MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL AND FAM 
3i $tak Jig. 
JUDGES FOR WINTER MEETING, THE RED CEDAR. 
January 2 1st, 1851. 
Farms —II. Ten Eyck Foster, Lakelands: Wil- There is no evorgieen tree common to 
liam Kelly, Rhinebnck; William Buel, Rochester. our ] an( J which 13 as susceptible of improve- 
Essays and Agricultural Work —George Geddes, . 1 r 
Fairmont,: J. .Stanton Gould, Hudson; Samuel ment by pruning and culture as this. It 
Cheever, Saratoga. , , , 
Dairy Buildings and Draining —B. P. Johnson, ^ P^^P^d SO as to prCSCn„ as great a 
Albany, J. M. Sherwood, Auburn; Jonathan Bat- horticultural curiosity ftS can be conceived, 
tey, Keeseville. J 
Butler and Cheese —Henry Wager, Western; and will, when its merits are known, be 
Moses Fames, Rutland; Phineas Rumsev. Goshen. e _ . i : ) , 
Fruit —Herman Wendell, M, I)., Albany; D. lisec ^ ^ or screens and singly to a great ex- 
Thomas Vail, Troy; T. G. Yeomans, Walworth; tent, and it certainly affords the greatest 
J. G. Hastings, Clinton; George Ellwanger, Roch- . . . 
ester. protection, by breaking oft cold winds, of 
James McIntyre, Fonda; John W. Ball, Schuyler’s ai1 ^ ever g rt - en > ^hlle the tree Itself IS not 
Lako - alfected in the least by severe exposure* 
Indian Corn —Hon. W. A. Gilbert, Adams; . .., . .... 
John McDonald, Salem; U.S. Curtis, Canaan. and will grow in any situation where its 
Barley, Buckwheat, Peas and Beans— Thomas rrif ,* Q n k t ,,; n „ hold 1.,* mi o]n,'pn of 
Bell; Morrisania; D. D. T. More, Watervliet; r00tS CSn 0Dlaln a nola » lae q^^ies Ot 
Stephen Haight, Washington. soil be what they may, unless it be swampy. 
Flax, Madder. Com Fodder.tic. —W.C. Watson. T . i . i , , . 
It is easily transplanted, and no drouth 
seems to affect it after it obtains a foot-hold. 
Lake. 
Indian Corn —Hon. W. A. Gilbert, Adams; 
John McDonald, Salem; D. S. Curtis, Canaan. 
Stephen Haight, Washington. 
Flax, Madder, Com Fodder,tic. —W. C. Watson, 
Port Kent; Lorrillard Spencer, Westchester; A. 
Osborn, Watervliet. 
Bornological Exhibition — J. x\IcD. McIntyre, . 
Albany; John J. Viele, Troy; Sanford Howard, David TllOMAS, of Aurora, planted a hedge 
IV A _I_u A ° 
Albany; W. A. McCulloch, Greenbush. 
Survey of County of Madison —The President; 
of this tree, to break off the west winds 
Benj. Enos, De ltuyter; A. Van Bergen, Coxsackie. from his flower-garden, and lie stated to 
Arrangements for Exhibition —B. B. Kirtland, ° . 
(I,; Greenbush: E. P. Prentice, Albany; Luther Tuck’- me, that with a high wind he would be as 
| Johnson,^ 11 Albany 10 ’ McIntyre ’ Albany; I>- comfortable on the leeward side of this 
> Bat Cattle mid Sheep —Thomas Broadway, Clin- hedge On a cold day, with his COat off, as 
( ton Market. New York; James Battersby, Albany; , , , . , ..... , , . 
{ Stephen H. Bennett, Brighton, Mass. he would in the Wind With it on ; and tills 
i M eats \ ] p y uUr y\& c -^ 1 -Slocum, Jroy: was only a single row of trees—a thicket 
Lester Barker, Clinton: Urns. F. Devoe, Joflerson J ° 
would be a more complete protection. 
I once planted a tree of this kind in 
Market, N. Y. 
