consisting of cmv- f 
heifers, and heifer calves, twenty in numbei, 
averaged $78,87 per hea l. Grade hull 
calves, three in number, averaged $80 per 
head. 
Suffo'k pigs, twenty-three in number, 
dropped from the 7ih to 10th of April la»t, 
averaged as follows: 9 pair averaged pet 
pair, $27,23 ; 5 boar pigs, per head, $1G,G0; 
1 sow, in pig, $30. 
Sout -Down ram lambs, dropped from 
21 at M troll to 19th April last, averaged, 
per head, $29. M. 
DEEP PLOWING.— WIRING FENCE STAKES. 
Friend Moore: — In your excellent pa¬ 
per of June Dili, is an article on Deep 
Plowing, by “ II. D B.” When I see an 
article headed thus it hits the right hump 
— l have read a great deal on the subject, 
and have put it in practice to some exit nt 
-o 1 propose to give you some of my expe¬ 
rience. 
In the spring of ’49 I had six acres to 
put in to coin, and concluded to give deep 
plowing a trial. Having no sub soil plow, I 
took my “North Bend” plow and set 
the wheel to eight inches, and on 1 
went, turning over the, sod to that depth, 
then turning my clevis to the left instead 
>f right, l drove around in the same furrow 
(not with one of my ponies on the plowed 
ground,) turning up the sub-soil five inches 
deep —making thirteen inches in all —and 
oritig'ng it to the surface, making it look 
very line. In fact, Mr. Editor, the opera¬ 
tion pleased me much throughout, though 
it was rather slow business, yet 1 cottiti 
plow an acre a day with one team, and ev¬ 
ery time round it looked better and better 
It was planted to corn—the eight-rowed 
Kind. The summer was a very dry one, 
utd it (ltd not root deep enough to eel 
much bencht from the deep plowing, and 
Desides l think the sub soil turned up need 
i'd the sun of one summer to warm it, ami 
the frost of one winter to decompose it.— 
I’his 1 judged from the succeeding crop.— 
In the .spring of 1850, I had on it it lim 
vield of barley—tiller harvesting this, I 
plowed it once and sowed it to wheat, and 
nave the prospect of a large crop, though 
die field had been hard run heretofore. 
— About the use of wire in making- rail 
fence, l would remark, that in fencing lands 
t is sometimes desirable to lay the rails its 
nearly straight as possible. Whim proper 
ly staked and capped, such a fence will 
stand, and for fastening the stakes we rec¬ 
ommend wire instead of wooden caps.— 
Lay the fence as high as you want it, sa¬ 
ving one rail,— then set the stakes per¬ 
pendicularly at i he corners, and take No. 9 
wire, [>ut it around the stakes crossing it 
between them, draw it tight and twist the 
ends together. Put on your top rail, and it 
s complete. This is belter and cheaper 
than any other way,—the wires costing lit¬ 
tle over half a cent a corner. s. h. \v. 
East Covert, J uly, 1831. 
Time now to sow field turnips. 
CRADLES AIO CRADLING. 
Mr. Moore:— Many are-the acres that 
this brown hand now holding the pen has 
cradled over, —but it never before attempt¬ 
ed; neither' have I ever seen put upon 
paper, anything relating to this important 
subject. 
Tiie natural surface of a portion of West¬ 
ern New York is such that Reaping ma¬ 
chines are not expected to ake the place 
of gram cradles, therefore why not see to 
it, that our cradles and crullers are prop, 
erly cared for. Hence this sketch, which if 
in time, may give opportunity to some to 
adopt a different manner of using the cra¬ 
dle from that which they have formerly 
practiced, or to inform us by way of the 
Rural, the “ whys and wherefores” of their 
way being a better one. 
To do the greatest atnouot of labor with 
the least exertion, and consequent wear and 
tear of muscular developments, it is neces- 
-Hry that our implements and the use ol 
them should be reduced to scientific pi in 
■•iples, corresponding with practical applica¬ 
tion. Very many tire the deviations from 
these principles, but I shall allude to but 
tew which occur in cradle making and their 
using. 
