needed to give the ration strength without adding too 
much to its bulk. The problem is to buy the grains that 
bring most to the farm for the money. If a man buys 
cotton-seed meal or linseed meal he would be foolish to 
feed it with the same measure used in feeding corn meal 
or bran. Six pounds of corn meal might have the best 
effect on a cow if fed with clover hay, while six pounds of 
cotton-seed meal, costing the same money, might kill her, 
because it would supply too much protein. We doubt if 
it will pay any farmer to feed heavily of concentrated 
foods unless he is willing to give up the “ forkful” and 
quart system and feed by the scales with the idea of giving 
so many pounds of fat, protein and carbohydrates to each 
animal instead of so much “ hay and grain.” Tables of 
analyses are now easily obtained and the farmer can figure 
them out. In these times of high prices It will pay any 
farmer to figure on this matter. Too many farmers are 
buying corn meal for protein, which is just about as eco¬ 
nomical as buying sawed and planed lumber for fire wood. 
We shall speak again of the physical effects of these dif¬ 
ferent foods and their manurial value. 
the records of the winners, intending to use them, but I have 
not been able to lay my hands on them since my return. 
In the London market, no make of butter or cheese stands 
higher than that which comes from Dorsetshire, which is 
a noted dairy county. The Herefords referred to were not 
grades but purebred. I have often thought since the de¬ 
pression in the cattle business, that I would adopt Mr. 
James’s plans. I could have from 50 to 80 cows In milk 
through the year. 
The Albany Cultivator, vol. 4 (new series), at page 41, in 
speaking of the Here.ords, says that Isaac C. Bates, of 
Northampton, Mass., had purchased a Hereford bull, Sir 
Isaac, that had been imported by Admiral Cofliu in 1824, 
and that his produce were seldom excelled for butter and 
beef. My own experience covering 20 years, is that for 
these purposes no breed will give better returns than the 
Herefords, and the Eastern farmers cannot do batter than 
to give them a trial. T. L. miller. 
Will County, Ill. _ 
Live Stock Matters. 
CHEAPENING THE GRAIN RATION. 
In times like these food costs too much to allow it to go 
to waste. The grain bill is throwing a shadow over too 
many dairymen. Many farmers are cheating themselves 
by feeding all their own grain to stock when they might 
sell a part of it for human food at a higher price than the 
stock will pay them. We want to give the following 
record of prices shown in the last bulletin of the Massa¬ 
chusetts Experiment Station. The figures state the mar¬ 
ket price per ton of 2,000 pounds of the articles named In 
the local market at Amherst, Mass. 
November, 18=9, to November, 14T0, to 
June, 1890. June, 1891. 
Corn meal. $ 9 00 $28 00 
Wheat bran. 17 50 25 00 
Cotton-seed meal. 24 00 23 00 
Old-process linseed meal. 27 CO 25 CO 
Gluten meal (Chicago). 24 50 23 00 
Com meal and bran have increased nearly 50 per cent, 
cotton-seed meal and gluten meal are a little higher and 
linseed meal is lower. All through the eastern part of 
the country feeders are confronted with similar facts. 
The products suitable for human food have greatly in¬ 
creased in price while the waste products, or those unfit 
for human food, have not increased to the same extent. 
Now, if the farmers who are feeding corn meal and bran 
at an advance in price of 50 per cent were obtaining 50 per 
cent more for their meat, milk or butter, or were __ 
putting 50 per cent more fertility back to the 
farm, it would be right—a good business ar¬ 
rangement. But they are not doing so; the in- 
creaaed price for their products does not begin 
to equal the increased price for the food. All 
they feed grain for is to sell it again in com¬ 
bination with water. Butter is nothing but a 
mixture of fat and water; milk and meat are 
only fat, protein (or muscle) and water mixed 
together. If you pay too much for the fat and 
protein in the food you give the cow, it is not 
her fault if the water mixture is a losing one. 
If human beings will pay more for grain than 
the cow will, it is economy to buy food for the 
cows in cheaper forms that are not suitable for 
human food. 
We know that many farmers have a settled 
rule not to sell an ounce of corn, rye or oats be¬ 
cause they believe the farm will suffer if these are 
sold as grain. It makes no difference to them 
whether prices vary or not, they must feed and 
not sell taeir own grain. If they have to feed 
five pounds of corn meal to make one pound of 
salable pork, it makes a difference of just about 
2% cents on each pound of pork, when the price 
Increases from $19 to $28 per ton. Pork will not 
increase in price over one cent per pound and a 
similar state of affairs is found when We try to 
make milk or butter out of high-priced feeds. 
