VOLUME IV. HO. 28 . v 
ROCHESTER, N. Y.-SATURDAY, JULY 9, 1853 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: 
A QUARTO 'WEEKLY 
Agricultural, Literary anti Family Newspaper 
about a fortnight boforo the seed becomes 
dead ripe, as has been already observed. 
In early harvesting, of course, greater at¬ 
tention must be given to the curing and dry¬ 
ing of tho grain. It is advisable to allow it 
to dry a half day or so in the swath before 
binding, and then small bundles only should 
be allowed. It should be shocked up before 
the dew falls, and will need to stand there 
for a longer period than if cut later. Should 
no rain occur, the common practice of set¬ 
ting up tho sheaves in a double row with the 
heads resting against each other, is tho most 
simple and will prove a good one. Against 
heavy showers, however, this gives but little 
protection, nor is covering shocks formed in 
the same manner, with sheaves laid on hor- 
rizontally, tho heads touching each othor. a 
much better plan. The best mode, consid¬ 
ering tho “ uncertainty of the weather,” is 
to set up‘ a half dozen shoaves in a round, 
compact form, covering them with two oth¬ 
ers, broken in the ruddle and laid on in tho 
form of a cross, with the ends spread out, 
which affords a perfect and reliable cap for 
the shelter of tho grain beneath from tho 
usual storms of the season. 
Of tho manner of cutting we have litte 
room or need to speak. The best imple¬ 
ments, good and thorough workmen, and 
enough of them, and order and system in 
every operation, will soon do up the work 
and secure in good condition this most im¬ 
portant product of our soil. May fair 
weather be granted for tho Harvest Time ! 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOCRE, 
WITH AN 7 ABLE CORPS OF ASSISTANT EDITORS. 
Tub Rural New-Yorker is designed to be unique and 
beautiful in appearance, and unsurpassed in Value, Purity 
and Variety of Contents. Its conductors earnestly labor 
to make it a Reliable Guide on the important Practical Sub¬ 
jects connected with the business of those whose interests 
it advocates. It embraces more Agricultural, Horticul¬ 
tural, Scientific, Mechanical, Literary and News Matter — 
interspersed with many appropriate and handsome engrav¬ 
ings— than any other paper published in this Country. 
Lor Terms, &e., see last page. 
Progress and Improvement, 
WHEAT-TIME OF HARVESTING. 
In each volume of tho Rural wo have 
called the attention of farmers to tho sub¬ 
ject of the best time for harvesting tho 
wheat crop, taking into consideration tho 
maturity of the same and tho uses to which 
it is applied, and giving tho results of a va¬ 
riety of experiments showing tho influence 
of early cutting on tho quantity and quality 
of the grain. Yet, as it is again seasonable, 
and we have many thousand now readers 
who, 'perhaps, need a reminder, we again 
gather a few hints to invite their thoughts to 
the Time of Harvesting. 
Many experiments in cutting wheat, at 
different times, from quite., green until 
doad ripe, go to show tlntt from twelve to 
fourteen days before tho latter period,ogives 
the plumpest, heaviest, thinnest-skinned 
and most nutritive grain. Tho loss in weight 
by standing is nearly 15 per cent, and the 
loss by increase of bran, in equal weights, 
nearly 4 per cent. At this poriod the grain 
is in tho milk, “ there is but little woody 
fibre; nearly everything is starch, gluton, 
sugar, &c., with a largo per centago of water. 
If cut then, the proportion of woody fibre 
is still small; but as the grain ripens, tho 
thickness of tho skin rapidly increases, 
woody fibro being formed at the expense of 
tho starch and sugar ; these must obviously 
diminish in a corresponding degree, tho qual¬ 
ity of the grain being of course injured.”— 
So wrote that able agricultural chemist, the 
late Prof. Norton. 
Tho valuo of tho straw as food for ani¬ 
mals is also much enhanced by early cutting. 