Some prefer a cradle made upon a left 
handed set the snath, claiming that it “hangs 
lighter” — the nib and snath both extend¬ 
ing a useless length beyond the hands 
when employed,—adding weight uutieces- 
-ary. About 18 inches of the heel of the 
>cythe runs so near the snath that it is ren 
tiered useless by the braces, and consequent¬ 
ly destroys the effect of so much of its cut 
each clip. The uupractieed or unthinking 
will take up this tool and say “how light il 
hantjs /” lie will seize the long nib at tin 
•xtreme end with his right hand, and put 
his left as far towards the end of the snath 
is will give him a good lever pm chase ovet 
i he right hand for holding the cradle, and il 
lies easy and level in his hands whilst look 
mg at and admiring it. When he strikes 
it into the grain the “ light pointed ” arii 
ole raises nearly to the top of the grain, 
cuts the heads so short the fingers can no: 
catch them; they drop in this high slubbl. 
perpendicularly, straw end up, not to he ob 
-erved by the careless passer-hg; the cradii 
then takes a downward motion to the ceti 
tre of about a 5 feet swath, then up again 
is high as tlie top of the stubble of a for 
mer swath, similarly made, and lie attempts 
to cateli this clip of long and short straw 
upon tlie cradle, strains every nerve to lay 
it so as to he found by tlie raker inside ot 
these “combings,” then syvmgs back the era 
•lie with point Hying higher than his head, 
its weight and force throwing his light arm 
and cradle upon his hip and back, in a po¬ 
sition to make another clip with an effort 
and expense of muscle not necessary foi 
cutting a wider swath, and doing better 
work. With all tin *se swinging, twisting, 
'training motions his yvoik is- but a huge 
“ hog trough ” carved out of a beautiful 
wheat field at the expense of too great a 
portion of the grain. So much, and the 
story not half told, for this class. 
Others prefer a cradle upon a snath some¬ 
what similar to a scythe snath below trie 
right hand, excepting a backward tendency 
it the heel to receive the post, that the 
braces may tlie better hold the lingers and 
nut prevent the scythe cutting its yvliole 
length; the upper end also bending back- 
wards with a gradual curve from the nib 
which will throw the point of the scythe at 
a required distance to obtain a swath, and 
cut ahead yvithout the effort of extending 
lie left arm as another form requires.— 
The snath is no longer than required for 
i the left hand to grasp in use, neveer in tlie 
| w;iy under apple trees, and other confined 
| situations, the nib just tills the hand, cur- 
! tailing a ! l useless weight,—the scythe hang¬ 
ing heavy at the point, which when taken 
n hand nearly falls to tlie ground, but here 
tin* fact is obvious that “ the critter” is not 
made to hold still. A skilful,easy cradler 
puts himself in a position to it, as the hinge 
post is to a gate,— his right arm hanging 
straight is the lower hinge, his left the up¬ 
per, which moved to the right, past the per¬ 
pendicular of the lower hinge, swings the 
gate or cradle that way with hut little oth¬ 
er effort especially when at work; and at 
tlie instant the point has reached tlie place 
of pointing in, {low.) the position ot the 
hinges change—swinging the cradle to the 
leit steadily, smoothly, and evenly around 
until the clip is cut out clean, by which 
time tlie cut grain is in a position to lie 
straight in ail acceptable form f »r the raker, 
when wiili a very easy and slight effort, the 
cradle is drawn from under the grain, and 
the position of the hinges (hands) swings 
the ciadle back for another diu in an 8 to 
9 feet swath, cut smooth and low so that 
every head or straw is visible, and no high 
stubble to screen it from view of the good 
raker and binder, who follows “ rejoicing 
hi his way ” at the ease with which, he gets 
nil the grain. 
Another “ new fangled ” machine called 
the “ Mooly cradle” has been introduced, 
>f which some speak highly; others have 
oven them a cross with some other breed, 
that gives them the name of ‘half Mooly,” 
ind say the stock is greatly improved. 
vVant of respect for tlie interests of venders 
and manufacturers, and no personal e.vpe 
ience in the use of those kinds of stuck 
forbid that an unjust expression respecting 
hem should be toeraled in our leliab!.- 
rtliRAL. Upon this subject 1 will onl\ 
-ubmit one question—with one cradle, tlie 
point of iht' sc\ the 34 feel from the left hand 
uid another 4g feet; which, with tlie same 
position of the arms, will enable one to 
each and take the widest swath ? When 
his problem is solved, then ascertain to 
your own satisfaction with scientific princi- 
p't s, which in practical use, is b st. 
— About 35 years ago, two men cut in 
one day together, 16 acres of rye on a strife 
.vhioh was to decide who of the two was 
• he best cradler. The work was done on 
the old Oak’s farm, now Col. Cass’, in 
Phelps. The judges decided one cut 18 
inches wider and did his work better than 
he other. His motion was the straight 
.ight arm, and hinge, and heavy point prin¬ 
ciple, hence the cause of doing more and 
better work with less effort, whilst the oth¬ 
er only undeistood the “keep up” princi¬ 
ple practiced by the boys at the present 
lime, without reference to width or quality 
of work—too much so to please an eye 
accustomed to seeing work done as all can 
and should do it. A Down Easter. 
