MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER. 
APPLICATION OF MANURE. 
"Which is best, to trench in stable manure 
in a garden in tho fall, or to pile it up and 
as it ferments, convert the carbonate of am¬ 
monia into sulphate by tho application of 
water in which plaster is in solution, and 
spade in the product at planting time in 
tho Spring ?—soil an ameliorated clay loam. 
A friend has bought 150 bushels fino old 
stable manure, in which the wiro worms are 
so numerous, that he is afraid to apply it to 
his corn land in the spring; what can ho do 
in his dilemma ? x. x. 
In tho present state of our knowledge we 
cannot answer tho inquiry of our friend.— 
It is a question of experiment; and so far 
as wo are informed the experiment has not 
been satisfactorily made. If any of our 
readers have made tho experiment, they 
would oblige by making it public through 
tho Rural. In the meantimo we may theo¬ 
rise. When long unfermented manure is 
turned under a stiff soil it has a beneficial 
mechanical action ; and besides, there is lit¬ 
tle if any loss from evaporation or leaching. 
But it is moro labor to draw out and turn 
under such a great bulk of manure than it 
would bo if the bulk and weight were re¬ 
duced by judicious fermentation. It is in our 
view, simply a matter of labor. On a farm 
wo should reduce tho bulk of tho manure 
as much as possible before drawing out on a 
garden, where labor compared with the 
value of tho crops is relatively small, and 
where fine tilth is absolutely necessary wo 
should bo inclined to trench in tho coarse 
manure early in tho fall. But it is a mat¬ 
ter of experiment. 
If your friend were to spread the ma¬ 
nure on his corn land now, would not the 
frost kill tho wore worms ? 
THE EARTII-WORM. (Lumbricus Terrestris) 
The common earth or angle-worm is 
found in most rich soils, and very generally 
infests gardens, much to tho detriment of 
tho appearance of their, walks and alloys, 
whore neatness is always desirable. Thoy 
usually come to tho surface after rains and 
in heavy dews—(hcnco taking tho name of 
dew-worm.) bringing with thorn a portion of 
the soil and leaving their casts and trails 
wherever they move. This every ono has 
observed, but few, perhaps, know how use¬ 
ful they are, or what part thoy perform in 
tho economy of nature. From “ Tho Jour¬ 
nal of a Naturalist,” an English work of 
much interest, wo condense the following 
account of this worm, which is almost tho 
only roforenco we have beon able to find to 
it among tho books and papers now consult- 
ablo. Both Kirby and White, of Selborno, 
concur in this view of their usefulness, and 
add that they deepen tho soil. 
A very important croaturo in the opera¬ 
tions of nature, is tho common earth-worm 
(lumbricus terrestris.) but it is surrounded 
by dangers, or harrassed and pursued un¬ 
ceasingly, becoming tho prey of all. This 
animal, destined to be the natural manurer 
of tho soil, and the ready indicator of its 
improved state, consumes on the surfaco of 
the ground, where they would soon be in¬ 
jurious, tho softer parts of decayed vegeta¬ 
ble matters; and conveys into the soil tho 
more woody fibres, whero they moulder and 
become reduced to a simple nutriment, fit¬ 
ting for living vegetation. Tho parts con¬ 
sumed by them are soon returned to the 
surface, whence, dissolved by frosts and scat¬ 
tered by rains, they circulate again in tho 
plants of the soil. 
“ Death still producing life.” 
This worm is also serviceable as furnish¬ 
ing the food of many other animals, and is 
an oxamplo of an individual race being sub¬ 
jected to universal destruction. Tho very 
ant seizes it when disabled, and bears it 
away as its prize ; it constitutes throughout 
tho year the food of many birds ; fishes de¬ 
vour it greedily; the mole pursues it in the 
pastures and along tho moist bottoms of 
ditches, and burrows after it through tho 
banks of hedges, to which it retires in dry 
seasons. And, though inhabiting the earth, 
many aquatic animals seem acquainted with 
it, and prey on it as a natural food when¬ 
ever it falls in their way; frogs oat it; and 
tho great water-boetle (ditiscus marginalis,) 
is sometimes drawn up when it is the bait 
of tho angler. Yet its increase is fully 
equal to its consumption, and Reaumur con¬ 
jectured that tho number of worms in tho 
earth, exceeded that of tho grains of all 
kinds of corn collected by man. 