There are three classes of substances that give 
value to food for animals or human beings—fat, || 
protein and carbohydrates. The fats are pure fat 
or oil very similar to the pure fats found in meat 
or butter. The protein is the food that is used in 
the animal system to make muscle and lean meat. 
These cannot be made from fatty food—protein 
is absolutely necessary for such formation. The 
carbohydrates comprise such substances as 
starch, sugar, etc., which are made over by the 
animal into fat—as butter, tallow or pork. 
There need be no difficulty in understanding 
these terms if we remember that the fat and the 
carbohydrates cannot possibly make anything 
but fat meat or butter, and the protein cannot ^ ■ 
possibly make fat meat, but only lean or muscle. 
The fats are more valuable than the carbohy¬ 
drates, because they are more digestible and 
more easily made into meat or butter. In fact when 
figuring the value of a feeding ration, scientists consider 
the fats equal in value to the protein, and both worth about 
five times as much, pound for pound, as the carbohydrates. 
We can easily understand that all these classes of sub¬ 
stances must be fed and that trouble will follow if we give 
too much of one and too little of another. 
These foods as bought at Amherst, contained the follow¬ 
ing quantities of these three feeding substances in pounds 
per ton. 
Corn Wheat Cotton seed Linseed Gluten 
MeaL Bran. Meal. Meal. Meal. 
Fat. 8i!4 38 2 4 )K0 131 
Protein. 227 825 8U 660 62J 
Carbohydrates. 1359 1U00 422 726 399 
Total food.167. 1413 1427 1566 1750 
The substances that go to make up the full 2,000 pounds 
in each ton are water, ash and cellulose. Ash is what is 
left after burning the whole food—it is useful for manure. 
Cellulose is that part of the food that is entirely in¬ 
digestible. 
In buying these foods at the prices given, the farmer 
obtains the following quantities for $1: 
Pounds Bought for One Dollar. 
Corn Wheat Cotton-seed Linseed Gluten 
Meal. Bran. Meal. Meal. Meal. 
Fat. 3 3>4 VA 6 4M 
Protein. 8 13 2s 2514 28 
Carbohydrates. 4fe)4 40 15 23 35)4 
One dollar’s worth of corn will give a large quantity of 
carbohydrates and comparatively little fat and protein, 
while one dollar’s worth of linseed meal gives less carbo¬ 
hydrates and a great deal more of the others. In fact, the 
corn has too little protein while the linseed meal has too 
much. It would pay better to buy one dollar’s worth of 
each of these foods and mix them than to buy two dollars’ 
worth of either one. A good sized cow should digest each 
day food enough to contain 2}4 pounds of protein, 12j^ 
pounds of carbohydrates and one-half pound of fat, or 
more in the same proportion. A portion of this may be 
fed in the form of hay, fodder or ensilage, but the grain is 
Notes. 
Defective Cleveland Bays.— There is much complaint 
about the Cleveland Bays exhibited at the fairs this year. 
Good judges tell us that more grades or crossbred horses 
have been palmed off as pure Cleveland Bays than has been 
the case In exhibits of any other breed. Many of them 
show plainly the presence of draft horse blood. In buying 
_ Cleveland Bay horses it is impossible to be too 
care ful about looking up pedigrees and full hi3 
tories of the horses. Before any bargains are 
made the facts should be learned from the secre¬ 
tary of the national association. The following 
extract from a letter recently received shows how 
ne.e=sary it is to know what is being done. 
“ A man has been through this section selling a 
Cleveland Bay stallion, price $2,800. He got 28 
men to sign a paper agreeing to take $100 in 
shares. After he had got the 28 men he came 
around with a joint note reading like this : We 
or e.ther of us agree to pay $2,800: 10 or 17 signed 
the joint note; 11 would not. He then produced 
the paper which we had signed, which on the last 
which 
He said all he 
HEREFORD CATTLE NOT NATURALLY S URLY. 
In an article entitled “ Shall We Have Polled Here¬ 
fords,” In The Rural for September 19, this statement Is 
made: ‘‘The Hertfords are beef cattle before anything 
line reads ‘ secured by joint note or cash 
none of us had previously seen, 
asked was for us to fulfill the contract. He and 
the 17 men met and organized a company; the 17, 
of course, were holding for the $2,800. He 
t urned the contract over to them and told them 
to sue the 11 for $100 each.” 
