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MARCH 8. 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER. 
frcljarij anfo (Sartmt. 
ORNAMENTAL TREES. —TTO, II. 
So great is the diversity of form and charac¬ 
ter in the trees now cultivated for purposes of 
decoration, that the difficulty with the amateur 
is to make a selection of alimited number suited 
to his peculiar wants and circumstances. If he 
seeks for information in works devoted to 
this branch of cultivation, he is at a loss to 
discriminate between the numerous discre¬ 
tions there to be met with. If he turns 
to the catalogue of the nurseryman, he is 
still beset with a hundred objects all interest¬ 
ing and beautiful, white he may not want more 
than a dozen. How can he select these, with¬ 
out any previous knowledge of the subject ? He 
cannot make a judicious selection without the 
advice of some one who is acquainted with his 
wants and the trees described. For the benefit 
of such persons select lists are useful, when 
carefully prepared. We rejoice,however, that a 
rapid progress is discernible in this beautiful 
branch of rural knowledge ; very few persons, 
with the means and desire to plant, are desti¬ 
tute of information on the subject of popular 
trees and shrubs, and if they are, we are deter¬ 
mined that they shall not long remain so. We 
have recommended a few well-known trees for 
purposes of shade, we have still to recommend 
a few' deciduous trees for the decoration of the 
lavm, which by their diversity of foliage and 
dissimilarity of outline, will add beauty, and at 
the same time afford shelter. 
The Red Bud or Judas Tree {Cercis canadensis) 
is so well known to most of our readers, that we 
need only remind them of its claims, to be re¬ 
membered among the more recent introductions. 
Being a tree of medium size and distinct form, 
it will always prove a desirable object where 
variety is sought; wdiile, independent of this, 
it enlivens the landscape with its crowds of red 
buds appearing early in the spring, before the 
warm breath of summer has spread out the 
foliage. It may be easily distinguished, even at 
a distance, among our native forest trees, and 
though much admired when in flower, is too 
much overlooked in planting time. 
There are several varieties of Tnoitx adapted 
to northern latitudes, which must not be omit¬ 
ted. The White 2’horn (Cratccgus oxyacantha) 
when properly managed, forms a beautiful and 
pleasing tree, with its profusion of white, fra¬ 
grant blossoms, so often the theme of the poet. 
Though many suppose that this tree fails to 
succeed here because proper care may not be 
given in transplanting, it may nevertheless be 
made a very attractive addition to the law'n.— 
There is also the Double White variety ; the 
Single Scarlet, a very showy tree; the Double 
Red, furnished with clusters of delicate double 
red flowers, and perhaps tw r enty other varieties 
differing from those mentioned, in various par¬ 
ticulars. The Thorn does not succeed well in 
the Southern States, though in Pennsylvania it 
has been planted with partial success. Seed¬ 
lings of the White Thorn are used for hedges, 
and where they are properly attended to in 
Western Hew York and farther North, such 
hedges are very useful as well as exceedingly 
ornamental. There are several of these hedges 
in the vicinity of Rochester. 
The Double Flowering Peach is perhaps one 
of the most attractive of our ornamental trees,— 
its profuse flowers, of a color so rich and pleas¬ 
ing, secures for it the admiration of all who 
observe a specimen in bloom. There is also the 
Double White and Crimson varieties, both of 
them in great demand, but still too scarce for 
the majority of planters,—the price being in 
proportion. 
We must not omit to mention the Mountain 
Ash, whose large bunches of bright scarlet ber¬ 
ries at once secure attention to it. It is clothed 
with graceful, irregular foliage, and from its 
distinct form and habit is desirable. There are 
two varieties, the European and American, the 
latter a little more robust, coarser in its foliage, 
and better adapted to promiscuous planting.— 
The Flowering Asn ( Ornus Europceus) is a 
pretty tree ; produces bunches of fragrant flow¬ 
ers of a feathery appearance, and is well worthy 
a place on the lawn. 
The Yellow Wood ( Virgilia luted) is one of 
the prettiest American trees we have; it re-, 
sembles the Locust a little, in the form of the 
foliage, but more particularly in the manner of 
flowering. It bears its flowers in long racemes, 
of a creamy, white color, similar in form to those 
of the White Locust; such flowers are termed 
papilionaceous, and are common to most of the 
Leguminous plants. 
