THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
847 
i89i 
and annual products worth $76,517,155; acres, 534,440; 
persons employed, 240,893; value of implements, $8,971,- 
206.70; seed farms, 596; total acres, 169,857; value of Im¬ 
plements and buildings, $18,325,935.86; number employed, 
15,041. Total acreage in peaches, 507,736; value of crop, 
$76,160,400; employees, 226,000; tools and machinery, 
$5,077,360 ; cast of packages, $3,800 000 ; cost of labor and 
teams, $1,300,000 Upwards of $90,000,000 was invested in 
peach-growing in the census year. Nurseries, 4,510; value, 
$41 973,835 80; acres, 172,206; capital invested $52 425 669 51; 
employees, 47 936; value of implements, $990,606 021. Grand 
total of plants and trees, 3,336 855 778; fruit t^ees, 513,016,- 
612: grape vines and small fruits, 635,603 396; apples, 
largest acreage, 22,232 [?]; 240,570 666 young trees. C illfornia 
shows almond trees in bearing, 336,464; young trees, 405,- 
404. Florida has 474 293 cocoanut trees in bearing; 791 007 
young trees. Figs: California, 140,778 in bearing; 234,360 
not in bearing. Lsmons: Florida, 99,425 in bearing; 410,- 
258 young; California, 32,137 in bearing; 154,252 young. 
Olives: California, 209,441 In bearing; 253 843 young. 
Oranges: Florida, 3,924 621 in 
Unsuccessful Grape Grafting. 
I have been very much interested in trying to make a 
success in grafting the grape vine, especially upon our 
hardy native roots, but have generally met with poor 
success. This induced me several years ago to try grafting 
in the fall. I took great pains to protect the graft by first 
placing earth around it, then covering with straw, laying 
a shovt board upon it and heaping upon the whole a mound 
of earth big enough to keep out the frost. The result 
was an entire failure and I have never repeated the exper¬ 
iment. I continue to graft a few vines every spring with 
more or less success. I never knew the conditions for 
grafting more favorable than last spring, yet I did not get 
one to grow, while the year before nearly all grew and 
made a wonderful growth this season, some Diamond 
and Hosford’s Mammoth groving 15 feet long. The 
Wilders grafted some years ago on wild roots, continue to 
bear fine clusters and berries of tremendous size, while 
those upon their own roots have entirely failed. But I 
am nob an expert or professional grafter. If there is any 
of others. I rate It higher each year, and now think It the 
best white grape for home use. [The R N.-Y.,with only 
two years’ experience, is inclined to rate it in the same 
way.—E ds.] 
Woodruff grows more productive with age, but the qual¬ 
ity remains the same. Notwithstanding Its size and showi 
ness, I am afraid to plant it for market, yet a single vine 
this season produced fully 40 pounds of magnificent-look 
ing fruit. Benjamin, another grape of the same class, was 
originated near Springfield, by W. H. Llghtfoot, and has 
the same objectionable muskiness and pulp; yet this Is 
pronounced “ high fl ivor” by not a few—notably by Ger 
mans, who go to much pains to secure a few to mix with 
Concords in making wine. I have been much impressed 
with the behavior of Florence. This I count the earliest 
grape in my collection, yet at this date—November 18— 
nearly every bunch is hanging and every berry holding to 
the bunch, converted into a raisin—of poor quality to be 
sure, but if this peculiarity could be transmitted to a large, 
meaty grape of high quality, what value would It not have 
among farmers and others in 
bearing ; 9 302,080 young. Cali¬ 
fornia, 524 400 in bearing ; 1,641,- 
400 young. Pineapples: Florida, 
23,496,000 plants. Arizona, Loui¬ 
siana and the Gulf Coast have 
over half a million orange trees. ” 
H. H. 
(To be continued ) 
GRAPE WOOD FROM SEV¬ 
ERAL VINEYARDS. 
Successful Fall Grafting. 
I had two five-year old Graccus 
[?] vines and not liking the fruit 
for table use, I decided to try 
grafting them with Moore’s 
MEAT OF GALLOWAY STEER COLBY. 
supplying the family with cook¬ 
ing ral-ias. benj. buckman. 
