37 
i89i 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
Mr. M. A. Snow, on feeding Short-horn 
calves, said: “ Calves should be taught to eat 
grain as young as possible. Usually they 
will eat shelled corn as soon as anything. 
We feed them on anything they will eat 
until we get them to eating well, and then 
gradually change their food to clear oats, 
with a little corn added if they do not eat 
the oats readily. They should be very 
liberally cared for the first and second 
winters and get all the good hay they will 
eat and plenty of corn or oats. In short, 
stock to three years of age are very seldom 
fed too much. They should never be al¬ 
lowed to stand still, but be kept growing 
every day. It is needless to say that stock at 
any age should have free access to good clear 
watery it matters not how much milk a 
calf gets, it will drink water several times 
a day if it has a chance. Salt should also 
be within easy reach of stock.” 
Some of the hearers preferred oats or bran 
to whole corn. Dr. Manly Miles said he 
was glad to hear the essayist declare that 
he did not know anything about a balanced 
ration. He hoped the farmers would pay 
no attention to what is called balanced 
rations. The idea of the nutritive value of 
a ration—that the nitrogenous elements 
make muscle and the carbonaceous make 
fat—is based on theory and not fact. Thete 
is no foundation for it. The advantage 
from the “balanced ration ” comes from 
the variety of the food. The main point in 
feeding is to adjust the food to the taste of 
the animal. The gain in flesh has to do 
with the amount the animal consumes. In 
growing animals, however, corn should be 
fed with something else, for it is deficient in 
ash and will not grow bone as it should be 
grown. 
R. N.-Y,—In his opinions with regard to 
“ balanced ration,” Dr. Miles differs from 
most of the other authorities on stock feed¬ 
ing in this country and Europe. Is he 
“ bursting up ” another time-honored fal¬ 
lacy ? What say those who are constantly 
dwelling on the importance of a well 
balanced ration ? 
Man’s Weakness. 
“ Man is but a reed, the weakest in na¬ 
ture, but he is a thinking reed. It is not 
necessary that the entire universe arm it¬ 
self to crush him. A breath of air, a drop 
of water suffices to kill him.” But, being 
a “ thinking reed,” he has been able not 
only to protect himself from his enemies, 
but to resist and recover from the attacks 
of disease, and, by combining different ele¬ 
ments, to make the forces of nature sub¬ 
servient to his will. Among the most 
beneficent of these combinations is the re¬ 
markable vitalizing agent, Compound 
Oxygen, which enables the system to resist 
disease, and also to repair its ravages. 
Here are a couple of samples of the 
hundreds of testimonials contained in our 
brochuie and Quarterly. Send for them 
and convince yourself. Sent free. 
Drs. Starkey & Palen:— “Your Com¬ 
pound Oxygen Treatment has been of in¬ 
calculable benefit to me in hemorrhages 
and severe lung troubles.” J. A. Holmes, 
Spring Ridge, La., September 12, 1889. 
Drs. Starkey & Palen:— “I certainly 
have great faith in the power of your Com¬ 
pound Oxygen Treatment in lung diseases.” 
John K. Clark, M. D., Russelville, Ala. 
Address Drs. Starkey & Palen, 1529 
Arch Street, Philadelphia, Pa., or 120 
Sutter Street, San Francisco, Cal.— Adv. 
CANADIAN HORTICULTURE. 
Notes From the Ontario Fruit 
Growers’ Meeting. 
( Continued.) 
HARDY ROSES. 
James Webster: Roses are better if oc- 
always be informed, so that he can 
set the point of uniou at least three 
inches belo»v the surface of the soil. He 
should also keep a close watch to see that 
no shoots from the roots.grow up and rob 
the good part of its nourishment. The 
Manetti can be easily distinguished from 
the real rose by its having seven leaflets to 
each leaf stem, while the leaflets of 
Hybrid Perpetuals and Hybrid Teas vary 
in numbers. The rose embracing all 
good qualities has not yet appeared, neither 
need one look for it in the lists of novel¬ 
ties, as our best roses have stood the test of 
over a quarter of a century, and will be 
popular for some time to come. 
