VOLUME IV. NO. 40 . >■ 
. ROCHESTER, N. Y.-SATURDAY, OCTOBER 
•( WHOLE NO. 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER : 
A QUARTO WEEKLY 
Agricultural, Literary and Family Newspaper. 
CONDUCTED EY D. D. T. MOORE, 
WITH AN ABLE CORPS OF ASSISTANT EDITORS. 
Thk Rural New-Yorker is designed to be unique and 
beautiful in appearance, and unsurpassed in Value, Purity 
and Variety of Contents. Its conductors earnestly labor 
to make it a Reliable Guide on the important Practical Sub¬ 
jects connected with the business of those whose interests 
it advocates. It embraces more Agricultural, Horticul¬ 
tural, Scientific, Mechanical, Literary and News Matter — 
interspersed with many appropriate and rilindsomeengrav- 
ings — than any other paper published in this Country. 
Progress and Improvement. 
HINTS FOR THE MONTH. 
I Burly, good naturod, cozy old October, 
with his frosted board, smiling face and 
seedy, russet coat, has crossed our Holds 
and forests, gardens and orchards, and 
where ho goos ho always leaves his mark.— 
lie has even poked his noso into our domi¬ 
ciles, and is now fairly seated by tho fire- 
ij s h!o. Well, old fellow, take an apple and a 
) drink of now cider and spin us a yarn. 
> “ October (said ho,) of all tho months in 
J tho year, is the month, pur excellence; ’tis 
> my natal jubilee. The unchangeable, oter- 
J palling green, is now taking all tho viv- 
) id huos of iho rainbow—tho goldon, tho 
i purple and tho brown are blending into 
mellow shades, to relievo tho sameness of 
youthful, skylarking summer. The lusty 
yellow corn gloams forth its manly faco, and 
tho grateful, healthy apple droops his loaded 
boughs to tho gatherer—while tho luscious, 
bursting grapo, drops wino and gladness.— 
Tho rolling, many-huod clouds, driven by 
the frost-purified winds, add health and 
strength and light and shade. The firos 
are made to blazo, that warms and molts tho 
affoctions of congregated friends at tho eve¬ 
ning fireside. Tho truths and reasons and 
speculations of tho groat minds of litera¬ 
ture, or even of tho Rural, are more wel¬ 
come, whon studied bef'oro tho healthful 
glow of the genial fireside, than in tho en¬ 
ervating heats of insect-loaded, scorching 
summer. So hand us a pipe and lot us hear 
what tho Prompter says.” 
Are tho wheat fields properly drained ?— 
Are all tho furrows opened ? Have vou 
looked to them sinco tho rain ; for water is 
a great judge of grades and levels—it can’t 
bo cheated nor coaxed out of its straight¬ 
forward way. Don’t begrudgo a few hours, 
or oven days labor with tho shovel, for on 
this hang tho laws and tho profits of grow¬ 
ing wheat, which, at tho present and pros- 
poctivo prices, is an item worth looking after. 
Look to well digging and cleaning (and 
oven tvcll doing if you havo tho graco,) be- 
foro tho next great rains put tho ability to 
do beyond your reach,—.for good water is 
gotting at a premium and whiskey at a dis¬ 
count, about thoso days. 
Fattening hogs should now ho in good, 
warm, dry pons; ovory night they aro out, 
exposed to the cold, consumos a pound of 
fat, to keep up tho boat of the animal sys¬ 
tem. Corn not being yot husked, nor po¬ 
tatoes dug, koep them along with boiled 
pumpkins and windfall and uncultivated ap¬ 
ples, and a little mill stuffs. 
Cut up tho Indian corn as soon as may 
bo. It will euro perfectly in tho shock and 
greatly improve tho foddering, if dono be¬ 
fore it is frosted. 
Early and othor varieties of potatoes, that 
aro not growing, should now ho dug, and if 
presenting any appearance of tho rot, bo 
immediately dried and secured. The most 
diseased tubers may bo safely fed when boil¬ 
ed. Tho virus of tho plague, yellow fovor 
and small pox is destroyed at tho boat of : 
212°, tho boiling point. Tho poison of tho i 
rattlosnako and all othor animals, as well as 
of many vegetables, becomes harmless when < 
subjected to that degroo of heat. , 
Apples should bo gathered in all of this 
month, or boforo hoavy frosts. Thoso de¬ 
signed to koep beyond February must be < 
hand-pickod, and carefully at that, and < 
driod two or three woeks on protected floors. 
It is useless to think of preserving fruit till 
tho spring months, if after hand-picking 
tlioy are pitched head and heels into barrels 
or bins. Imagine thorn eggs and handle 
them as such and you will do tho thing 
right. Apples koep hotter in good tight 
barrels and deposited in cool dry cellars, 
than in any othor situation. 