Before closing our special list of deciduous 
tree - , we must direct attention to the Larch. 
The American Larch is well known to our 
readers under the name of Hacmatac; the 
European variety is more graceful aud more 
valued as an ornamental tree ; its light green 
needle-like leaves bursting forth early in spring, 
refresh the eyes of the lover of verdure, and will 
always make for it a character, though it may 
be neglected for other reasons. 
7 Willows we need not recommend, they are 
general favorites, prompt to herald the waking 
up of vegetation, and thus invigorate the almost 
despondent spirits of those who delight in green 
trees and fragrant flowers. It is always pleas¬ 
ing to see them wave their green branches over 
the heads of the busy crowd as they pass, but 
still more beautiful to observe them by the side 
of the lake, or river, where their graceful and 
pendant habit is so appropriate. Of these there 
are also several new varieties ; the Rosemary 
leaved species is desirable, being so distinct in 
foliage, but the American Weeding Willow is 
decidedly beautiful. 
In addition to the trees already noted, there 
are several weeping trees which are much ad¬ 
mired by some amateurs. Weeping trees judi¬ 
ciously located on a nice lawn, are graceful 
objects. The Weeping Sopiiora is one of the 
most attractive, and is admired justly, when 
planted in a proper situation. There is also 
the Weeping Larch, a very graceful lawn tree. 
The Weeping Laburnum, a variety of the 
familiar Golden Chain tree, and several other 
equally attractive objects are calculated to add 
variety to the pleasure ground. 
We have doubtless omitted many lavorite 
,<$jul valuable trees, in order to abbreviate our re¬ 
marks and avoid confusing the planter. With 
the selection which has been made, we should 
not be afraid to beautify any place of moderate 
extent, and at the same time ensrue both 
beauty of form and variety of foliage and flow¬ 
ers. Deciduous trees have peculiar charms for 
many, there is ever something new in their 
appearance, from season to season. In winter 
they may be almost forgotten amidst the deep 
snow drifts, but as soon as spring returns they 
are awake with vital energy ; bursting forth in 
silent grandeur until every branch and spray 
is clothed with its verdant mantle.—s. 
THE APPLE ORCHARD. 
“OLD” AND "YOUNG” VA HI.ETIES. 
Many writers are calling our attention to 
what we see every day, viz., that our modern 
grafted orchards never attain half the size of our 
old seedlings, nor live half so long. By many 
this fact is attributed to the injury di ne the 
trees by grafting. Professor Turner, of Illinois, 
contends that even pruning tends to shorten the 
life of a tree. In my humble opinion this is a 
mistake. I have apple trees sixty years old, 
grafted near the ground, which are thrifty, and 
bid fair to last twenty or more years yet. On 
my paternal homestead stood a Black Ox-Heart 
cherry tree, grafted on a Mazzard. It was over 
100 years old when it was cut down, and covered 
an area of fifty feet in diameter, and its stump 
measured nearly three feet across. 
The plain fact is, the process of grafting has 
no injurious effect on the tree, but when a scion 
from a tree 60 or 70 years old is set, it is just so 
old to begin with, and the grafted trees of a 
whole orchard may be 50 or 60 years old at the 
start. Now what can one expect from an 
orchard of such old varieties ? The trees from 
which the scions were taken, had finished their 
growing process some 20 or 30 years before, and 
were in the bearing stage of life ; but being set 
on young and vigorous seedling stocks, only a 
few years old, they recommenced growing from 
the impulse of the seedlings, and their growth 
was thereby driven ahead a few years. The 
trees, however, soon began to bear, and to grow 
less and less, and to bear more and more, until 
finally they ceased to grow altogether, but they 
bore prodigiously. Now the owner congratu¬ 
lates himself on seeing his young orchard laden 
with fruit; but he has far greater reason to 
mourn. He does not know that growing and 
bearing are incompatible processes ; but if he 
uses his eyes he will soon discover, that instead 
of long terminal shoots of the last year’s growth, 
the trees have made no new wood at all, and 
are putting on the appearance of old trees. A 
fruit grower tells him, that his trees are ex¬ 
hausted by overbearing, and he must shake off 
part of the fruit as soon as it appears. This 
will mend the tree somewhat. He may shake 
off the fruit, but he cannot shake off the years 
of old age, and bring back its youth. 