Prof. Craig presented some points of re¬ 
cent progress in the methods of propagat¬ 
ing fruit trees. It is not by any means 
sufficient that a tree makes a vigorous 
growth while it is in the nursery, and is 
sufficiently large and healthy in the nur¬ 
seryman’s opinion when three years old, for 
one should also inquire into the methods 
by which it was first brought into exist¬ 
ence. Are the root and stock on good 
terms ? Are all the requirements for a 
vigorous and happy union fulfilled ? In 
other words, has the scion married into a 
congenial family ? The practice of graft¬ 
ing on pieces of roots originated in 1818 
with Thomas Andrew Knight. It has be¬ 
come widespread in the United States for 
the propagation of various fruits, par¬ 
ticularly the apple. It has, however, been 
the means of introducing many knotty 
problems into our pomology, which have 
been long discussed and which appear still 
far from a satisfactory solution. 
The advantage of piece rooted trees is 
principally that they allow of deep setting 
in order that the roots may be sent out 
from the scion. It would therefore seem 
that for the milder sections, where root¬ 
killing is unknown, budded trees will give 
the most satisfactory results. But for 
colder regions the piece-root would seem 
to serve an almost indispensable purpose, 
when extreme hardiness is desired, by al¬ 
lowing the use of a long scion, which is set 
deep for the emission of roots. In this 
manner trees on their own roots are se¬ 
cured, each piece-root serving only as a 
temporary root for a cutting. The scion 
represents a variety of known hardiness, 
while seedling stocks are exceedingly vari¬ 
able, probably only an occasional one being 
hardy enough to withstand very severe 
climates. Good trees for all purposes can 
be obtained by using only the first and 
second cuts from the root, which should 
not be less than 3X inches in length, and 
the scion should be between 5 and 6 inches. 
This, when properly made, will, un¬ 
der ordinary conditions, make a growth 
which, if not equal to that from a bud, will 
be quite satisfactory. 
While the pear is propagated almost en¬ 
tirely by budding, there are a few nursery 
firms in the Eastern States who are making 
a specialty of crown grafting on whole 
roots. By shortening the main root some¬ 
what and using a 4>£-inch scion, a root 
graft about 12 inches in length is obtained, 
which, when planted, approaches the prin¬ 
ciple of the apple root graft. Specimen 
trees of Russian varieties grafted in this 
way and planted eight years ago on the 
farm of the late Charles Gibb, at Abbots¬ 
ford, Quebec, are healthy and making a 
vigorous growth. Till we acquire a hard¬ 
ier pear stock than any we now have, it 
crown-grafted with vigorously growing 
sorts it does not appear to have any reserve 
material to waste in sprouts.” Of the Sand 
Cherry he says. “ As yet its use is some¬ 
what experimental, but we can say posi¬ 
tively that it unites well with all hardy 
sorts in budding and it does not dwarf the 
sorts worked upon it to a greater extent 
during the first five years of its growth 
than does the Mahaleb.” 
The speaker had tried both of these stocks 
in a small way, but his results had not 
been sufficiently pronounced to induce him 
strongly to advocate their use. 
In propagating the plum the same ob¬ 
jection to the Myrobolan stock can be 
urged as in the case of the tenderer stocks 
for the pear, apple and cherry. Our native 
plum of the East can hardly be recom¬ 
mended as a promising stock, chiefly owing 
to its liability to be affected with black 
knot and its slow growing habits. The 
Western form of the same species has not 
these defects and unites well either budded 
or grafted with the plum, peach or apricot. 
It grows readily from pits, making plauts 
large enough for budding in August of the 
same year. The smaller ones can be taken 
up and grafted during the winter. Said 
the speaker: “ I have been collecting seeds 
and stocks of Western plum and cherry to 
begin systematic experiments in this line. 
While the art of grafting and budding is 
of immense service in quickly multiplying 
new and desirable varieties, I have very 
little doubt that our trees would be less 
liable to disease and be longer-lived if they 
were all on their own roots. With the 
plums and cherries and stone fruits in 
general, when once we get them established 
in this manner, it is not much more diffi¬ 
cult to multiply them rapidly from root 
cuttings than in the case of raspberries and 
blackberries. The roots forming the sys¬ 
tem near the surface are preferable to the 
lower and deeper feeding ones. They are 
taken up in the fall, cut into three-inch 
lengths and packed in boxes with alternate 
layers of moist sand or earth. The boxes 
should be stored in a frost proof cellar. As 
soon as spring conditions will permit, the 
cuttings, which will be found well calloused 
by this time, may be planted in beds quite 
thickly or in nursery rows. They should 
be stuck in a slanting position with the top 
end three quarters of an inch below the 
surface. Care must be taken that they do 
not become too dry. In this way a fine lot 
of plants can be obtained in a compar¬ 
atively short time.” 