Worm 3 , generally speaking, are tender 
creatures, and wator remaining a few days 
over their haunts drowns them : they easily 
become frozon, and their retiring deeper in¬ 
to tho soil is no bad indication of cold 
woat’ner; but no sooner is tho frost out of 
the earth than they approach tho surfaco to 
feed on decayed vegetable matter. Thoy 
sometimes draw young plants under the soil 
for the same purpose — generally those 
newly transplanted, and somewhat wilted. 
Tho holes which thoy mako in their passage 
through tho earth, servo also the purposes 
of drainage, and our author remarks, that 
if ho knew any further good of them he 
would make it known. Did we know any 
great harm they do, it should also bo 
related.— b. 
WESTERN POULTRY EXHIBITION. 
Eds. Rural :—I have just passed a very 
pleasant afternoon, in witnessing tho exhi¬ 
bition of tho “Western Society for tho Im¬ 
provement of Domestic Poultry,” and in 
becoming acquainted with its officers and 
members. PeterMelendy, President; Jno. 
C. Sciiooley, Secretary; John K. Green, 
of Carthago, Dr. Warder, of the Western 
Horticultural Review, and others of the 
same stamp, aro gentlemen who know ex¬ 
actly how to take care of a stranger and 
make his sojourn among them agreoablo. 
Thoy showed mo around in tho kindest and 
most attentive manner, and allowed me ac¬ 
cess to their books, from which I copied 
some of tho awards of premiums, which I 
give you below. From the last year’s re¬ 
port of the Society, I judge the present ex¬ 
hibition is not as largo as that of last sea¬ 
son; our Ohio friends however, need not be 
ashamed of this show, for they certainly of¬ 
fer somo of tho finest fowls I over saw.— 
Tho Shanghais and Cochin Chinas, contri¬ 
buted by Mr. Green, aro splendid birds. 
He showed me a pullet weighing nine pounds, 
and as perfect in form as I would imagine 
it possible for any Shanghai to bo; not a bit 
clumsy or coarse, and but little heavier than 
a number of other .pullets of tho same stock 
in another coop, which were, asido from this 
one, the best I ever beheld, regarding size 
and form. There were some fino specimens 
of Brahmas, White Shanghais, Dominique, 
buff and red do., Polands, Guildorlands, 
Games, Bantams, Bolton Greys, Calcutta 
fowls, cross-breeds, &c., and a fino display 
of Aylesbury ducks, Muscovy, Silesian, and 
Poland ditto; turkeys and geeso also figur¬ 
ed a littlo, but the number contributed was 
not largo. The display of fancy pigeons 
was very fino, J. C. Webster of Cincinnati, 
alone contributing 18 varieties, in largo, 
nicely-finished cages, forming a very at¬ 
tractive and pleasing featuro in tho exhibi¬ 
tion. In addition to tho feathered race, 
there were Madagasca rabbits, with their 
long ears and their huge paunches. Guinea 
pigs, pretty littlo things, and rat terriers, 
for which a premium was offered by the So¬ 
ciety, with a view to tho extermination of 
those pests of tho poultry raiser, tho most 
provoking of all chicken destroyers, rats. 
Tho Committeo award to President Me¬ 
lendy, premiums for tho best Guelderlands, 
white Shanghais, Brahmas, Turkoys and 
Geeso, and also for tho best display of 
fowls. W.m. Cox, best Games and second 
best display of fowls. John Iv. Green, of 
Carthago, best Cochin China, buff and red 
Shanghais, and a sweepstakes for tho best 
cock and hen of any brood. J. Vandusen, 
Cintinnati, best Calcutta fowls, and Bolton 
Greys; J. Neely, Cincinnati, best black 
Polands, white Bantams, Silosian and Ayles¬ 
bury ducks. Many other premiums wore 
awarded upon fowls of much merit, but 
among tho lots I have mentioned, wero to 
be found most of tho bost fowls. 
Our Ohio friends have a great advantage 
ovor us in being able, on account of climate 
to hold their exhibitions so much later in 
the season. Two months make a great dif¬ 
ference in tho appoaranco of spring chick¬ 
ens, besides tho old fowls at this season, 
have got pretty well along with their moult 
ing, whereas in Sept, or Oct., when we gen¬ 
erally hold our Fairs, they aro sick and 
nearly naked, not fit to bo shown. The 
greater length of their warm seasons is also 
favorable to the growing of poultry, as 
warmth is nearly as essential to the produc¬ 
tion of largo fowls, as to the growth of corn, 
and a chick enjoying fino weathor from 
March to December, will undoubtedly be 
larger than one equally as good, pinched in 
spring and fall with cold. 