To say of a variety of fruit that it comes early 
into bearing, is generally esteemed a great 
encomium. It may be to an old man, or to one 
anxious for the first crop. But the next gene¬ 
ration will not thank one for such a legacy. No, 
a tree must grow first, aud bear afterwards.— 
Unless a tree grow when it is young, it surely 
will not when it is old ; and it cannot grow if 
it bear much fruit. Every man, therefore, who 
wishes his trees to attain a great size, and to 
reach a good old age, must select the newest 
varieties, and study and strive to make them 
grow ; not to make them bear fruit. He should, 
with his “jack knife,” smoothly pare off all the 
short twigs and fruit buds from the interior, cut 
off all the cross twigs and useless ones, so as to 
thin out the head, and give it a comely shape. 
He should keep off suckers from the roots, body 
and branches. He should hoe, wash with soap, 
plow all around, and manure them ; and thus 
drive their growth ahead. If they are young 
varieties, they will make majestic trees, living 
out fully their three score and ten. If they are 
old varieties, they will grow on a few years by 
dint of force, and make up somewhat of the 
rest by early and copious bearing. They may 
be made to attain, perhaps, a medium, but they 
can never reach the maximum size of seedlings, 
or young varieties. Further considerations will 
be presented hereafter. 
■Westchester Co., N. Y. Jas. Fountain, M. D. 
Fruit Trees in Illinois. —The Prairie Farmer 
of Feb. 21st, says “ There is no longer any 
doubt in regard to the partial or entire destruc¬ 
tion of the current year’s growth of many young 
orchard trees in this part of northern Illinois.— 
The apple alone seems to have escaped. The 
pear, where the growth was good, shores the 
effects of the severc/tVeather even more than the 
peach, in our grounds.” 
Keeping Apples. —A close chamber is a bet¬ 
ter place to keep apples than a cellar. Apples 
bear freezing once without injury, if they are 
not handled till thawed. Linen cloth laid on or 
around apples prevents injury from freezing.— 
Apples have been found in good order in the 
spring, that have lain in barrels under the trees 
all winter. Roxbury Russets are considered 
the longest keepers.— N. E. Farmer. 
SHORTENING-IN PEACH TREES. 
We have for many years favored the shorten¬ 
ing of the peach tree. There appears to be 
everything for it, and nothing against it except 
the labor. The following reasons favor the 
operation : 
1 . Preserving the tree in a handsome, com¬ 
pact form. 
2. Limiting tne space occupied, so that more 
trees may be planted on an acre. 
3. Increasing the thriftiness of the tree and 
its shoots, and, as a consequence, increasing the 
size and flavor of the fruit, like that on young 
trees. 
4. Thinning the fruit by the most convenient 
and economical process. 
It is not uncommon to see old, neglected, and 
unpruned trees extending their long and nearly 
leafless branches to a distance of ten feet on each 
side of the tree, the fruit being borne on the 
extreme ends of these poles, and being much 
less in quantity, smaller in size, and incompa¬ 
rably poorer in quality, than crops on young 
and much smaller trees, or on those kept in 
proper form by pruning. Good cultivators find 
thinning necessary for attaining a high flavor 
in their fruit; crowded crops cannot become 
perfect. But to go over the tree and pick off the 
surplus peaches is a slow and laborious process, 
while, by pruning, it may be accomplished in 
about one-tenth of the time, and at the leisure 
season of winter. 
We have, however, discarded the mode at first 
recommended, of cutting back each individual 
one year’s shoot; this is too slow and minute. 
The substitute adopted is to cut off and thin 
back two or three year’s growth, or more if the 
form of the tree requires it, always cutting where 
another limb branches off, so as not to leave a 
stump. Care is taken to avoid the error, some¬ 
times committed, of cutting all back of an equal 
length, like shearing a hedge, which causes a 
thick outside growth, excluding the light from 
the interior of the tree. It will be understood, 
that in connection with the pruning here recom¬ 
mended, the trees should receive good cultiva¬ 
tion at all times, or the success will be imperfect. 
We have been induced to offer these hints at 
the present time, in consequence of having 
recently seen, in a work of some pretensions, an 
attempt to discourage the practice.— Country 
Gentleman. 
Gathering fruit from the apple and currant 
trees, when green, or before they are fully ripe, 
makes them more prolific the following year.— 
N. E. Farmer. 
Trees designed for clayey soils do best when 
transplanted in the spring. 