Tho experiments show about tho same per 
cent increase in tho one as in tho othor.— 
The philosophy of this was shown in our re¬ 
marks of last week, on cutting and curing 
hay, in which the poriod of its greatest nu¬ 
tritive power was shown to bo some time 
before the ripening of the seed. Tho value 
of wheat straw depends upon tho observance 
of the samo law, and thus it is seen that the 
timo of harvesting which best secures the 
valuo of tho grain and straw very nearly 
coincides. 
A saving of grain is also made from tho 
fact that tho waste from shelling is avoidod. 
This loss is often large in fully ripo wheat, 
and it is a loss which no one can wholly 
avoid at that time. 
The loss from rust will, in most cases, be 
prevented by early harvesting. This dis 
ease generally makes its appearance at about 
that stage of growth recommended for cut¬ 
ting tho grain, and whenever it does appear 
its injuries can. at once be checked by imrac- 
JERSEY COW.—PERFECTION 35 POINTS, ILLUSTRATED, 
As much attention and discussion is being giv¬ 
en to Points of Excellence in Cattle, anything 
pertaining to tho subject will prove interesting to 
stock breeders. Hence, above we give our read¬ 
ers a portrait showing the “ points” adopted by 
the Royal Jersey Agricultural Society for guiding, 
judges in determining-the merits of Jersby (mis- 
,called AlderneyfCows.”' “With' a A- exceptions, 
the same points are good in judging of any cow. 
Three of the points here given—No’s. 30, 31, 32, 
—are deducted from the number required for per¬ 
fection in heifers, as their milking apparatus is 
uot perfectly developed. A heifer is considered 
perfect who has thirty-three points. No prize is 
awarded .to either cows or heifers having less than 
twenty-nine points.” The points adopted by the 
Society are thus specified: 
Tail hanging down to the hocks. 
Hide, thin and movable, but not too loose... 
Hide covered with fine and sofc hair. 
Hide of a good color. 
Fore-legs, short, straight and fine. 
Fore-arm, swelling and full above the knee 
and fine below it. 
Hind-quarters, from the hock to the point of 
the rump, long and well filled up. 
Hind - legs, short and straight (below the 
hocks) and bones rather fine. 
Hind-legs, squarely plated, not too close to¬ 
gether, when \ iewed from behind.. 
Hind-legs, not to cross hi walking. 
Hoofs, small. 
Udder, full in form, i. e. well in line with the 
belly. 
Udder, well up behind. 
Teats, large and squarely placed being wide 
apart. 
Milk veins, very prominent. 
Growth... 
General appearance. 
Condition. 
Scale of Pohds for Cows and Heifers. 
e. • r 
Pedigree on male side. 
Pedigree on female side. 
Head, small, fine and tapering. 
Cheek, small.. 
Throat, clean. : . 
Muzzle, fine tyid encircled with a light color 
Nostrils, high and open. 
.Horns, smooth, crumpled,not too thick at the 
• base, and tapering, tipped with black. . .. 
Kars small and thin. . . ...* . 
Ears, of a deep orange color within. 
Eye, full and placid. 
Neck, straight, fine, lightly placed on the 
shoulders. 
Chest broad and deep. 
Barrel hooped, broad and deep. 
Well ribbed home, having but little space be¬ 
tween the last rib and the hip. 
Back, straight from the withers to the top of 
the hip. 
Back, straight, from the top of the hips to 
the setting on of the tail; and the tail at 
right angles with the back. 
Tail, fine. 
CORN—HOEING AND TOP-DRESSING. 
In looking over the mode of cultivation 
practiced by those most successful in grow¬ 
ing the corn crop, and especially the state, 
ments of those who havo taken premiums 
for largo products of this coreal, we almost 
invariably find that clean culture and top¬ 
dressing were practiced. The corn was 
hoed at an early stage in its growth, after 
first going through it several times with the 
cultivator so as to mellow the soil as far as 
possiblo; and then to each hill some stimu¬ 
lant was given, such as plaster, ashos 
(leached or unleached) or a mixture of the 
two. In a few weeks the cultivator and hoe 
was used again, and the stalks thinned to 
four in a hill; nor did this suffice, for if 
time allowed, before the corn became too 
large to admit of tho passage of tho horse, 
the cultivator was again employed and 
another dressing with the hoe given. At 
this stago in its growth the ground becomes 
so shaded by tho luxuriant leaves of tho 
grain that little farther attention is needed. 