Grain and Seeds —Hon.B N. Huntington, Rome; 
. Joseph Cary, Albany; Thomas B. Arden, Phillips- 
To Examine Treasurer's Accounts — Shepherd m y house where it often came Utl- 
Knapp, New York; the President and Secretary, del' my observation, and noticing a 11CW 
Arrangements for Winter Meetings —E. I*. Pren- . . . . 
tice,B. B. Kirtland, B. P. Johnson. growth of small branches springing from 
-about the body, it occurred to me that by 
ILLINOIS FARMING. ... ~ . / 
cutting oft the larger limbs those might 
The experience of the present year, tho’ take the growth, and a form different from 
somewhat dearly bought, will in the end the straggling ill shape that it then present- 
; prove profitable to our farmers, we have no ed . At any rate, I applied the knife, and 
; doubt. Ihey have learned by this time ., . . - , . 
? .i _, / , • . ,, i .. , . the result was curious. After a coup e of 
; that so much uncertainty attends the culti- . 
vation of wheat that it must be abandoned y ears ^ presented a perfect mass of foliage, 
as an article of export, and some other ar- and could hardly be recognized as a Red 
tide or articles be substituted in its place. Cedar tree. After I disposed of my place, 
The low price of wheat this fall would the tree was sold for five dollars to an indi- 
not pay for raising it, even if the crops had v i dua l w ho fell in love with it. 
been good. But when we take into con- rr , • . 
- sideraSon the fact, that taking the average 1 * somct,un S «»• ‘» us “ *e growth 
of the whole county, probably not more seeds of this tree, which is unlike 
than one fourth of a crop was raised, and that of most others. In no case where the 
that not more than three shillings a bushel, trees hang full of berries, have 1 been able 
on an average can be obtained for it, the to fj nd perfect seeds, and in nearly all that 
> prospect of getting rich b\ raising wheat ri • , T c i , . „ 
; looks discouraging enough. b 1 have I fouud no seed at all, 
i We have been convinced for years that wWe - where tlle bome * S row scatterin !S 
; the raising of beef and pork was the most and singly, are found the perfect seed. 
> profitable business in which Illinois far- Tire large berries that produce good seed 
/ mers could engage. The present high are pulpy and sweet to the taste, and rath- 
> prices of these articles, and the facilites npw er agreeable, while the former present 
; opening for taking cattle and hogs to the ,1 • c a 1 • i j , , , , . 
„ „ 1 x iii * *1 r i, ° nothing of the kind, and a bushel of ber- 
. eastern market, hold out the fullest assur- .... . . 
> ances that these prices will still continue. ries be gathered with no certainty 
We are aware of the difficulties in the that plants could be raised from them with- 
| way of bringing about this change at once, out a close examination. Many have failed 
A great in: ny of our farmers commenced j n growing this tree from not understand- 
1 poor, and having had not only to live, but • • r • , .. ,, , , , , 
<, fi • t I b r , • J V “ ing tms. I think it would be a good day’s 
, their firms to pay for and improvements to ° ° J 
) make out of what they could raise on their work for a P erson to g ather two quarts of 
;; farms, they could not raise the means ne- g°°d berries in a day, but when gathered 
f > cessary to procure large stocks of cattle; they will produce as many trees as the 
j a,u ^ e ' wn wh at thej have raised they have Pamc quantity of apple seeds. 
> often been compelled to part with for the 
’ purpose of “making the two ends of the I lie proper way of growing them is to 
- year meet.” plant in sifted leaf-mould, and keep the 
Our fanners are now getting out of debt, young plants shaded with mats until they 
• an( ^ soon ra i se stock to any obtain a hold of the soil, so that a sudden 
( extent that they may wish. But those who j . . 
f _ . e J J drouth may not destroy them, and they 
from want of means, are not able to turn J J J 
> their attention to stock raising, certainly can s ‘ 10U l a transplanted when one year old. 
! raise corn—a much more profitable crop if planted befjre winter a part of the seeds 
( than wheat. The corn crops we have never will gr^w the next summer, and some, not 
) known, in an experience ot 15 years in Ill- un til the second. I. Hildreth. 
;» inois, to prove a failure. And we have been Big stream Point, Nov., issi. 