Currants bear in three years from cuttings. 
[emetic f cftrauinj. 
CARROTS FOR COLORING RUTTER. 
In the Rural of February 23d, is an article 
on the use of carrots for coloring butter. I have 
used them in this way for many years. My 
extreme aversion to the taste of carrots in any 
way, made me, at first, reluctant to try the ex¬ 
periment, and I believe this is the case with 
many others. But if prepared with caution, 
the carrots will impart to the butter none of 
their peculiar flavor. They give it a smooth co¬ 
hesive texture, a bright, cheerful color, and a 
flavor much like that imparted by turning the 
cows out from dry fodder to new grass—entirely 
the reverse of that whitish, crumbly, insipid 
article, usually called winter butter. 
My method is as follows :—Take, for two gal¬ 
lons of cream, two rather small carrots. Wash 
them and scrape off the skin. Then grate off 
all that is of a deep orange color. Put in half 
a pint of warmed sweet milk. Let it stand 
perhaps twenty minutes, and then squeeze it 
thoroughly in a cloth. Put the liquor thus 
strained into the cream, when it -is entirely 
ready for churning. Milk is preferred, because 
it extracts more of the color, and less of the pe¬ 
culiar carrot flavor than water. It is necessary 
to have the deep orange carrots. Pale ones 
will not answer. Winter butter made in this 
way, need not be sold at the low groceries, or 
degraded to the rank of mere grease at home, 
but will grace any table, and commend itself to 
any palate.—C., Ogden, N. Y. 
“A Farmer’s Wife” confirms the above; 
practicing the same method, with like results. 
Fruit in Cans—Pie-Plant, Ac.—P utting up 
fruits, Ac., in sealed cans is not always success¬ 
ful, as many know from experience. Green 
corn has often been tried, and generally with¬ 
out success. The Ohio Cultivator says, “ Others 
have a more sad experience in canning rhubarb 
and pie-plant, which contains so much oxalic 
acid, that on being used from the cans has 
nearly been the death of whole families. Keep¬ 
ing in this way seems to give more virulence to 
its poisonous qualities, which are comparatively 
harmless when the plant is used fresh from the 
garden.” Sealed glass bottles are much better 
than metallic cans for this purpose. 
A nlce dish for Breakfast. —Take one egg 
and beat it up, add a teaspoonful of salt, pour 
into about two-thirds of a pint of water, then 
slice some bread, dip it in, and fry in a little 
butter. Serve warm, and you will find it an 
excellent dish. 
Crackers. —One tea-cup of lard ; one tea- 
spoonful of saleratus ; one of burnt alum ; mix 
hard. Knead and roll into small crackers with¬ 
out a cutter. Bake in a quick oven.—P., Som¬ 
erset, W. Y. 
pfrfjETOC &£. 
Issued from 
LIST OF PATENTS, 
United State* Patent Office for tko 
week ending February 19, 1856. 
Edward F. Berry, Hudson, N. H., for improvement in ’ 
machines for sowing seed broadcast. 
Sherburn C.- Blodgett, Philadelphia, for improvement in ; 
forks. 
Henry A. Brown and Jas. Wiley, Brooklyn, for improved 
fountain pen. 
Wallis and George Bull, Tonawanda, Pa., for improve¬ 
ment in machines for sawing marble. 
Abner Burnham, Albany, for improvement in cooking ; 
stoves. 
Geo H. Corliss and Elisha Harris, Providence, for im- , 
provement in rolling metal. 
Geo. H. Corliss and Elisha Harris, Providence, for im¬ 
provement in forging thimbles. 
Jno. B. Cornell, New York, for improvement in vault 
covers. 
Marcus M. Cass and Lawson R. Bigelow, Watkins, N. Y., 
for improved grapple for raising stones. 
Seth P. Chapin, New York, for improvement in sewing 
guides. 
Stephen Gorsuch, Altoona, Pa., for improvement in 
seeding machines. 
John Johnson, Troy, for improvement in power looms. 
Francis Jos. Klein, New York, for flexible pen-holders. 
Abraham Ezra, and Chas. Marquis, Monticello, Ill., and 
Chas. Emerson, Decatur, Ill., for improvement in the mode 
of draining-plows. 
James B. Mell, Ricehoro, Ga., for improvement in plows. 
