VOLUME IV. NO. 24. > 
ROCHESTER, N. L- SATURDAY, JUNE 11, 1853. 
1 WHOLE NO. 180, 
MJORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER : 
A QUARTO WEEKLY 
Agricultural) Literary ami Family Newspaper 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, 
YvITIt AX ABLE CORPS OF ASSISTANT EDITORS. 
The Rural New-Yorker is designed to be unique and 
beautiful in appearance, and unsurpassed in Value, Purity 
and \ ariety of Contents. Its conductors earnestly labor 
to make it a Reliable Guide on the important Practical Sub- 
jecis connected with the business of those whose interests 
it advocates. It embraces more Agricultural, Horticul¬ 
tural, Scientific, Mechanical, Literary and News Matter_ 
interspersed with many appropriate and handsome engrav¬ 
ings— than any other paper published in this Country. 
83^” For Terms, &c., see last page. 
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Progress and 
Improvement. 
RURAL AND DOMESTIC ECONOMY, 
Economy, whother Rural or Domestic, is 
not stinginess. It is such a use of all ob¬ 
jects or things as shall be productive of the 
greatest good j the person employing them. 
I ho individual, therefor©, who best un¬ 
derstands the art ot attaining the end from 
the beginning, with the least possiblo ex¬ 
penditure, commensuruto with securing the 
greatest gain ot any sort or kind, is the best 
economist. 
Tn o person can bocomo a good economist in 
any department of labor or business without 
careful study and diligent observation. Tho 
laws regulating production and expenditure 
must be well understood. lie that is gui- 
dod by tradition, rather than by tho teach¬ 
ings of art and science, is not so likely to 
succoed in any business as he would be wero 
knowledge his guiding light 
Thuro are, relatively speaking, very few 
good economists. To no class is this sub¬ 
ject of greater importance than to tho far¬ 
mer. The requisites with him are two—la 
bor and tho farm. Labor is chielly of two 
kinds : that produced by tho employment of 
human muscles, and tho muscles of horses 
and oxen. To bo productive, labor must 
bo directed by cultivated mind, olse tho best 
means to compass tho end desired, will not 
bo put in requisition. 
The question every farmer should propose 
to himself, is not, what I must desiro to raise 
on my enclosed acres, but, what is my soil 
the best adapted to produce? If wheat, then 
study how to produce tho greatest amount 
for a givon expenditurethat is to say, 
there is a relation between what is expend¬ 
ed in order to inako a crop aftor it is gath¬ 
ered. For example : if a man in tho ordi¬ 
nary course of farming, finds that the crop 
can only bo produced by tho uso of such 
extraordinary and costly stimulants, that, 
when harvested and marketed,it will scarcely 
balance tho bill of expenditures, ho very 
naturally concludes that it will not be econ¬ 
omy for him to pursue such a course. If 
your farm bo better adapted for grass than 
wheat, then you should raiso stock or keep 
a dairy, or both, and oxchango your produc¬ 
tions for wheat, rather than at a sacrifice 
try to raiso it for homo uso. If you can 
produce two bushels of oats easier than you 
can ono of wheat per acre, then is it not 
better economy to produco oats ? 
To know, then, what it is best to cultivato 
on any given area of tho earth’s surface 
i3 necessary to know what tho nature of this 
soil is. It must, then, be chemically ana¬ 
lyzed, or tested by experiment, tho latter 
being far more costly of tho two ways.— 
Knowledge, therefore, must bo employed. 
It being a well known fact that every 
crop taken from tho soil exhausts or im¬ 
poverishes it, it becomes an important in¬ 
quiry to tho farmer, how shall I replenish 
my soil if I sell my crops ? If I soil a thou¬ 
sand bushels ot wheat annually, how shall 
I ro3toro to the soil whence it was takon, tho 
sum. ot tho compounds removod therefrom? 
Iloro is an important problem for every ru¬ 
ral economist to solve. Tho manuro heap 
is tho farmer's source for roplonishing the 
soil whenco the crop has boon romovod—or 
at least one source. Plowing in green crops, 
as of clover, is another. Tho latter is re¬ 
garded by some as the most economical way 
to prevent exhaustion of soil. Farmers, as 
yet, como very far short of saving all tho 
elements ot manuro which thev have. It is 
said of tho cow in Stockiiardt’s Field Lec¬ 
tures, that “ ono cow furnished yearly 20, 
000 lbs. in excrements, and 8,000 in urine ; 
ono horse 12.000 in excremonts and 3,000 in 
urine; ono sheep, 700 in excremonts and 380 
in urine; and one hog 1,800 in excrements, 
and 1,200 in urine. What farmer saves or 
makes, use of manures in proportion to the 
above statements, according to the number 
ot animals kept . J This can bo done under 
tho guidance of good economy. Wo shall 
recur to tho subject again.—w. 