Soo what arrangements can bo made for 
Stabling your milch cows, as it is of just as 
much importance as it is to your horses, 
and will pay woll in tho quantity of manure 
saved—in milk and honey—cream and hut- 
tor for slap-jacks. 
Take an interest in, and look woll after 
tho school library and encourage tho young 
brood to read and understand. Study tho 
Rural and other kindred works, and let the 
Hunkers and Barnburners, Hards and Softs, 
Wooleys and Silvor Greys, skin their own 
coons, for thero is hut littlo principle 
among any of thorn. It is only a scramble 
for tho loaves and fishes, which is a polite 
fixin for Johnny-cako and suckers. Go to 
election next month and vote for tho en¬ 
largement of tho canal and human liberty, 
and eschew demagogues, party rafilers, pro- 
tenders and rummies. Prompter. 
taking up the earth too carefully and turn¬ 
ing it over without mixing or pulverizing.— 
Plows for stubble and cross plowing, should 
havo a fuller breast in the mould hoard— 
bo inoro stunt in common parlance, so as to 
push tho earth moro bofore it, and crush 
and divide its particlos. It would not pro- 
duco tho required operation of plowing to 
take up carofully a shovel full of earth.and 
carefully turn it over and then back again, 
if dono a thousand times,— and such is the 
effect, in a measure, of cross plowing with 
tho long tapering and pointed green sward 
plow. Different plows aro required for dif- 
foront soils and periods of plowing. 
In many soils, especially thoso that aro 
not naturally friable, heavy rollers and clod 
crushers havo a vory beneficial effect in pul- 
vorizing tho lumps and particles that neith¬ 
er tho plow or harrow can effect, hut rollers 
must not bo used when tho particles are 
sufficiently wot to pack and adhere. Every 
farmer subscribes to tho importance of mel¬ 
lowing, by froquent plowings, tho fields lie 
intonds to cultivate, and that process which 
will do it host is a subject worth closo scru¬ 
tiny and observation. 
* 
ROMNEY MARSH BUCK. 
CHIDHAM WHEAT. 
PLOWS AND PLOWING. 
W iiat aro the mochanical effocts required 
in tho operation of plowing tho soil ? Aro 
they generally understood and philosophi¬ 
cally followed ? Aro tho plows now in use 
so constructed as to moot all tho require¬ 
ments ofproporly tilling and preparing tho 
soil for producing tho various crops, at tho 
maximum rate of their ability ? 
Iho mochanical effect of plowing, is tho 
bringing up a now portion of soil, mixing, 
abrading and pulvorizing all its particles; 
and not tho simple operation of turning 
over and over without breaking or disturb¬ 
ing tho furrow slieo. In first plowings, for 
subduing sward land, tho furrow should bo 
turned over without disturbance, hut often 
and in all othor cases, tho great desideratum 
is, the dividing and comminution of its con¬ 
stituent parts, not only for tho bonofit of 
tho roots of tho futuro plant, hut to admit 
air and moisture in intimate division to oach 
paiticlo and atom of tho soil, to carrv on 
tho mysterious chemistry of nature in tho 
decomposition ot its mineral elements, for 
tho sustenanco and growth of vogotablo life. 
It a soil, particularly when mineral or 
vogctahlo manuros aro used, could be put 
through a grinding process liko a hark mill, 
thoroughly dividing and mixing all its parts, 
tho result would astonish all expectations. 
I ho pi ocoss called spade husbandry has been 
oxtensivoly introduced on somo estates in 
England, by sotting apart and erecting cot¬ 
tages on lots of from two to ton acros, on 
the condition that tho land should bo culti¬ 
vated entirely by tho spado, so far as tho 
preparing of tho soil was concornod, and 
tho rosult would shame tho productions of 
many a hundred acre farm in this country, 
and is entirely attributable to tho depth 
worked and perfect pulverization. 
Iho most perfect realization of preparing 
tho soil was attained by an instrument mov¬ 
ed on wheels, having in tho roar a revolving 
cylinder fitted with hooked tooth, not unlike 
tho ordinary pick in shape, which was made 
to rovolvo with great power and velocity as 
tho machine moved along, tearing up tho 
earth and pitching itsoveral feet in tho rear. 
It performed tho work to perfection, but 
was found to bo impracticable from tho 
great power required; nothing short of a 
locomotive was equal to meoting tho resist¬ 
ance for any length of timo. 
It is self-evident, that lumps of earth and 
manure huddled into juxtaposition, aro not 
in a proper state to supply food to tho fine 
and almost invisihlo fibres and spongiolosof 
the young plant. Nothing but tho infinite 
divisibility of the earth of the seod bed, will 
cause it to produco its maximum effects. 