} assured by farmers of much experience, that_ _ __ 
\ evei1 cou l l l be sure of good crops of THE ORCHARD CATERPILLAR. 
wheat, corn was the most profitable to raise. - 
The editor of the Prairie Farmer, who is Messrs. Editors:—I n No. 102 of the 
;> ni0,e familiar with such things, probably, R URAL) I notice an article with the above 
> than any other man in the State, in a re- u , ., .. .. TT ,, 
■ . /■ , ., , • . ’ heading, in which the writer, “ II. D. B.” 
cent article upon the subject, says: . 
, . states some facts in relation to the appear- 
“ Several years ago, we made the inquiry ..... . n . 
, of several corn growers in Middle Illinois I anc - e °f ^be caterpillar in his section this 
of the absolute cost per bushel to the pro- season and asks, “Do we get two crops of 
ducer in the crib. There was very little caterpillars in one season? or did our pe- 
difference in their calculations which rang- culiar spring-like summer cause the miller 
ed from four to six cents! This to an cast- t i -. , .. 
• i .1 • • i ] i • to deposit their eggs perpetually, and if so, 
ern farmer, is both inconceivable and in- , 1 , , , 1 , , , . 
credible. The truth is they know little of sha11 we P roba % bc exempted from their 
the mode in which the crop is grown in the rava ges next summer?” 
districts natural to it. In the first place the They usually produce “ two crops ” in a 
land, perfectly smooth ot all impediments, season, but I think not always. They do 
.mdergovs » single plowing. Tho marking ^ however, usually continue their depre- 
on is done in a comprehensive manner, and , .. t ., re. i 
the planting if not by machinery is on such lkt,ons unt, ‘ tlle ! ‘PP eara "‘ :e of but 
a scale as to cost but little. The hoe, in tlie lateness of the spring undoubtedly re- 
the best corn districts, is not used in keep- tarded their operations so much that a por¬ 
ing it clean—the cultivator, a plow of some tion of them could not complete the rou- 
THE ORCHARD CATERPILLAR. 
sort-, with a horse to draw it to do the work; 
and with rows from a half a mile to two 
miles, or even more in length, the surface 
of the ground in this crop of which one man 
tine of their existence in season to escape 
the frost king. 
You may be reasonably exempted from 
with one horse can take the care is incred- tb eir ravages next season, but do not flat- 
ible to a novice.” ter yourself that you will be entirely so.— 
If for the future, more attention shall be There will be enough left, and from this 
paid to the cultivation of corn, and to the ,• . r 
• ; e ,.i ,i i e , , time to the first of April, is the very best 
laising of cattle, tho loss of our wheat crops, . r J 
for two or three years in succession, may ^ lmo destroy them. No farmer or fruit 
prove a benefit to our farmers instead of an culturist, should think of waiting until they 
evil.— Joliet True Dem. appear in the Spring to destroy them. If 
you examine your fruit trees you will occa¬ 
sionally find, towards the extremities of the 
branches, a little bunch resembling a warty 
excresence, which upon examination will be 
found to contain several hundred eggs. It 
is these which produce the myriads of cat¬ 
erpillars that devastate our orchards, and 
to destroy which so many expedients have 
been devised. 
If every person who cultivates fruit trees 
would spend a few hours every winter in 
examining his trees, and would pick off and 
. burn every one of these ovarious deposi¬ 
tions which he could discover, we should 
soon hear no more complaint of the devas¬ 
tations of the caterpillar, and our eyes 
would no more be pained by the sight of 
their filthy nests, and of defoliated trees. 
Alabama, Dec. II, 1851. R. R. yy. 
A CHEiJlP CIDER MILL WANTED. 
Eds. Rural: —Among the improvements 
which you chronicle, I am surprised that 
therc^has not been found a cheap portable 
cider mill—one which would cost but little 
and operate easily, so that if a farmer who 
has two, five, or ten bushels of apples, for 
which he has no better use, may take them 
into his cellar or some out-house and make 
them into cider at odd spells, evenings or 
rainy days. This would enable him from 
his winter store of apples to make for fam¬ 
ily use, fresh sweet cider as often as it was 
required. 
I have seen mention made of one that 
cos some forty dollars, which, as near as I 
can ascertain, is a grater mill. To this I 
think there would be serious objections, on 
account of the price, and the large amount 
of power necessary to operate it. 