JUNE.—EARM AFF AIR S, 
“Fair Season ! sacred to the blushing flower, 
Whose leaves were stained by Venus’ wounded feet 
When her Adonis she would save—most meet 
For every bird too, in both grove and bower, 
To send its minstrelsy forth, so loud and sweet,— 
Thee, with as fond but meaner music’s power 
Wo welcome, and thy gen’rous advent greet I 
Thou bring’st with thee an Alchemy most strange 
Compound of all the sweetest things on earth :— 
Through the wide round of vast creation’s ruugc, 
Or circling of its eternal change, 
No Month like thee produces at a birth 
Such fruit and flowers—melody and joy,— 
Which, it would seem no winter might destroy! ” 
June was named from the goddoss Juno. 
The Saxons named it Weyd-monath, and af¬ 
terwards Veer-monath, dry month. Tho 
former name was bestowed because their 
herds did then weyed in the meadows, i. e., 
feed thore. 
Juno is called tho “leafy month” and is 
well entitled to the appellation, sinco overy 
tree puts on full and perfect foliage and, 
with variety of huo greatly diversities tho 
landscape scenery which is fast "besoming 
beautiful, complete, and attractive beyond 
comparison. 
With tho change of the months, does the 
occupation of tho farmer change. As May 
was tho month for planting, so in the pro¬ 
gress of tho season is June tho month for 
cultivating, and taking care of what was 
planted in the preceding month, as well as 
to plant what has not yet been seeded. 
Between tho planting and hoeing time in 
tho Rural districts, comes tho sheep-shear- 
ing business. Alter this, hoeing and genoral 
or specific improvements aro made—such 
as draining, preparing fallow ground for 
wheat or rye, roplonishing tho compost heap 
fiom tho road-side or the muck swamp._ 
Every farmer who sells any part of his pro¬ 
duco, should provide some moans to return 
to tho field what has been removed from tho 
same, by the sale of tho crops, or anv por¬ 
tion of them. 
Attend well to tho weeds, or elso they 
will rob your corn and potatoes of that nu¬ 
trition which is nocessary for them. It 
used to bo a rule, to hoo corn threo times 
and potatoes twice. Tho true way, how¬ 
ever, is to stir tho ground just a 3 often as it 
will benefit tho crops that are maturing.— 
Sinco tho introduction of improved farm im¬ 
plements, the old-fashioned way of hoeing 
is not so much practiced. We should, nev¬ 
ertheless, prefer tho hoo to the cultivator, 
provided the labor could ho performed just 
as cheap. Kill tho weeds, no matter how, 
provided it be tho cheapest and most effect¬ 
ual method, for you will admit that the best 
way is always tho cheapest, i. o., “in a long 
run, as the old saying teaches. 
Crops grown for manuring, such as clover, 
buckwheat, vetches or any others, should bo 
plowed in just at the time thoy aro passing 
trom full llowor. They aro thon in their 
best possiblo condition for manuring purpo¬ 
ses. This wo deem ono of the cheapost 
ways of fitting the soil for a good crop. 
A good farmer in the Connecticut valley, 
some years sinco, told us that ho triod the 
following experiment:—A field whose soil 
was nearly uniform, was one-half of it sced- 
od with clover, and when in full bloom, was 
turned in with tho plow : tho othor half was 
well manured with good stable manuro._ 
Tho wholo was planted with corn tho next 
season. During tho time of growth, ho re¬ 
marked that it was easy, even at somo dis¬ 
tance trom tho field, to seo tho manifest dis¬ 
tinction betwoen tho offects of clover and 
manure. Tho corn, upon that half of the 
field where the clover was plowed in, was oi 
a much darker color than the othor, grow 
moro thrifty, and at tho time of harvest 
yielded a much moro abundant crop. There 
aro facts, many of them, of a similar kind. 
And from such considerations, wo have, for 
a long time, regarded tho manuring with 
green crops, as tho cheapest method of en¬ 
riching tho soil and preparing it for a crop, 
that can be employod. 
Amcng the miscellaneous work for this 
month, is that of getting ready for haying. 
Tho barn is to he put it roadiness—tho cart 
or wagon is to bo made ready, the scythes, 
tho pitch-forks, the rakes, whother horso or 
hand, help to bo engaged — and the extras 
of all kinds for which tho thoughtful hus¬ 
bandman makes careful and timely pro¬ 
vision. 