Experience confirms what reason teaches, 
that largo crops of corn can only be grown 
on rich and well cultivated soils. The 
structure and size, and the rapid growth of 
tho plant, show that it requires to bo well 
supplied with the necessary food for its 
growth and perfection. It possesses tho 
power of elaborating healthy aliment from 
coarser food than almost any other cultiva¬ 
ted plant, hence its great value as a prepara¬ 
tory crop when such manures aro to be 
used. It draws largely upon tho air, and 
hence needs that its largo leaves be kept 
healthy and fresh, not parched and rollod 
by drouth or discolored by tho presence of 
stagnant water in the soil. Plow deep, ma¬ 
nure freely, plant early, hoe and top-dress 
with ashes or plaster, keop tho soil mellow 
and flat and allow no weeds to grow, and 
your corn crop will repay well all your care 
and attention. Neglect it, and “ nubbins’’ 
will be your reward. 
Perfection 
STATE PAIR ARRANGEMENTS. 
ably carried to the Fair are only asked half. 
Last fall, tho cattle train left Auburn the 
day before half fare tickets were issued, and 
the collectors insisted upon full fare. For 
the companies to send their agents to close¬ 
ly scrutinize tho trains and collect a paltry 
sum of those who aro obliged sometimes to 
ride day and night in a loathosomo and 
filthy car, and those, too, who are doing 
much to sustain an institution which yearly 
brings thousands of dollars into their treas¬ 
ury, seems to me an act which an honorable 
man in his individul capacity would scorn; 
the practice of honorable companies to tho 
contrary notwithstanding. They havo an 
undoubted right to do it. but that person 
who rules his conduct by his right, without 
regard to justice or politeness, will often¬ 
times appear mean and contemptiblo. 
Justitia. 
Sennett, Cayuga Co., N. Y., May, 1853. 
A THOUGHT FOR YOUNG FARMERS. 
Messrs. Editors : — No class of the citi¬ 
zens of this country possess better oppor¬ 
tunities for thought, study and reflection 
than farmers, and why is it that so few ob¬ 
tain notoriety, as original thinkers, writers, 
or speakers ? It cannot be that they lack 
natural intellectual capacity, nor are they 
deficient in the ordinary branches of litera¬ 
ture ; thoro are but few who are not able 
to speak, read and write, and would they 
practice with a view to improvement, they 
would soon do it correctly and even ele¬ 
gantly. A cause for this there is, and also 
a remedy which has never yet been applied, 
otherwise the cause would not still exist. 
As I have had some experience in farm 
labor and life, permit mo to give a brief ab¬ 
stract of my views on the subject 
I have hoed many a row, when my tho'ts 
were every where else but on my labor, yet 
my work was as near perfect as though I 
never thought of any thing else. I wont ou 
mechanically, alike unconcious of the mov¬ 
ing power or guiding cause, until something 
unusual transpired to break the chain of 
fancy, when I would wake up to find mv- 
return tho whole number which are taken ? 
Clearly not. It will destroy that equality 
of exponses which has hithorto been an im¬ 
portant feature of our Fairs. An exhibitor 
living near the place of exhibition will be 
enabled to sell at a lower price than one 
from an extreme part of the State, who 
must pay $5 or $10, for the transportation 
of every animal which he sells. 
Were our State Fairs a source of loss to 
tho railroad company, wo should not expect 
that they would favor them. But, on the 
contrary, each State Fair yields to them, 
pecuniarily, a rich harvest. That thov have 
favored the stock growers and mechanics 
for years, with free transportation is true, 
but for this we can givo them no credit for 
generosity: the favor was always grudgingly 
bestowed and often attended with almost 
intolerable insolence. They have done it 
because their interest required them to keep 
alive the institution. It was a matter of 
policy for which they received pay an hun¬ 
dred fold, by the immense number of tickets 
purchased by visitors to the Fair. 