A New Ensilage Plant. —When people talk 
about ensilage, their hearers generally begin to 
think about the corn plant, because that has 
come to be recognized as the one great plant 
for the silo. Many people have tried clover, 
different grasses and grains, and even weeds with 
more or less success, but most of them have come 
back to corn as the best for the silo. Much 
of this is due to the fact that grasses and grains 
make good hay, and are fed economically when 
dry. Big, dry corn stalks are very “hard eating;” 
the silo makes them more eatable—saves waste. 
At the Massachusetts Station experiments have 
been made with the Soja Bean as a silo plant. 
This bean grows somewhat like a pea vine. It is 
said to more closely resemble meat In its chem¬ 
ical analysis than any other vegetable product. 
In Japan it Is used as a staple article of diet by 
the people. Dr. Goessman, of the Massachu¬ 
setts Station, thus describes his method of using 
it with corn: “ The corn-stalks, leaves and ears 
—was reduced to pieces of from one to 1% inch in 
length; and the Soja Bean—entire plant—being 
still soft and succulent, was merely cut into two 
or three pieces. Both plants thus prepared were 
subsequently put alternately in layers, one foot 
in thickness, into a silo. The filling of the latter was 
carried on as fast as the material could be conveniently 
secured. Each layer was carefully packed down and the 
whole finally covered with layers of tar paper and of 
matched boards. The latter were held in place by barrels 
filled with sand. The silo was filled at the beginning of 
September, 1890, and opened for use during the succeeding 
January. The mixed ensilage thus produced was of yel¬ 
lowish green color and less acid than a clear corn ensilage 
obtained from the same lot of fodder com treated in the 
same manner and at the same time in an adjoining silo.” 
To show the difference in feeding value, analyses were 
made of the two sorts of ensilage. We give them below, 
and if lying down they will not get up unless re- and also add analyses of clover and Timothy hay. All 
1 to do so. In the Highland herd my cows and calves farmers are familiar with the general values of these 
ogether, and this year the cows have calved in the foods, and they will better understand the meaning of 
re and the young things have been left with their “ f a t,” protein and carbohydrates if other foods are com- 
until weaning time. pared with hay. The figures are given for percentage or 
The Herefords as Dairy Cows, deduct ° £ ***** ^ 100 P ° UadS ° £ ^ ^ 
lv in the fifties, the Hon. Thomas Duckham, in writ- P roduct - CO m Mixed clover Timothy Corn 
: the Hereford vs. dairy cattle, referred to a Mr. James Fafc Ensilage. Engage. ay. ay. a 102 ’ 
jppowden, Dorsetshire, England, as having a dairy g;| 45.8 Am 
esed entirely of Herefords, and said that they gave ^aUage contained over 70 per cent of water which, 
> satisfaction. I was in England in 1883, and v of COUI . a0i made the total feeding value less per 100 pounds 
erd then established for 4 . years. It consisted than lf it had been dry . 0ll page 575 oar rea ders will find 
In milk, and they were rented to two dairymen 0 ^ article by J. H. Pierce, of Indiana, who fills his silos 
to each, Mr. James furnishing the cows, pas ure with alterna te iayers of corn and second-crop clover, add- 
ay. The dairymen fed the calves on skim-milk when charcoal to keep the whole mass “ sweet.” We learn 
ag butter and on whey when making c eese r. qnlte a g 00 d many farmers are experimenting, in a 
s furnished what cake he thought right. W en w ^ way) w i t h this plan of mixing some more nitrogenous 
bs old the calves were taken from the dairymen an ]anfc wit h the corn in order to secure a more perfect ration, 
n pasture with a light feed of cake, until ready for . , , , 
itcher or feeder. Not only did Mr. James find Here- Medium Horses Wanted.-I have investigated the mat- 
satisfactory as dairy cows, but on the show grounds ter regarding the best type of horses for our use by obta n- 
hibited them successfully in competition with other ing the opinions of our stable superintendents in t P 
breeds-the Jersey, Guernsey, Ayrshire and Short- cipal cities at which we have large interests in horse flesh. 
H* mvb me access to his books and I took a copy of One and all agree that, of the two types of draft horses re- 
PROF. EUGENE DAVENPORT. Fig. 257 