“ QUESTION BOX.” 
Would it be wise to seek legislation to 
compel uniformity in size and shape of 
fruit packages f Should not all fruit be 
sold by the pound? 
Mr. Wellington thought there was too 
much legislation already, especially as the 
“supply and demand” can readily regu¬ 
late the size of packages. If packages fall 
short of the marked weight, the dealer 
soon lets the shipper know it; it is to the 
interest of the grower to have full pack¬ 
ages. In England the sale of fruit is all 
done by weight, and it is the only correct 
and satisfactory way. 
Mr. Pettit said that there was no reason 
why the grower should ask for such leg¬ 
islation, as the consumer is the one to com¬ 
plain if he is wronged by the present mode. 
If a fruit grower can make more money by 
putting up his fruit in fancy packages of 
a different size, and selling them for what 
after the first barrelful is used, some 
Paris green always remains in the bottom, 
so that in order to have a solution of uni¬ 
form strength it is necessary to use a little 
less than the prescribed quantity for the 
second barrel, and so on with succeeding 
lots. Rain does not wash off the Paris- 
green from the foliage so much as is gener¬ 
ally supposed. 
Mr. Willard strongly opposed the spray¬ 
ing of plums, because some years ago, under 
Prof. Cook’s advice, he had utterly ruined 
a valuable orchard by the use of London- 
purple. He had never tried Paris-green; 
but had relied upon jarring with com¬ 
plete success. As to apples and pears, he 
could not afford to grow them without the 
use of the arsenites. Sprayed Bartlett Pears 
sold in November came from cold storage 
in fine condition, at a very fancy price. 
Before using the poison, at least one-third 
of the crop had to be thrown away. 
Mr. Cline had used Paris green for the 
last seven years, and so far from having 
had any trouble with it, he would never 
try to grow plums or pears without it, al¬ 
though the sediment from the bottom of 
the barrel had injured some foliage. Lye 
just strong enough to bear up an egg was 
recommended as a good remedy for the 
oyster-shell bark louse ; it is applied to the 
branches with a birch or other tough 
broom. 
Is it a good plan to prune plums ? 
Mr. Cline would not do any cutting 
among his trees, not believing it neces¬ 
sary. 
Mr. Willard said that his practice was 
to cut from his plum trees from a quarter 
to a half of the season’s growth, doing the 
work in the winter during mild spells, 
when there was but little frost in the trees. 
This i3 more necessary with some sorts 
than with others, as those like Hudson 
River, Purple Egg and Gueii, which make 
a long rampant growth, and then set full 
of fruit, are quite liable to break down, if 
not pruned. These trees when cut throw 
out long branches which, while greatly 
strengthening the tree, give greater fruit¬ 
ing surface. He would not cut after the 
trees had started in spring. 
Can grapes, peaches, pears or quinces be 
exported with profit ? 
McD. Allan stated that at times these 
fruits may be exported with profit, but 
that in order to do so the markets must be 
closely studied as to packages, etc.; and op¬ 
portunities must be seized when there are 
failures of these crops at the usual sources 
of supply. Perhaps the main obstacle is 
the fact that the Canadian steamship com¬ 
panies offer poorer accommodations for 
fruit than are found in any other fruit 
country, as is shown by the fact that poor 
Southern-grown apples in the roughest of 
packages are laid down in English markets 
in good condition, in spite of having to 
cross the tropical zone, while Canadian 
fruit, although its passage over the ocean 
is cool, is often in worthless condition, ow¬ 
ing to reckless handling by the steamship 
companies. Cool air must be supplied; but 
the fan system is not the best, as the air 
must be very dry. If it were possible to 
send them, our fall apples would carry the 
market by storm. E. E. S. 
Always name The R. N.-Y. in writing to 
advertisers. 
cupying a bed entirely by themselves, and 
if they are given rich, well-drained, rather 
heavy soil, as such soil is cooler during the 
summer. In case the soil is of a sandy na¬ 
ture, it should be covered when hot weath¬ 
er begins with several inches of well rotted 
manure, which is to remain all summer. 
In the fall or early spring this mulch, to¬ 
gether with a liberal addition of old cow 
manure, should be dug into the soil, as 
roses to do their best must be well fed. 