In the management of thoir exhibition 
tho Western Society is decidedly ahead of 
us: first, in selecting a proper place — a 
largo, commodious hall, where neither poul¬ 
try nor visitors neod bo crowdod ; also, in 
tho uniformity of thoir coops in shape and 
size, and their arrangement about the room, 
upon tables, each standing by itself and giv¬ 
ing to all an equal chance to bo seen.— 
Whereas, our chickens aro crowded into 
small coops, and the coops heaped ono up¬ 
on another, in a little confined yard, or 
narrow hall, giving more than one half no 
chance at all. In all these things I hope to 
see great improvement another yoar at 
home, for whilo I wish to render its duo to 
the West, my interests and sympathies are 
with tho east, and my sentiment, “ Old 
Monroo” forever. o. r. 
Cincinnati, Ohio, Nov. 23, 1853. 
EUROPEAN GRAIN MARKET. 
If tho growth of wheat in the United 
Kingdom in 1853 bo roally as deficient as 
believed, and all tho evidence which care¬ 
ful investigation has been enabled to collect 
tends to confirm tho impression—the abso¬ 
lute certainty of abundance in tho autumn 
of 1854 cannot provent high prices during 
tho intervening period. The question, in 
our opinion, is therefore, whether the pres¬ 
ent quotations aro sufficiently high to cause 
economy in consumption, and to draw largo 
supplies from abroad. The effect of dear 
bread usually influences tho consumption of 
other articles of food ; meat is less freely 
used, pototoes and other vegetables are giv¬ 
en up ; but bread is eaten as long as it can 
possibly be obtained, and, with tho great ma¬ 
jority of tho population, nearly to the same 
extent at a comparative high as at a low 
price. That tho great advance which has 
been established in the value of wheat in 
this country will cause all that can be 
spared abroad to bo consigned to our mar¬ 
kets there can be no doubt; but unusual 
difficulties exist in obtaining largo supplies. 
The most formidable of these is the fact 
that Franco stands as greatly in need of 
foreign aid as England, and that no stocks 
of old corn of importance aro held at any of 
tho noar continental ports. America has, 
no doubt, a largo quantity of breadstuff* 
for exportation; and at tho Black Sea ports 
stocks have accumulated »to so great an ex¬ 
tent, that it has become exceedingly diffi¬ 
cult to find warehouse room, and tho grana¬ 
ries at Odessa and Galatz are filled to reple¬ 
tion ; but with a deficiency of a third in the 
produce of tho United Kingdom, and the 
crop in Franco short to the same extent, 
there is likely to be groat competition be¬ 
tween these countries to secure wheat 
wherever it may bo obtainable. Thus far 
tho French buyers have outbid the English, 
and by far tho greater portion of tho wheat 
shipments which have boon mado from tho 
Black Sea ports during tho last two or threo 
months has been for Marseilles, where so 
active a demand has been experienced from 
the interior that prices have continued to 
rise in the face of abundant supplies. The 
scale is now turned somewhat in favor of 
this country; but there is no chance in re¬ 
shipments from France, and the state of po¬ 
litical affairs in tho East may interfere with 
tho regular course of trado with the Black 
Sea. On tho whole, wo are inclined to 
think that tho advance, thus far, has been 
warranted by circumstances; and, though 
wo deem a temporary reaction by no moans 
improbable, wo seo no reason to anticipate 
any material decline.— Mark Lane Ex. 
DAMP STABLES. 