Sangamon C unty, Ill. 
CAN BEEF BE MADE AT A 
PROFIT IN NEW YORK f 
No. I. 
An article In The Rural New 
Yorker of October 24 led me to 
think it about time to give its 
readers the results of some ex 
perlments made by us last win 
ter in feeding steers solely for 
beef, by which we demonstrated 
very clearly that it is not only 
possible, but very profitable, to 
Diamond. This I did the first 
make beef here, even with grains 
week in November, putting in a 
split graft as low down in the 
ground as I could get a straight 
split. It was tied tightly with 
twine. I placed over the graft a 
piece of old cotton shirting and 
filled the hole, and covered the 
graft with fresh cow manure, the 
cloth keeping the split clean. I 
covered all with a pile of earth 
tlie size of a peach basket. In the 
spring I scraped away all the 
earth down to the bud inserted. 
The first year one of the grafts 
grew about 10 feet and the other 
13. This year I would have had 
about 40 pounds of grapes if it 
were not for the birds. I bagged 
the fruit for protection, but the 
pests learned to tear open the 
paper when wet. It speaks well 
for the Diamond, as they at¬ 
tacked it furiously, letting sev¬ 
erely alone the Empire State and 
Roenbeck close by. J. L. H. 
Kentucky Grape Notes.— 
After reading the letter of W. 
S., on page 783, I feel confident 
in saying that some people are 
too quick in condemning certain 
varieties of grapes. In planting 
a new variety many plant only 
a single vine, which either fails 
to grow or fruits badly, after 
which they condemn It, and 
such I fear Is the case with 
W. S. and the Lexington author¬ 
ity quoted by him, for there is 
not a better class of grapes 
and all other feeds as high as 
they were during the winter of 
1890 and 1891. 
We put in to head of steers 
coming two years old in the 
spring. They cost on an average 
$2 35 per 100 pounds. We fed 
them all winter, and sold them 
In the spring at $5 25 per 100 
pounds. The average gain was 
306 pounds, giving us about 
$36 37 psr head for their food and 
care, besides the manure result¬ 
ing from the use of so much 
concentrated food rich in the 
elements of plant growth. 
From the experience of last 
winter, I am fully prepared to 
say that the barns of western 
New York should all be filled 
with animals which should be 
used for the conversion of waste 
and raw products into cash value 
in the shape of meat, milk or 
wool, and still leaving the larger 
part for use on our overcropped 
and hungry fields. But in order 
to make beef at a profit in New 
York, and to the largtst profit 
anywhere, certain fundamental 
principles must be kept in view, 
and conditions must be made to 
comply with them. Though there 
is nothing new in these prin¬ 
ciples, yet very few people seem 
to be aware of them, and,, con¬ 
sequently, they must be repeated 
over and over again, and even 
then hundreds will either ignore 
I Nofi 
MEAT OF SHORT-HORN STEER BARRINGTON 
MEAT OF DEVON STEER DISCO 
to-day than some of the hy¬ 
brids. It often happens that some of the standard varie¬ 
ties fail to do well in one location, while they do splendidly 
in another close by. For instance, take the Worden : sup¬ 
pose I were to say that splendid grape was a complete 
fraud ; I fear many would retort, “ Wood Is wrong ; ” but 
such it has proved with me. I have never been able to 
make it do well, while my neighbors grow it to perfection; 
yet I know it is a good one. Again, some time ago I 
planted the Eaton; some vines produced fine clusters, while 
others produced the most miserable of grapes. Suppose I 
had planted but one of the latter. Would I have been 
justifiable in saying the variety was worthless ? And so It 
goes ; one cannot give a grape a fair trial by planting one 
vine, or planting it in one situation, for it may do badly 
in one place and finely in another. Now some of the 
hybrids are the finest class we have in cultivation. I 
doubt if there is another black grape cultivated that has 
as many good points as the Aminia ; yet one hardly ever 
hears of any one planting it, because it is a hybrid. I make 
the prediction that the man who p aid four prices for his 
Niagaras is one of the fellows who can’t afford to take The 
Rural, although he hasn’t gone far from a right selec¬ 
tion of vines for a local market. Acurate information is 
gained only by care and time. 