One can be got up for five or six dollars, 
I think, so plain and simple that any me¬ 
chanic who has tools can build it. My plan 
would be to have a cylinder some sixteen 
or eighteen inches in length, conical shaped, 
about six inches through at the large, and 
two inches at the small end. On the top, 
have a small level cog wheel, and a balance 
wheel on tho crank. The shaft should 
have first three knives, about three inches 
1 mg, for the apples to come in contact with. 
Next small sharp teeth to cut the slices in 
small pieces, and nearer the bottom attach 
cast iron plates to the shaft, and also to the 
concave or curb in which the shaft runs.— 
The plates could have coarse teeth at first 
and be made finer toward the bottom of 
the shaft. For a press I would have a 
cheap, common thing, like a tub or half 
barrel bored full of holes, with some coarse 
canvass to lit inside. A plank six feet long 
attached to a post at one end bearing on the 
tub toward the centre, and a heavy weight 
on the other end would complete a cheap 
rig for making cider at home. 
Iloneoyc Falls, 1S31. SILVESTER KELLOGG. 
E00NDMY AND CDNYENIiNCE. 
A very neat farmer in one of the west¬ 
ern counties of New York, who has lets 
than 50 acres, and does nearly all his work 
with his own hands, accomplishes much by 
his ingenuity and economical contrivances. 
His buildings and machines, though of a 
cheap character, are kept in the neatest 
order. His barnyard, nearly encircled by 
his barns and other outbuildings, during 
the summer is nearly as clean as a gravel 
walk. A cheap horse power, made by a 
rope running on the outward ends of radi¬ 
ating arms, drives a two horse threshing 
machine, a circular saw for cutting his wood, 
and a small mill for grinding horse feed, 
and used in churning and various other pur¬ 
poses. His two horses are used for these 
purposes, when not otherwise needed.— 
His farm is not only a pattern for neatness, 
but is productive of much solid cash; he 
has a place for everything, and everything 
in its place.— Exchange. 
Care of House Plants.— Plants in the 
house, require attention in Weeping clean, 
as they are apt to throw off their"foliage 
some little when first putin the house; have 
them carefully watered, and not kept too 
wet, at this season ; give tho plants sufficient 
water when they need it, and don’t be giv¬ 
ing a little at a time, whereby the roots re¬ 
ceive no moisture—this is too often done, 
whereby many plants lose their buds, es¬ 
pecially Camelias. Give them plenty of air 
when the weather is fine, and syringe oc¬ 
casionally; also fumigate, to kill the insects, 
anu keep moderate fires, but do not force 
to a high temperature, without it is intend¬ 
ed to supply an early bloom of flowers in 
the beginning of the winter.— Am. Far. 
Antipathy of Plants. —The vine is 
wont to catch hold of anything nearest, 
except the cabbage, from which it will turn 
away, as if in strong aversion, and trail on 
the ground, rather than seek support from 
such a neighbor. 
F 
mmm 
anijc 
LIST OF PATENT CLAIMS 
ISSUED FROM THE UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 
For the week ending Dec. 2, 1851 
To Cyrus Baldwin, of Manchester, N. II., for 
improvement in loom^ for weaving bag 
To Wrn. Bushnell, of New York, N. Y., for 
improved hand drill. 
To Cyrus C. Cole, of Rushville, N. Y., for nn 
provements in hurdle fences. 
lo Carlos W. Cook, of Lowell, Mass., for im¬ 
provement in machines for crimping package pa¬ 
pers for soda powders, &c. 
To YVm. N. Raines, of Thomson, Ga., for im¬ 
provement in railroad switches. 
To Jn. C. fr. Saloman, of Cincinnati, O., for ap¬ 
paratus for propelling and steering. 
To F. C. Goffin, of New York, N. Y., (assign¬ 
or to Chas. J. Gaylor, of tho same place,) for im¬ 
proved lock for safes, &c. 
To Benj. Hinckley, of Troy, N. Y., for im¬ 
provement in railroad car truck. 
To Jos. II. Moore and Wm. P. Parrott, of Bos¬ 
ton, Mass., for improvement in steam carriages 
for railways. 
To Walter Sherrod, of Providence, R. I., for 
improvement in expanding mandrils. 
To Tlios. Burrows, of Dedham, Mass., for im¬ 
provements in machines for stretching and drying 
cloth. 