When I first came to tho farm which I 
now hold by purchase, I found tho stables 
built under large trees and near a spring of 
water, with a northern aspect. My horses 
were soon in poor condition, with long and 
rough coats, and almost always lax in their 
bowels, nor could I get them up by extra 
food or lighter work ; but my cows suffered 
tho most, fbr they wero always sick. Their 
milk fell off and their butter was poor, and 
of a bad color and taste, and four of them 
slipped their calves before their time.— 
When tho spring came they loft their win¬ 
ter quarters in a worse state than I had 
ever seen them, and two of them died from 
scours on going to pasturo. On inquiry, I 
found that tho tenant who had left had al¬ 
ways beon what tho neighbors termed unfor- 
tunato in his horses and cattlo, and from 
that cause moro than any other, ho had not 
been able to mako both ends meet. Tho 
truth flashed upon mo in an instant, and in 
a very little longer timo than it has taken 
mo to tell my story, I had commenced pul¬ 
ling down the stable, tho unhealthiness of 
which had been, I was convinced, tho causo 
of all tho evil and all the loss; and it was no 
more than two days before there was not 
left ono stone upon another of the whole 
fabric. I now set to work and erected 
another on higher ground, removed from 
water, and clear from the shade of trees, 
with a south-east aspect, and dry capacious 
yard ; and from that day I have had neither 
sickness nor sorrow in my out door house¬ 
hold. My horses live on less food, aro al¬ 
ways sleek and in good condition, and my 
cows aro a credit to their keep. Our butter 
brings two contsapound more in the market, 
and for the last year our sales aro more 
than double from tho same number of cows 
and tho same pasturago, and no moro pro- 
mature calves. Instead of watering my 
cattlo as horetoforej at tho spring under the 
trees—the water cold, with a deadly taste 
and bad color—I sunk a well and put in a 
pump; and at a long trough in tho yard 
for the summer, and another under shelter 
for tho winter, my cattle slake their thirst 
without setting up their coats, as thoy usod 
to do after drinking at tho holo under tho 
trees. Even when tho weather was warm, 
they wero accustomed to shake all over as 
if thoy wore in a fit of aguo after drinking 
their fill of this water; and to this, with tho 
bad aspect of tho stables, I attribute all the 
sickness and misery which I have experi¬ 
enced among my cattlo and horses.— Bost. 
Cultivator. 
Rat Proof Corn Cribs may bo mado by 
placing a largo milk pan, bottom up, on the 
top of each post on which the crib stands, 
and having a movablo ladder by which to 
enter tho door. Tho rats climb up tho 
posts, but can got no farther. Mico will al¬ 
so be excluded, unless carried in with the 
corn. If you have not already done it, pick 
out the best ears of corn for seed, and hang 
them up in tho kitchen, or somo other dry 
place, where thoy will not freeze. You 
may also givo them a good smoking with 
your hams, which will prevent birds and in¬ 
sects from injuring tho seed when planted, 
and rather improve the vegetable powers. 
Try it.— Ex. 
'idiiub anti <$arkn. fptcjmrat %xt&, fa. 
PEARS AT BOSTON. 
The Massachusetts Horticultural Society 
offered large prizes for collections of tho 
bost twelve varieties of pears. Of tho four 
successful competitors each, one gave the 
Louiso Bonne of Jersey and Bartlett. Three 
gave Do Curo, Easter Buerro, Duchess An- 
goulemo, Buerre d’Anjou, White Doyenne, 
Urbanisto and Flemish Beauty. Two gavo 
Buerre Diel, Bello Lucrative and Glout 
Morceau. Tho Buerro d’Aremberg, Bozi 
do la Motte, Vans Mons Leon lo Clcrc, 
Passe Colmar Dix, Winter Nelis, Mario 
Louise, Thompson, Gray Doyenne, Swan’s 
Orango, Buerro Bose and Doyenno Bous- 
sock, were the single ones. This will givo 
a correct indication of tho most favorite va¬ 
rieties of pears around Boston. That thoro 
is choice enough may bo inferred from tho 
fact that Marshall P. Wilder alone exhib¬ 
ited 310 varieties of pears. 
Early Tillotson Peach. —Tho Horticul¬ 
turist states that this poach, originating in 
Wayne Co. N. Y., and which does not suc¬ 
ceed in orcha.ids around Rochester, is found 
to bo a most valuablo variety in Ohio and 
Kentucky. It grows vigorously, is exempt 
from mildew, and tho fruit is largo, often 
eight inches in circumferenco, and of tho 
finest quality. Tho editor adds this is ono 
of the few instances whero a variety suc¬ 
ceeds better in other localities than that in 
which it originated. 
INQUIRIES AND ANSWERS- 
Tarring Fruit Trees. —Will you say 
whether you have tried tarring young fruit 
frees to prevent mico from injuring them 
in tho winter. I have seen it stated that it 
is a sure preventive. If so it will bo a 
great blessing in this region. Do you think 
it will injure tho trees ? C. Hutchings. 
We havo never tried tho above plan.— 
Should think that tar would not injure tho 
trees. Though it should be used with cau¬ 
tion. Wo published an excellent method 
for destroying mico last week. A shovel 
full of manure or somo loose earth thrown 
up round tho trees, about a foot high, will 
generally koep oft’ tho mico. 