The bed should receive the whole of the 
morning sun, while it is best to protect it 
from the rough treatment of the prevailing 
wind by means of evergreens, buildings, 
etc. The best and simplest protection in 
the severe Canadian climate is a mound of 
earth, eight or ten inches high, around 
each plant. This protects all of the wood 
that is needed for the following season in 
perfect condition, while that above the 
earth is cut off in the spring, after danger 
will be prudent to adopt this method for 
the colder sections. 
Cherries until quite recently have been 
almost entirely propagated by budding. 
Latterly a few specialists have been arguing 
in favor of grafting, using the same method 
adopted with the pear as a means of pro¬ 
ducing increased hardiness and longevity. 
As to the success of this mode, an average 
stand of about 60 per cent is the usual re¬ 
turn. Of a few hundred crown-grafted last 
spring on Mahaleb stocks which had been 
planted a year previous, 80 per cent grew, 
making a very stocky growth, averaging 
three feet in height. 
Equal success has been met with in work¬ 
ing on Mazzard roots, which the speaker 
considered the more satisfactory of the two. 
Were it not for the bad sprouting habits of 
the Morello varieties, these would probably 
make our best available propagating stocks. 
Prof. Budd, in a late bulletin discusses the 
they are, where does the harm come in ? 
Mr. Caston believed that it is generally 
understood that the ordinary so called, 
quart strawberry box does not hold a full 
imperial quart, yet so long as the buyers 
know what they are getting, and are con¬ 
tent, there is no reason why the growers 
should make a change. 
Mr. Willard had found it a great advan¬ 
tage to sell currants by the pound, the 
basket being weighed in with the fruit. 
It was unanimously agreed that selling by 
weight was the only just way, but it was 
decided that it did not fall within the prov¬ 
ince of the association’s work to agitate 
the subject. 
Which is the better remedy for the cur- 
culio—spraying or jarring ? 
Mr. Patterson stated that five years’ ex¬ 
perience with spraying had shown that it 
is a great success, as at least 50 per cent of 
the fruit can be saved by it. Jarring 
FARM MILLS 
French Burr* 
Factory Established 
since 1851. 
28 SIZES AND STYLES 
WARRANTED 
MILLS FOR GRINDING 
EAR CORN, SHELLED 
CORN, CORN and OATS, 
BUCKWHEAT and RYE. 
A BOY CAN OPERATE 
and keep in order. A complete Mill and Shel- 
ler for less than $100. Reduced__ _..- 
Prices for Fall of 1890 and 1891. ""'7^ 
Highest Awards fp 
at St. Louis, Cincinnati, New Or- tfjj jT _ 
leans and Indianapolis Fairn and 
Impositions. Milling Book jgv’pssu 
aad sample of Meal sent free. 
FLOUR MILLS BUILT C : "^SS 
BY CONTRACT. 
Nordjke & Marmon Company, ’’KKus'im. 
of frost is past. At this time the earth is 
neatly leveled and on the strongest grow¬ 
ers all the wood is cut off except six or 
eight inches, measuring from the ground 
up. On those of less vigorous growth all 
of the weaker shoots are cut entirely away, 
thus inducing more growth from the root. 
Many plants are budded upon Manetti 
roots, and of this the purchaser should 
best stocks for cherries, and among them 
mentions the wild red stock (Prunus Penn- 
sylvanica) and Sand Cherry (Prunus 
pumila) as two of the most promising. Of 
the first he says: “ In practice it has been 
found that it unites perfectly with all vari¬ 
eties tried on the Morello, Duke and 
Heart Cherries, by either grafting or bud¬ 
ding. It sprouts, but when top-worked or 
causes too much work for ordinary grow¬ 
ers, who do not keep much help. Pears 
have been protected from the curculio by 
spraying, so that nearly the whole crop was 
perfect. Paris-green was the only poison 
used—at the rate of two ounces to 40 gal¬ 
lons of water for plums,and three ounces to 
the same quantity of water for pears. In 
mixing, it should be borne in mind that, 
A ROBBER OR THIEF 
Is better than the lying scale agent who tells you 
as gospel truth that the 
Jones’ $60.5 Ton Wagon Scale 
Is not a standard scale, and equal to any made. 
For free book and price list, address 
Jones of Binghamton, Binghamton, N.Y. 