HINTS FOR HARYx-ST. 
This subject occupies the whole atten¬ 
tion of many of our patrons, yet perhaps they 
may glance at a brief paragraph, pertinent 
to the season. 
First of all, see that you have sufficient 
implements of the best and most substantia! 
character, for bad tools are dear at any price. 
See that you have hands enough, skillful, 
faithful and industrious hands—that your, 
crop may be secured in season and in order 
for by this you prevent losses and waste.— 
Supply them with good and plentiful food 
and drinks, but admit no ardent spirits into 
your grain fields. 
Cut your grain before it is dead ripe— 
the grain is heavier and of better quality. 
-i WHOLE NO. 82. 
LETTERS 0 N 
EUROPEAN AGRICULTURE, ETC. 
BY M. M. RUDUKKS, M. D- 
Fit A IV CE. 
FORESTS AND TIMBER PLANTATIONS, 4C. 
France is generally a somewhat level 
country, though it has several ranges of 
mountains of moderate height. The Ceven- ! 
nes commence at the southern boundarv, ? 
where they are joined to tlie Pyrenees, and ( 
extend through the entire length of the \ 
country, in a no-th-westerly din clion, con- ( 
necting with the Vosges, which extend into < 
Germany; the Auvergne mountains con- l 
nect with this range in the south part and £ 
extend north-ea.'t to the interior: the Jura j 
range separates part of this country from s 
Switzerland. ] 
France is also traversed by several beau- 
tiful rivers among w hich are the Marne, the !> 
Rhone, the Seim*, the Soane, tin* Garonne ) 
the Loire, and several lesser trihutaiics.— ) 
L’lie prevailing soil of this country is, in the | 
more level parts, sand and loam, wiili very 
little of real clay. On the higher parts it ; 
is more or hss calcareous and of infeiior 
quality, and capable of producing but little. ( 
The climate is generally mild and equable, 1 
excepting on the eastern side, where it feels <| 
the chilling effect of a range of mountains ( 
covered with perpetual snow; the western j 
part is mild and humid, from its vicinity to l 
the Atlantic, w hile the southern parts which j> 
are wa-hed by tlie Mediterranean enjoy al- ) 
most perpetual spring. The mean temper- \ 
iture of Paris, which is 48° 50 min. north ; 
latitude, is, for the whole year 51° 3: for the ) 
winter 38°, and for the summer G4° 5.— ; 
As a whole, France is a good agricultural c 
country, and this constitutes by far, her most l 
important interest; the principal manufac- \ 
tures being silk and woolen fabrics, her in- ( 
Justry is mainly employed upon the pro- \ 
lucts of her own soil. The two great crops ( 
of France are silk and the vine, the latter \ 
of which has already been noticed. 
The forests are mostly planted, and are ] 
in some places very extensive and beautiful. ) 
1'he largest forest in Fiance, and the largest \ 
park in the world, is that belonging to the l 
Royal Palace Jit Fontainbleau, which con- > 
tains 35,000 acres, and is 12 miles wide.— > 
l'he forest of the Palace of Chambord eon- ) 
tains 20,000 acres. These parks are kept ) 
almost sacred,—no timber being cut except > 
for government purposes. Timber planta- > 
tions consist mainly of oak, beech and mu- ) 
pie, and some [line: they ate generally ^ 
planted when of small growth, and m <J 
straight rows. Timber is allowed to be cut 
off only once in 18 years, and then the best < 
trees are left for ship building. When the < 
larger timber is cut off, it is re-placed by c 
that of younger growth so that the ground \ 
is constantly occupied and the timber al ways ( 
growing. \ 
In this way the supply is kept up, which \ 
though very small when compared with the l 
quantity of wood used in America, is still ) 
nearly sufficient, as in the mild climate of \ 
France comparatively little wood is used as ^ 
fuel: what is used in this way is sold by the ) 
pound or burnt into charcoal and sold at a t 
very high price. In an old country like ( 
Europe, the demand for this, as well as s 
every other article, is more uniform than in \ 
anew country: the price of wood conse- s 
quently, has varied but slightly for many t 
years. When trees are cut down, the 
stumps are taken out with the roots, so that 
no wood is wasted, and newly cleared land 
is in this way left as clear from obstructions 
to the plow tts the oldest fields. 
In Belgium also, timber plantations re¬ 
ceive great care: the “Foret de Soignes/' 