Cranberry Vines. —Can you inform mo 
what varioty of cranberries would bo most 
profitable to raise for market purposes and 
whero they can be procured most con¬ 
veniently ? Is it necessary to plant roots, or 
can I raise them from tho berries ? What is 
tho proper timo for planting or sowing ?— 
Is there any book published on the cultiva¬ 
tion of tho cranberry ? w\ m. 
Alfref, Alleg. Co., N. Y. 
FACTS IN GRAPE CULTURE. 
E. A. McKay, of Naples, N. Y., gives 
through tho Horticulturist somo interesting 
facts in regard to the mode adopted by him 
in tho cultivation of an acre of Isabella 
grapo vines. The vines were planted five 
years ago last Spring, one vine to a square 
rod. The holes were dug about two feet 
deep and six to eight feet across. In tho 
bottom of each of these holes was placed 
half the carcass of an ox—a drove of eighty 
oxen having died in .the neighborhood 
whilo on their way to market. The holes 
were then half filled with good surface soil. 
Sixteen loads of leather shavings, which had 
been accumulating at a currier’s shop, were 
then divided equally among the ICO holes, 
which wero then filled by surface soil, mix¬ 
ed with tho leather. A bushel of well-rot¬ 
ted stable manure, mixed with tho same 
quantity of charcoal dust, completed the 
preparations for tho vines. Ho states that 
most of tho vines measured last Spring, a 
foot in circumferenco, somo of them fifteen 
inches, and one seventeen inches. He al¬ 
lowed them to bear considerably tho past 
season, and the quality of the fruit was so 
superior as to command fourteen cents a 
pound, when most grapes of tho samo kind 
wore selling at the samo place at twelve 
and a half cents a pound. The crop of tho 
present season ho estimated at 20 lbs. to 
the vine, or 3,200 lbs. to the acre. He 
states that he has repeatedly dug down to 
the bones, and found them “completely 
surrounded with a net-work of living, 
fibrous grapo roots.” 
PRESERVATION OF GRAPES. 
A traveler who lived at St. Petersburg 
during tho winter season, states that he ate 
there, the freshest and most beautiful grapes 
ho had over seen. To preservo them they 
should bo cut beforo being entirely ripe. Do 
not handlo tho berries ; reject all damagod 
ones, then lay tho grapes in a stono jar hold¬ 
ing about thirty gallons. The mouth should 
bo narrow, so that the grapes will not touch 
each other. Fill tho spaces between them 
with millet. Cover closely with a stono 
cover well fitted and cemented. Over this 
paste a thick paper, and let it bo hermeti¬ 
cally sealed so as to entiroly exclude tho air. 
In this air tight jar the grapes ripon fully, 
and acquiro a flavor seldom attained by any 
other method, and aro preserved for two 
years in tho bost condition. 
Leached ashes aro an excellent manure 
for quince trees. 
LIST OF PATENT CLAIMS 
ISSUED FROM THE UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE 
For the week ending November 22, 1853. 
¥ra. Beschka, of Alexandria, Va., for improve¬ 
ments in joining and riveting metalic plates. 
Gardner S. Browne, M. D., of Hartford, Conn., 
for improvement in body braces. 
.Henry Carter and James Rees, of Pittsburg, 
Pa., for improvement in nut machines. Ante¬ 
dated June 3, 1853. 
Tlios. A Samuel Champion, of Washington, D. 
C, for improvement in transporting bridges. An¬ 
te-dated May 22, 1853. 
Stillman A. Clemens, of Springfield, Mass., for 
improvement in ventilation railroad cars, 
Oliver A. Kelly, of Woonsocket, R. I., for im¬ 
provement in looms. 
Frederick Smith, of Pontiac, N. Y., for improv¬ 
ed water-wheel. 
Jas. R. King, of Tiffin, Ohio, for apparatus for 
cutting screws on bedstead rails. 
Wm. & Vm. FI. Lewis, of New York, N. Y., 
for improvement in boxes for supplying business 
cards. 
Samuel T. McDougall, of New York, N. Y., for 
improvement in platform scales. 
J. Parsons Owen, of Norwalk, O., for machine 
for cutting screws on bedstead rails, Ac. 
Wm. Pierpoint, of Salem, N. J., for improve¬ 
ment in the cutlers of grain and grass harvesters. 