Stock for tho Fair is usually crowded into 
cars so densely as to make it impossible to 
feed them, and, after being “ laid over ” at 
the various stations as they generally are, 
they arrive at the place of their destination 
in a starving condition. They are frequently 
delayed from ten to fourteen hours, without 
any satisfactory reason being assigned— 
while the famished herd after one or two 
days fasting, have only to await in their 
filth, the good pleasure of some crabbed of¬ 
ficial, grown stiff and haughty from small 
honors. 
It seems to be an acknowledged right of 
incorporated companies to resort to prac¬ 
tices, for their pecuniary benefit, which 
would be regarded as mean and dishonora¬ 
ble in an individual. Thus aro the Stat8 
Fair cattle trains every year beset with col¬ 
lectors, who not unfrequently demand full 
fare of those who are compelled to ride in 
charge of stock, ankle deep in filth, while 
those who are expeditiously and comfort- 
Eos. Rural : — In a notice of tho State 
Fair arrangements which I saw in one of 
tho late No's, of the New-Yorker. I find 
that pay will be required for stock and ar¬ 
ticles intended for the Fair, when received 
on board the cars, and on their return with 
certificates of exhibition, the amount paid 
is to be refunded. 
As I understand this notice, on all arti¬ 
cles and stock taken to tho Fair, which is 
not returned by the same route, the amount 
prepaid will be retained, but for those which 
tho exhibitor returns pay will be refunded. 
This arrangement I think will be prejudicial 
to tho interests of the Society, and especi¬ 
ally injurious to the growers of stock. 
The principal benefit of our State Agri¬ 
cultural Society has been the general intro¬ 
duction of improvements on articles and 
stock into every part of tho State. It is 
not simply for the encouragement of the 
exhibition, but it is to draw the various im¬ 
provements in proximity, where the buyer 
can compare the different kinds and have 
an opportunity of selecting that which he 
deoms tho best. Were it not for the buy¬ 
ing and selling, which take place at the 
Fairs, tho patronage would be much less 
and tho benefit comparatively small. 
Buyers come, not only from the extreme 
parts of this State, but from almost every 
Stato in tho Union, for tho purpose of se¬ 
lecting and taking home with them the 
choicest stock. 
Now, while it would be reasonable and 
just to require the owner on his return, to 
present a certificate from the Secretary of 
the Society of the entrance at the Fair of all 
his animals, it seems to me to be unjust and 
unwise to charge him for transportation 
simply because ho does not return them 
over the samo route. Is the transportation 
of stock desirable, that the Railroad com¬ 
panies adopt this means to induce the re¬ 
turn of all that go to the Fair ? Would it 
be attended with more trouble or expense 
for them to return half, than it would bo to 
) diato harvesting. 
/ It T_ . !__ _ T 
More time, also, is allowed for the work, 
if it is commenced at an early period. The 
business of securing tho crop is notcrowded 
into a few days, in which it must be accom¬ 
plished or serious injury result from over 
ripening, and, if the weather is bad, from 
growing in the ear. 
The proper stage of maturity for cutting 
may bo judged of more accurately, por- 
haps, if described as that when the stalk 
immediately beiow tho head for two or three 
inches, has become yellow and dry, conse¬ 
quently cutting off the circulation, and 
the gram, though soft and doughy, ceases to 
yiold any milk upon prossuro. This occurs 
Kindness to Animals. —Wo have seen 
horses, says tho Alb. Cultivator, which wore 
used for driving a ferry boat, pass unled 
from the stable to the boat, step on board, 
walk to the machinery and * back’ them- 
solves downwards through a narrow door, 
on the wheel, ready for work, entirely un¬ 
attended, while most other horses could 
scarcely bo driven on board. An invariable 
feeding of oats, immediately following the 
act, sufficiently accounted for this remarka¬ 
ble movement. Tho animal quickly under¬ 
stood tho connection between his position 
ou tho wheel and his breakfast. 