To C. O. Crosby, of New Haven, Ct., for im¬ 
provement in the mode of papering pins. 
To Daniel &. Geo. Ducheinin, of Cincinnati, 
Ohio, for improvement in machines for working 
clay. 
To James Maginnis, of Lockport, N. Y., for 
improvement in tailors’ measures. 
To Theodore Noel, of Memphis, Tenn., for im¬ 
provement in winding watches. 
To L. E. Stilwoll, of Franklinville, N. Y., for 
improvement in carriage perch. 
To T. T. Strode, of Coatesville, Pa., for im¬ 
provements in machines for boring holes in posts. 
To Chapman Warner, of Louisville, Ky., for 
improved foundry apparatus. Patented in Eng¬ 
land, Oct. 5, 1849. 
To Ross Winans, of Baltimore, Md., for im¬ 
provement in running gear of locomotives. 
To Enoch Woolman, of Dainascoville, Ohio, 
for improvement in apparatus for opening and 
closing gates. 
RE-ISSUE. 
To Robert Newell, of New York city, for im¬ 
provement in the manifold permutation’Lock, for 
doors, vaults, &c. Originally patented Sept. 25, 
1838. 
DESIGN. 
To David Stuart and Jacob Beesley, (assignor 
to W. P. Cresson,) of Philadelphia, Pa., for design 
for stove registers. 
STEAM STONE CUTTING. 
At the foot of 28th si., East River, the 
works of the Empire Stone Dressing Com¬ 
pany are located. The establishment is 
conducted on a most extensive scale, oc- 
cupying abou| five acres of ground, and 
employing a steam engine of 100 horse 
power. Huge blocks of stone are lifted, by 
steam, from the vessels at the dock, and 
placed upon a railroad track extending 
to the main building, and conveyed by- 
means ot a truck to the remarkable ma¬ 
chine. The adjustment of the cutters is 
but the work ot an instant, and then, by the 
push of a lever, the stone chips begin to fly 
like shavings from a board. One of these 
machines can do more work in ten minutes, 
than a man can do in a whole day by hand. 
Our mechanical readers can form an idea 
of the appearance of the steam stone cut¬ 
ting machine when we tell them that it 
closely resembles Daniel’s board planing 
machine, the cutters of which are placed at 
the extremity of horizontal arms, and with 
them revolve, cutting the wood as it passes 
slowly along below. The cutters of the 
stone machine are, however, entirely dif¬ 
ferent from any others. They consist of 
small thin, steel wheels, sharpened to an 
edge, so that, while passing over the stone, 
they revolve, but at the same time cut. It 
is in this peculiar formation of the cutters 
that the value of Wilson’s patent consists. 
This r Iling cutter produces no j arring of 
the stone, though the power applied to 
drive it is, of course, tremendous. 
The rapidity with which the stones for 
the fronts of buildings, columns, door steps, 
Ac., are dressed off" by these machines, is 
truly astonishing. The steam rubbers, 
which give the finishing touches are simple, 
but very effective. The. carving and moul¬ 
ding is not done by machinery, only by 
hand. The brown stone for the new Court 
House in the Park, and many other build¬ 
ings, is being done at the Empire Works. 
All the tools and repairs required in the 
establishment, are made in the concern. 
Among other curiosities in the blacksmith’s 
shop is a forge made of wood lined with 
fire brick, and so arranged that three men 
have access to the tire at the same time, 
without troubling each other at all. The 
buildings are heated by the exhausted steam. 
-N. Y. Sun. 
The Scientific American states on relia¬ 
ble authority, that if two feet above the 
throat of your chimney you enlarge the 
opening to double the size for a space of 
two feet, then carry up the rest as at the 
first, your chimuey will never smoke. 
vessels 
^ 4|1hT» 
carrying fourteen 32’s, were 1; 
to stern, when the Thor towed the 
at the rate of 2 8-10ths knots per h 
through the water, in spite of her full pow¬ 
er applied to her paddles. Buing discon¬ 
nected they were then tried against a strong 
breeze, when the screw again had the ad^ 
vantage over the paddle; but when they 
were put before the wind (no sails set) the 
paddle had the advantage of the screw to 
to the same extent. 