Morgan L. Rood, of Marshall, Mich., for im¬ 
provement in revolving fire-arms. 
Y\ m. Silver, Jr., of Pittston, Pa., for improve¬ 
ment in blasting powder. 
Hiram Smith, of Norwalk, O., for apparatus for 
cutting screws on bedstead rails, Ac. 
Dr. Jos. Goldmark, of New l T ork, N. Y., for 
improvement in faciug ends of percussion caps. 
Enoch R. Morrison, of Troy, Pa., for improved 
shingle machine. 
Elnathan Sampson, of Cornish, N. II., for im¬ 
provement in platform scales. 
James H. Crygier, of New York, N. Y., for im¬ 
provements in bank locks. 
Lawrence F. Frazee, of New Brunswick, N. J., 
for improved life boat. 
Wm. K. Hall, of Phillippi, Va., for improve¬ 
ments in grass harvesters. 
S. R. Holt, of Worthington, 0., for improve¬ 
ment in self-acting presses. 
Willard B. Cummings, of Tyngsbnrougli, Mass., 
and Nathan P. Danman, of Chelmsford, Mass., as¬ 
signors to Willard B. Cummings, of Tyngsbo- 
rough, Mass., N. P. Danman, of Chelmsford, Mass., 
and Clias. A. Blood, of North Chelmsford, Mass., 
for improvement in machines for dressing mill¬ 
stones. 
RE-ISSUES. 
David L. Latourette, of St. Louis, Mo., for im¬ 
provement in oil presses. Patented October 28, 
1851. Re-issued Now 22, 1853. 
Thos. G. Clinton, of Cincinnati, Ohio, assignor 
(through others,) of Joshua Laird, (now deceased,) 
late of Cincinnati, aforesaid, for improvement in 
attaching verifiable matter to metal. Patented 
May 22, 18-13. Re-issued Nov. 22, 1853. 
SHAVING BY MACHINERY. 
The editor of tho Philadelphia Bulletin 
remembers in his younger days, seeing a 
comical print at a barber shop, which repre¬ 
sented a crowd of customers being shaved 
by machinery. Many of our readers, per¬ 
haps, have seen this curious old engraving. 
It depicted a group, with napkins under 
chin, sitting, if we recollect, around a lingo 
shaving-cup, to which a soap-boiler’s kettle 
is a pigmy, whilo razors at various angles, 
propelled by steam, wero waiting to operate 
on tho customers. What was intended for 
a joke, less than twenty years ago, has 
proved a reality, if wo are to believe our 
English exchanges. Tho Gateshead Obser¬ 
ver, for instance, says that a joiner at North 
Shields has invented a machine for shaving, 
consisting of a chair, with an arrangement 
of razor blades, which is set in motion by 
the weight of the sitter. Experiments, it 
is said, havo been tried and found satisfac¬ 
tory. Not boasting any peculiar aptitude 
in mechanics, wo aro free to confess that wo 
aro somewhat skeptical as to this pretended 
machine; and what is moro, havo no par¬ 
ticular fancy to test it. Our chin shall bo 
kept a littlo whilo longer, at least, under 
our own control, or until “ all the world and 
the rest of mankind” have adopted the sha¬ 
ving machine. Even then, wo fear we shall 
not patronize it, unless it can talk, for lis¬ 
tening to tho barber’s chat, as all mon know, 
is “ part and parcel” of tho operation of be¬ 
ing shaved. 
Lever Press. —Elias Davis, of Montpe¬ 
lier, Vt., has applied for a patent on an im¬ 
proved self-acting press, the novelty of 
which consists in so arranging a series of 
horizontal and vertical knuckle joint lovers 
below tho screw and bod plato, in combina¬ 
tion with tho peculiar mannor of construct¬ 
ing and operating tho pross that a progress¬ 
ive upward pressuro will bo exerted upon 
tho article being pressed by its own gravity 
and the “gravity of the movablo portion of 
tho press, aud also in combining said levers 
with tho screw in such a manner that when 
a vory elastic substance is being pressed, 
and tho main lovers have oxerted their full 
power upon it, a further pressure may bo 
communicated to it by elevating the bed 
plate. 
Tnu rail-car making business of the Uni¬ 
ted States is said to involve $5 000.000 capi¬ 
tal, giving employment to sovoral thousand 
mon, and producing a valuo in property, es¬ 
timated at $17,000,000 per annum. 