Tho form of tho plow has an important 
influence on tho propor tillago of land ; and 
except for groon sward, our plows aro gen¬ 
erally too long and too slim and tapering, 
This is an English varioty of choico white 
wheat. It was introduced from that country 
tho past season by tho Sec’y of tho N. Y. 
Stato Ag. Socioty, B. P. Johnson, Esq., and 
by him distributed for trial. In acknowl¬ 
edging the reception of the soed from Eng¬ 
land, in tho Journal of the Society for April, 
1852, Mr. Johnson says : 
“ It was exhibited from tho Royal Farm. 
Windsor, by His Royal Highness, Prince 
Albert, and was ono of tho best English 
varieties: weighed 66 £ lbs. per bushel. The 
following is an extract .from a letter written 
by tho gentleman who raised the wheat :— 
‘ I havo forwarded two bushels of tho best 
Chidham wheat I have left, tho saino as sent 
to Gon. Weymes, tor His Royal Highness, 
Prince Albert, at soed time. You may bo 
certain it is tho same description as that 
shown at tho Crystal Palaeo. I have sown 
no other sort of wheat for tho last thirty 
years, and havo grown it several times from 
one grain, that it might bo truo.’” 
It was a very fine sample of wheat, much 
resembling the finest of the Soule’s variety. 
Through tho kindness of Mr. Johnson, I 
received a sample of this wheat, but owing 
to delay on tho way, it came so lato to hand 
that it was quite tho first of October that it 
was put into the ground. It caino up quick¬ 
ly, and inado a fair growth before the setting- 
in of winter. Tho soil, a light sandy loam, 
and unmanured. In spring a dressing of 
gypsum and ashes was given it. It came 
forward, and was ready for harvesting near¬ 
ly as soon as my Soule’s and Flint varieties, 
sown a few days oarlier on similar soil, with 
saino cultivation and tho same application 
of plaster. Compared with thorn the odds 
wore in favor of tho Chidham, as tho heads 
of tho latter would averago about ono-third 
moro in length, whilst they wero fully as 
well filled with as plump and as good a 
quality of wheat as tho Soule's. The straw 
was bright, and not at all affected with rust, 
and possessed more of the qualities of tho 
Flint straw, and liko it with white chaff 
bald heads. Both the Flint and Soule’s 
were slightly rustod, but not onough to 
shrink tho berry. 
Whether on trial it will prove superior 
to our choice varieties that aro already well 
tostod, remains to bo seen. If it shall prove 
oqual to them, it will be a valuable addition : 
and tho objoct of tho writer in this article, 
is to notico it, and call out responses from 
those who havo triod it tho past soason, and 
thus comparo notos. It is by knowing tho 
result ot many trials under ditforont circum¬ 
stances, in different soils, and in different 
localities, that a corroot judgment may ho 
formed, and it it is not a valuable variety, 
tho unwary may horeaftor bo saved from 
boing ‘“sold” by tho designing. Nor will 
ono year’s tosting with so small quantities ; 
decide tho valuo of it either. Another soa¬ 
son will givo bettor data. t. k. w. 
This breed of sheep, according to Spooner and 
other authorities, has from time immemorial been 
found on the southern coast of Kent, denomina¬ 
ted the ltomney Marsh. This marsh is nearly on 
a level with the sea, from which it was reclaimed 
many centuries ago, and from its encroachment is 
preserved by means of dikes similar to the land 
ot Holland. It extends fourteen miles in length, 
and ten in its greatest breadth, and, for the most 
part, consists of a rich clay soil, well adapted for 
the production ot a large breed of sheep. And, 
consequently, we find they are more numerous 
than on any other space of land of equal extent— 
it being not uncommon for seven young sheep, 
aud as many fattening wethers to bo placed on an 
1 he native breed of this district were large, 
I coarse animals, though somewhat smaller than 
the old Lincoln. They had long, coarse, thick 
I heads and limbs, narrow chests, and flat sides, but 
with large bellies. They fatted slowly, uot being 
fit for the butcher till three years old ; at which 
age the wethers averaged from 35 to 40 lbs. per 
quarter and yielded much internal fat. Their 
fleeces averaged from 6 to 7 lbs. Their wool is 
long and not flue. 1 hey have much hardihood : 
they bear their cold and exposed situation well 
and they require no artificial food during the 
hardest winter, except a little hay. 
For the most part they have been extensively 
crossed with the New Leicester, and have, in con¬ 
sequence, been greatly improved in form. With 
less hulk, they have an earlier maturity, and 
greater diposition to fatten. 
CLOSE BREEDING. 
Mr. Editor:— Your correspondent has 
replied to my suggestions on tho subject of 
breeding in-and-in,” making as good an 
argument, I grant, as tho subject will allow. 