I agree with friend Powell in trying to Induce people 
to plant vines in the waste places. Just leok at the 
blank walls that should be covered with all the grapes the 
family could use. Reader, don’t be a niggard ; plant a vine 
agaicst that blank wall and make it useful as well as or¬ 
namental. Vines are too cheap now for any one to say his 
family haven’t any grapes, and then think what a pleas¬ 
ure they are to the little ones I GEO. R. WOOD. 
Jefferson Co., Ky. 
way to make the grafting of the grape vine a success every 
time, I would like to know It. T. s. 
Pelee Island, Canada. 
Grapes In Central Illinois. 
The grape season is now past and one can again compare 
varieties from the standpoint of another season’s experi¬ 
ence. 
The Concord here still easily holds the lead as a market 
grape, although Moore’s Early and Pockling on, coming 
before and after the main flood of grapes, bring higher 
prices and perhaps fully as much money to the grower. 
What we need here where we have hot, corn-developing 
summers, is a reliable late grape to fill out the season- 
later than the Pockllngton and Cynthiania, and I have 
allowed my varieties to hang on the vines to find which 
kind would endure the most cold without shriveling or 
dropping, and I place the Berckmans at the head of the 
list—in comparison with 100 varieties. So far this variety 
has been very fruitful; but I cannot vouch as to its hardi¬ 
ness, as we have had no recent test winters. For market It 
should be larger in bunch and berry. The quality is all 
that could be desired, and not a berry drops from the 
bunch. [Berckmans has proved hardy at the Rural 
Grounds during the pa3t five years.—E ds.] 
Miner’s Victoria seems to be of the same season as Pock- 
lington, of about the same quality and even more produc¬ 
tive-hardiness not tested. Tne bunch is not so compact 
as that of the Pockllngton and the berry may be a little 
smaller, but it hangs well and is certainly a promising 
variety. [It is among the hardiest varieties The R. N.-Y. 
has ever tried.— Eds,] 
I feel confident that I have Moore’s Diamond true, yet it 
ripens later than the Concord—contrary to the experience 
their existence or will go on 
feeding with no thought of complying with them. 
First, we must not lose sight of the well known and 
vital facts that a certain amount of food is necessary to 
sustain life, called “ maintenance ration,” and all growth 
or production of fat in an animal being fed for the sham¬ 
bles, comes from food eaten in excess of this maintenance 
ration. The maintenance ration depends upon these three 
things—the live weight of the animal and the amount of 
exercise and exposure to cold it undergoes. This being 
true, it will be seen that the smaller the animal, all other 
things being equal, the smaller the amount of food is 
wasted in sustaining life: for instance, it takes fully twice 
as much fr od to barely maintain the existence of a 100- 
pound pig as of one weighing only 50 pounds; hence if we 
would produce the greatest amount of growth in an 
animal for a given amount of food, we must select a 
thrifty one of such an age as to require the smallest main¬ 
tenance ration. To illustrate: take two pigs, one weighing 
50, the other 100 pounds, and equally thrifty; put them in 
like condition and feed them on wheat middlings—the 
ideal pig food. It will require about three per cent of the 
live weight to sustain them without gain or loss: suppose 
each of these pigs be fed for the purpose of making a gain 
of one pound per day. It has been demonstrated by care¬ 
ful experiments that three pounds of wheat middlings in 
excess of the maintenance ration in case of a thrifty pig 
will, with the best surroundings, give one pound of pork. 
The account with the pigs would then stand as follows: 
with the 50-pound pigs, pound for maintenance and 
three pounds for growth ; 4>£ pounds give one pound of 
pork, or 22 2-9 pounds of pork for 100 pounds of middlings; 
with the 100-pound pig three pounds would be required for 
the maintenance and three pounds for growth, requiring 