Wo havo only hinted at somo of tho farm 
work for June. If what has been said shall 
prove suggestive or tend to strengthen the 
good purposes of tho many entorprizing 
farmers who read tho Rural, we shall bo 
glad, for it is the suggestive as well as the 
hortatory and didactic qualities of what we 
read that render it valuable to us.—w. 
CABBAGE AS A FIELD CROP. 
The cabbago (brassica oleracea ) is a na¬ 
tive ot Great- Britain. It is found growing 
wild in various parts of England and Scot¬ 
land, but only the experienced eyo of the 
botanist could detect in tho uncultivated 
indigonous plant, the esteemed Production 
>t tho field and garden. This vegetable 
luxuriates in a deeply rich soil and a humid 
atmosphere; hence it is found in its great¬ 
est perfection in the British Islands and tho 
low countries of Europe. When trans¬ 
planted into warm countries, unless abun¬ 
dantly irrigated, it not only becomes stringy 
but looso much of its native succulency and 
becomes groatly contracted in its dimen¬ 
sions. In all the Northern and North- 
Western States of the Union, it is conceded 
that, in the majority of cases and seasons, 
cabbage would succeed as a field crop. 
Tho varieties most approved of for culti¬ 
vation, are tho Early May, Early York, Chi¬ 
nese, Large Sugar-loaf, Ox-head, Drum¬ 
head, Scotch, &c. As a field crop, especially 
in warm climates where the vegetable will 
undergo a considerable diminution, the large 
sorts will be the most profitable. The 
weight of tho early kinds, even under favor¬ 
able circumstances, will not in general ex- 
coed from five to seven pounds each, while 
on favorable soils, well manured, the Ox- 
head, and Drum-head will produco heads 
weighing from ten to twenty and even thirty 
pounds each. The larger kinds are plan ted 
from two and a half to throe feet apart._ 
Tho Drum-head aud Ox-head cabbages are 
tho varieties chiefly cultivated on the dairy 
farms of England, and require a clay' or 
strong loamy soil.* An excellent location 
for cabbages in our country would bo in 
newly reclaimed, marshy grounds, where 
they would obtain both strength and mois¬ 
ture. On all other soils they will require a 
good application of yard manuro, plowed in 
tho previous tall, and when tho plants begin 
to head, an infusion of liquid manure be¬ 
tween tho rows will accelerate their growth 
and increase their size. 
Caro must bo exercised in planting, for if 
dono in an improper or slovenly manner it 
may cause a great failure in tho crop. If 
the weather is dry at tho season of planting, 
tho roots of the plants should be plunged into 
a mixturo of loose rich soil and water. The 
plants ought to bo watered once or twice, if 
tho weather continuo dry, and when ad¬ 
vanced a little, an application of liquid ma¬ 
nuro betwoen the rows would bo advisable. 
In England, ono aero of cabbages is consid¬ 
ered equivalent to two acres of turnip. 
•Can any of your readers give any information regard¬ 
ing the Ciesarian cole, or Cow-cabbage.'' It is a perennial 
evergreen, and is said to grow sometimes to the height of 
twelve feet, and from fifteen to twenty feet in circumfer¬ 
ence. Can the seeds be procured at the Rochester Seed 
Stores ? Have any of your readers attempted to raise it, 
and with what success ? 
A PAIR OF POLAND GEESE. 
The abovo engraving represents a pair of 
Poland Geese, a cross between the African 
and Chinese breeds, and one of the most 
approved and profitable varieties. To those 
who would raise geose, they present per¬ 
haps, more good points than any others. 
They are of good size and appearanco, are 
easily raised, and the flesh is the best of tho 
kind lor tho table. But Geose are not 
yet numbered among fancy Poultry. 
In Great Britain tho following is tho usual 
rotation adopted by the most distinguished 
dairymen and cattle feedersWhen tho 
grass begins to fail,—which there, is usually 
^ut the middle of October,—the cabbages 
tod out to tho end of November; from 
ilienco to tho end of January the globe tur¬ 
nips aro used—tho ruta-bagas succeed to 
the end of March, and after these the car¬ 
rots aud mangolds. To tho dairy farmer, 
and to tho grazier and raiser of stock gene- 
rally, a rotation of food during tho winter 
and spring months, is as ossential to the 
health and sound condition of animals, as a 
well regulated rotation of crops in a right 
system of husbandry. If we wonder not at 
the deterioration of soil, and finally its ut- 
tor exhaustion, when wheat is succeeded by 
wheat in endless round, why should we be 
surprised at the dwarfishnoss of animals— 
their want of bone and muscle, when their 
only alternation of food is wheat straw and 
water to-day, and water and wheat straw 
to-morrow ? 