Still I am not convinced of error. Wero I 
to answer in tho affirmative, tho questions 
thero proposed, it would not avail to estab¬ 
lish his position. Awaro that tho general 
sentiment was adverso to tho practice of 
broeding from near relatives, and consider¬ 
ing this opinion as basod in error,— as sub¬ 
jecting tho farmer to inconvenioncc, and as 
not tending to beneficial results,—I submit¬ 
ted tho suggestions alluded to above; the 
solo objoct boing, to correct an orronoous 
sentiment, and to promote tho interest and 
convenience of tho producers of stock. I 
still wish to enforco the views thero pre¬ 
sented, and beg theroforo, to recommend 
them to tho sober socond thought of thoso 
interested in the subject. There is no sub¬ 
ject in tho scionco of farming, on which it is 
more important to have correct notions, 
than tho ono under consideration. 
As no sound, philosophical reason can bo 
assigned, why “ breeding in-and-in” should 
tond to injurious results, tho question must, 
ot course, bo finally decided by reference 
to facts. 
Now I maintain, that whore depreciation 
has resulted in broeding from near relatives, 
it has not been owing to tho consanguinity 
of the parties, but has resulted from other 
causes ; and that precisely tho same results 
would have beon realized, had not the 
parties been related at all. The failure of 
improvement has beon owing to somo con¬ 
stitutional tendencies, somo imperfection, 
somo dofect, in one or both of tho parties, 
and not to thoir relationship. Generally, 
if not invariably,whore failure has occurrod, 
it has boon tho rosult of caroloss breeding: 
of unsuitable, injudicious blending of par¬ 
ties. No disappointment has resulted from 
this practice, in the experience of such in¬ 
telligent, skillful breeders as Bakevvell, Col¬ 
ling, and others of this class. Where should 
wo have found tho unrivaled families of the 
Duchess and Princess breed of Short-horns, 
but in this connection ? Now, one such 
fact is worth a thousand adverso theorios. 
Tho colobratod Mr. Fergusson, of Canada, 
it is urgod, sont “ llalton ” to this Stato, to 
avoid tho ponalty of breeding in-and-in. 
Bo it so. Did Mr. F. over sutler from this 
practice ? By no moans. lie took for , 
! granted tho correctness of tho general 
j opinion, and acted accordingly; not testing 
. that opinion by actual experiment. 
\ our correspondent adds,—“ Youatt says, 
brooding in-and-in has many advantages, to 
a certain extent. It may be pursued till 
tho excellent form and quality of the broed 
i3 dovelopod and established. It was tho 
source whence sprung tho cattle and sheep 
. of Bakowell, and tho superior cattle of Col¬ 
ling.” Indeed ! How can this be possible, 
if tho necessary, certain tendency of tho 
practice is to deterioration and decay ?_ 
But \ouatt adds, “ To this source also, is to 
bo traced tho impaired constitution, and 
diminished value ot the Leicester sheep and 
cattlo.” And why ? Bocause of careless, 
negligent, unskillful breeding; and not be- 
j cause of consanguinity. 
“ Blacklock, Dickinson, and Morrell, each 
testily to tho depreciation, and comparative 
worthlessness of Hocks of sheop, throughout 
tho length and breadth of the land, arising 
from this cause.” Suppose I add, this re¬ 
sult has arisen among heedless, negligent 
farmers, " throughout tho land,” from care¬ 
less promiscuous broeding, blending tho 
good, bad ancl indifferent. From such a 
courso no other result could bo expected. 
No such rosult was ever realized by Bake- 
well, nor by any careful, skilful breeder, 
who had selected suporior animals for this 
i purpose, whatovor may havo been their re¬ 
lationship. The succoss and benefits of 
crossing have resulted from tho fact, that 
tho most perfect animals havo beon selected 
for this purpose. 
I prefer no claim to the reputation of tho 
throe names quoted above. Still, my expe¬ 
rience, (and it has been largo and long con¬ 
tinued,) though adverso to their testimony, 
is conclusive with me, in derogation of thoir 
expressed opinions, derived as they havo 
been trom casual observation among care- 
loss farmers, throughout “ the length and 
breadth of tho land.” And first, in regard 
to sheop. I have been interested in sheep 
husbandry for forty years, beginning with a 
small number of imported sheop, and grad¬ 
ually progressing, until the flock has num¬ 
bered 1,000 per annum, for ten years of this 
period. But not a pair w,ere ever purchased 1 
lor tho purpose of crossing,— nothing but < 
tho original stock and their increase. And ( 
this increase has often, to a largo extent, ( 
been the product of a single, superior, fa- . 
vor.to buck, bred annually during his great- < 
est efficiency, to his own progeny equally ; 
/ 