Both vessels were of similar model, the 
paddle being a little longer, narrower, and 
sharper than the other. Both had their 
armaments, as above, and a full comple¬ 
ment of coals on board; the paddle draw¬ 
ing 12 feet 3 inches aft, and 12 ft. forward; 
screw, 15^ feet 6 inches aft and 14 feet for¬ 
ward.— Scientific American. 
USES OF IRON. 
Ikon, in some of its innumerable forms, 
ministers to the benefit of all. The imple¬ 
ments of the miner, the farmer, the carpen¬ 
ter, the mason, the smith, the shipwright, 
are made of iron, and with iron. Roads of 
iron, travelled by “iron steeds,” which drag 
whole townships after them, and outstrip 
the birds, have become our commonest 
highways. Ponderous iron ships are .' float 
upon the ocean, witli massive iron engines 
to propel them; iron anchors to stay them 
in storms; iron needles to guide them;and 
springs of iron in chronometers by which 
they measure the time. Ink, pens, and 
printing presses,by which knowledge is scat¬ 
tered over the world, arealike made ofiron. 
It warms us in our apartments; relieves 
our jolts in the carriage; ministers to our 
ailments in the chalybeate mineral water, 
or the medical dose; it gives a variety of 
color to rocks and soils, nourishment to 
vegetation, and vigor to the blood of man. 
Such are the powers of a substance which 
chemists extract from an otherwise worth¬ 
less stone.— Youman's Chemistry. 
STEAM DRILLING MACHINE. 
Mr. Joseph J. Couch, of this State, some 
time ago perfected an admirable machine 
for drilling rocks, by the aid of steam power. 
I he machine has been in very successful 
operation upon some of the railroads in the 
middle states. He has now made a decided 
improvement in it, dispensing with the gear¬ 
ing, and applying the steam directly to the 
operation of the drill. It is altogether a 
most ingenious and effective machine. It 
can be operated at a very small expense 
and will do at least the work of twenty men.’ 
It will be invaluable in railroad construc¬ 
tion, or in any heavy rock-cutting: and so 
sure and economical is its operation, that 
the Hoosac tunnel itself would almost fade 
into insignificance before it. Mr- Couch is 
now in this city,, witli a model of his im¬ 
proved machine, which we understand some 
of our engineers and scientific men have 
examined and highly approved. —Boston 
Post. 
WHAT MAY BE DONE WITH OLD RAGS. 
There is a paper church actually existing 
near Bergen, which can contain nearly one 
thousand persons .It is circular within, octa¬ 
gonal without. The relieves outside, and 
the statues within, the roof, the ceiling, the 
Corinthian capitals, are all of papier-mache, 
rendered water-proof by saturation iu vitriol, 
lime water, whey, and white of egg. We 
have not yet reached this pitch of audacity 
in our use of paper; but it should hardly 
surprise us, inasmuch as we employ the 
same material in private houses, iu steam¬ 
boats,, and in some public buildings, instead 
of carved decorations and plaster cornices. 
When Frederick the Second of Prussia 
set up a limited papier-macho manufac¬ 
tory at Berlin, 1765, he little thought that 
paper cathedrals might, within a century 
spring out of his snuff boxes, at the sleight- 
of hand of advancing art. At present, we 
old-fashioned English, who haunt cathe¬ 
drals and build churches, like .-tone better. 
But there is no saying what -.ve may come 
to. It is not very long sine : it would have 
seemed as impossible t > cover eighteen 
acres of ground with gla.s , as to e°rect a 
pagoda of soap bubbles; jet the thing is 
done. When we think of a psalm sung by 
one thousand voices pealing through an 
edifice made of old rags, and the universal 
element bound down to carry our messages 
with the speed of light, it would be presump¬ 
tuous to say what can and what cannot be 
achieved by science and art under the 
training of steady old Time. — Dickens' 
“ Household Words.” 
Thk Wrought Ikon Works of tiib U. S._ 
Capital invested, $13,995,220; tons of pig metal 
consumed, 251, 491; tons of blooms used, 33,344; 
tons of ore, 78,707; tons of mineral coal, 572,063; 
bushels of coke and charcoal, 14,510,838; valuo 
of raw material and fuel, $9,518,100; hands em¬ 
ployed, 12,975; tons ot wrought iron made, 
272,044; value of entire products, $16,387,074. ’ 
