The olive tree is also ubiquitous; it thrives extremely well and is capable of great extension. 
Wooden presses are chiefly used to extract the oil. Both the method of gathering the fruit and the 
process of oil extraction are defective. A good deal can be done to encourage bettci me o s _ 3 
importing modern oil extraction machines for sale on easy terms, and this su iject is engaging 
The chief fruits grown in Cyprus are the orange, mandarin, lemon, pomegranate, apricot, kaisha, 
plum, fig, grape, also apple, pear, quince, loquat (Japanese medlar), cherry, banana (mainly a ong 
the coast), water melon, sweet melon and date palm . , , 
The growing of vines and the manufacture of wines and spirits constitute a leaning m 11 s ry. 
The value of the wine exported in 1917 was £78,451, and that of the spirits ^*2,113. Cvpius is 
almost the only country in the Levant which has hitherto been free from phylloxera. Mildew {Outturn) 
is prevalent, and sulphuring is now being more generally practised. There is scope for considerab e 
improvement in the methods used for cultivation and fermentation, and the whole subject, or the 
wine industry receives constant attention in the Agricultural Department. 
Raisins constitute an important product, and the quantity exported in 1917 was <0,624 cwt., 
valued at £90,040. ;11 . _ 
During the Venetian occupation (1489-1570) Cyprus exported annually from seven to fifteen mi ) 
pounds of raw cotton. The scarcity caused by the American Civil War gave a stimulus to ^production. 
In 1860 over *2,000,000 lbs. were exported. Since then the production has declined, especially during 
Turkish times, largely owing to the destruction of aqueducts, Venetian wells, etc., and to the 
practice of taxing cotton in the field before it was picked, causing considerable delay and detriment to 
quality. This practice was abandoned in 1890, and a tax has since been levied on exported cotton 
only. The species chiefly grown is Gossypium herbacemn. A full account of Cyprus cotton will 
be found in a Report on the Agricultural Resources of Cyprus, by Professor Wyndlmm Dunstan 
F.R.S., Director of the Imperial Institute, which was published in 1905. There is a well equipped 
little cotton factory at Famagusta and excellent cotton fabrics are woven in various parts of the island. 
Cotton is exported principally to Greece. Freight charges and lack of direct steamers prevent its 
shipment to England and check its export to France. There should be a good opening for machmeiy 
for extracting cotton seed oil, and this matter is under consideration. 
Some hemp is grown, and there is a proposal to introduce rope making machinery. 
Cyprus silks were famous throughout the middle ages, and there is still an important export of 
cocoons to Trance. These cocoons are reeled in France and Italy and the silk is largely sold to 
England. It would be of advantage to reel the silk in Cyprus and sell the finished product direct 
to England. Freight and the lack of direct transport prevent the marketing of cocoons m England. 
Mr. Stevenson thinks that there is an undoubted future for this industry if it is conducted on 
proper lines. 
Tobacco growing is in an experimental stage. _ . , . , 
Sesame is a recognised / crop. Aniseed, coriander seed, wdiite cumin seed, black cumin seed, chick 
peas, and broom corn are among the more generally grown minor crops. 
There is scope for much improvement in the fodder crops grown, and the Agricultural Department 
has successfully introduced several fodder plants and grasses from outside the Colony. 
With regard to essential oils, origanum oil, rich in the antiseptic constituent carvacrol, is produced 
bv distillation from species of Origanum, which grow wild hi the forests. Otto of loses of a high 
quality has recently been produced by distillation. Samples have been sent to the Imperial Institute, 
which reports that the constituents of the Cyprus oil agree closely with those recorded for Bulgarian 
otto of roses. There seems to be a good future for this trade. . 
Native tanneries exist in large numbers and make use of local sumac and pine bark, i fie 
question of extracting tannin from the bark of certain indigenous wattles is under consideration. 
Cyprus bees have more than a local reputation, and there is a considerable export of queen bees. 
The Forest Department is principally engaged in re-afforesting depleted areas, but has also been 
investigating the question of the production of pyroligneous acid and tar by the destructive distillation 
of wood, ft is proposed to introduce a distillation plant similar to those employed in the Forest 
of Dean. 
As regards geology and minerals, the following books have been published: 
(1) l< A treatise on the Geology of Cyprus, by Mr. Albert Gaudry (Paris, 1862). An English 
translation was published by Messrs. Harrison & Sons among the Papers of the Geological 
Sccietv of France, Second Series, Volume VII. 
(2) “ The Geology of Cyprus, 1 ' by C. V. Bellamy, late Director of Public Works in Cyprus, and 
A. J\ Jukes Brown (W. Brendon & Sons, 1905). 
Owing to the lack of any suitably qualified officer, it lias not been possible for the Government of 
Cyprus to undertake any serious geological research. 
Terra umbra has been found in fair quantities, and before the War there was some export trade in 
it. Salt is found in large quantities, but the market for export is limited. Copper and pyrites exist 
and considerable prospecting work for these minerals is now being earned out by private enterprise. 
There are large deposits of asbestos, which are now being worked. 
4s regards marine products, sponge fishing has been carried on round the coasts of Cyprus by 
fishers from the Greek islands, who pay a percentage of tlieir takings in kind to the Government. The 
native Cypriot has not taken to this industry, being deterred by the discomforts incidental to the work. 
Mr Stevenson reports that there appears to be plenty of fish in the sea round the coasts, but that 
the fishermen are few, timid, and unenterprising. Their equipment is poor and no large catches of 
fish are made. . . , , , , , . 
With regard to medical research, Mr. Stevenson reports that little original work has been done. 
Effectual nraetical measures have been taken against malaria with excellent results. The establish¬ 
ment of a bacteriological laboratory is a pressing need which Mr. Stevenson expects to be able to 
meet at an early date. 