Animals which are badly wintered, lose, 
at a moderate calculation, at least four 
months of their growth in the year. Talk 
of your Devons, your Durhams, Ayreshires, 
Herofords, and othor distinguished breeds 
■whenco came they, and what has givon 
them tho pro-eminence they now have so 
justly attained i It is to the enterprising 
minds of such men as Bare-well, father 
and son, Colling and others, who perceiv¬ 
ing that moderate sized, compact, small 
boned animals were generally in the best 
condition, applied themselves to regulate 
the breeding in such a manner as to devel¬ 
op these desirablo points in their stock and 
remove what they considered blemish.— 
While all this is admitted, yet wo aro not to 
lose sight of tho fact, that sound, generous 
food is an important item in the formation 
of a perfect animal. It is well known that 
animals, the most symmetrical and of the 
finest breed will becomo deteriorated and 
disproportioned on unsound pasturo, or 
coarse and scanty food. The Scotch havo 
an old adage, to this offect: 
“ Its an old saying, and a true, 
The cow gives all her milk by the mou.” (mouth.) 
There is much truth in tho proverb; but, 
like much of current proverbial wisdom, ex¬ 
ceptions may bo taken by somo in averring 
that somo cows are so useless that, feed 
them as you will, their good qualities can¬ 
not bo drawn forth. This is admitted ; but 
such animals ought to bo otherwise disposed 
of. A good cow, however, is worthy of good 
food ; and therefore wo advocato tho culti¬ 
vation of cabbages as a field crop, as a great 
auxiliary to the production of good cows, 
good milk, butter and cheese. Cabbages 
planted at the medium distance of 2J feet 
will roquiro 6,969 plants to an acre, which 
at tho small average of 10 lbs. per head, will 
givo about 35 tons per acre, of wholesome, j 
nutritious food to our creaturos. This sure¬ 
ly is worthy tho serious consideration of 
every good husbandman. 
N. Davidson Redpath. 
“’HIEL’S EXPERIENCE.”-CLEAN SEED 
WHEAT. 
Lds. Rural :—I have been much amused 
by reading the articles which havo lately 
appeared in tho Rural, under the head of 
"My Experience.” They not only show 
how differently men will reason from the 
same facts, but they also show that in tho 
examination of particular subjects, we aro 
liable to pass by and omit noticeing facts 
which have an important bearing upon tho 
subject under consideration, and which, if 
noticed, would have led us to entirely dif¬ 
ferent conclusions. 
It is not my intention in this short articlo 
to attempt tho disproval of thoso theories 
that tho writer has labored to establish, but 
only to notice one point or rather a single 
expression which occurred in his fourth 
number. 
ihe writer states that a cortain field was 
sown to “clean seed wheat,” (without taking 
into the account the probability that all the 
chess ot tho former crop remained in a 
sound state upon the ground,) and then 
bases tho whole theory of transmutation up¬ 
on the assumption that tho field was sown 
to "clean seed wheat.” Now, what kind of 
seed wheat was used “fifty-five years ago,” 
I protend not to say, but ono thing is cer¬ 
tain, and that is, that for many years past, 
farmers generally have been trying to clean 
their seed, and havo made considerable pro¬ 
gress towards the attainment of an object 
so desirable, and yet our wheat is far from 
being clean. Wo talk ot clean seed wheat; 
it is a common expression, and yet who ever 
saw a bushel that was clean, or ono that did 
not contain choss and other foul stuff ? Few 
wheat growers have for tho last 20 years, 
paid that close attention to this subject that 
I have, and all tho various methods for 
cleaning seed have been practiced, and 
many parcels havo boon examined, but no 
clean soed havo I yet seen. This examina¬ 
tion has convinced me that few aro aware of 
the largo amount of foul seed they annually 
sow with their wheat. 
To show to what an extent wo aro deceiv¬ 
ed in this matter, a fow examples will bo 
given. A neighbor camo to me to buy seed 
to finish sowing a field, but objected to the 
price, saying that ho had bought the rest of 
his seed of another for loss, and “ it was 
perfectly clean.” The last statement was 
disputed and an examination took place 
which showed that each bushel of his clean 
seed contained more than five hundred 
grains of ches3 and cocklo, in about equal 
proportion. Another neighbor says, “ you 
havo scolded mo so much for sowing un¬ 
clean wheat adjoining you, that I havo boon 