John H. Palmer, Elmira, for machine for tenoning win¬ 
dow blinds. 
Michael Phelan, New York, for improvement in bil¬ 
liard table cushions. 
Charles S. Pitman, Swampscot, Mass., for improved mode 
of applying shafts to axles. 
Rensselaer Reynolds, Stockport, N. Y., for improvement 
in temples for looms. 
F. Roesler, New York, for improvement in the construc¬ 
tion of pessaries. 
Jos. Smith, Sunbury, O., for improvement in hubs for 
carriages. 
James F. Starrett, New York, for machine for printing 
from engraved plates. 
Philip Scrag and W. J. Yon Kammerhueber, of Wash¬ 
ington, D. C., for improvement in machines for sawing 
marble in obelisk form. 
Masa B. Southwick, Parish of St. Hilaire, Canada, for 
improvement in machines for preparing vegetables for pres¬ 
ervation. Patented in England, Sept. 15,1853. 
Russel Wildman, of Charleston, for improvement in 
furnaces for heating slugs for the use of hatters, tailors 
and others. 
George W. Livermore, of Cambridgeport, assignor to the 
Livermore Manufacturing Company of Boston, Mass., for 
improved stave machine. 
Hamilton L. Smitlj, Gambier, assignor to William Neff 
and Peter Neff, Jr., of Cincinnati, Ohio, for photographic 
pictures on japanned surfaces. 
RE-ISSUES. 
Wm. Apperly, New York, for ticket register for railroad 
cars, &c. Patented May 1, 1855. 
John H. Manny, Rockford, assignor to Peter H. Watson, 
Washington, D. C., for improvement in harvesting ma¬ 
chines. Patented October 17,1854. Ante-dated June 15, 
1854. 
ADDITIONAL IMPROVEMENT. 
J. F. Mirscher, Philadelphia, for improvement in daguer¬ 
reotype cases. Patented March 9, 1853. 
SCIENCE AND THE INDUSTRIAL ARTS. 
The most perfect telescopic instruments in 
the world are made in Munich. That for Har¬ 
vard College, one of the largest refractors yet 
seen, was made there. Its focal distance is 
about 22 feet, and the diameter of the object- 
glass 14 inches; cost $18,000. The next size to 
that is a focal distance of 17)^ feet, with an ob¬ 
ject-glass 12 inches in diameter, costing $13,000; 
the next, 15 feet, glass 10j^ inches, costing $9,- 
400; the next 13% feet and 9 inches. All 
these great instruments have stands, with clock 
work so moving the telescope as to neutralize 
the diurnal motion of the earth, which would 
otherwise cause a star to disappear too rapidly 
from the field. The making of the object-glass, 
upon which so much depends, is a labor of great 
care and nicety, and costs one-half of the en¬ 
tire expense of the telescope. 
The invention of Stevenson’s Life Boat is 
quite unique, it being made so as to be folded 
up and occupy but little space. The sides are 
composed of strong canvas painted and doubled, 
with a filling of broken cork between. The 
bow parts are flexible, and bent around into 
graceful lines. Within is a lining of rubber- 
cloth, and above this a light wooden frame¬ 
work, which supports the seats. The latter 
serve as braces to keep the boat open. A board 
hinged to one of the sides answers for the bot¬ 
tom. When spread open for use, the boat is 
very strong and substantial. Unlike some oth¬ 
ers, its buoyancy is not dependent upon rubber 
air chambers, which the least puncture destroys. 
The United States have 64 tunnels on canals 
and railways, the longest of which is about one 
mile. England has 48 canal tunnels, of an ag¬ 
gregate length of 40 miles, the longest being 
over 3 miles ; she has also 79 railway tunnels, 
43 of which amount to 33 miles, the longest be¬ 
ing 3 miles. The longest tunnel known is in 
Subemntiz, in Hungary, about 11 % miles ; it is 
used to drain an extensive series of mines, and 
for transporting ore on railway cars. In France 
there are 56 tunnels on railways ; also 8 on ca¬ 
nals—36 of which have an aggregate length of 
54.4 miles. 
Mr. James Murdock, of London, has taken 
out a patent for enlarging and reducing maps 
and designs. The invention consists in trans¬ 
ferring a map or a design to a sheet of india- 
rubber in an unstretched state ; then stretching 
the material equally in all directions, by hav¬ 
ing it secured in an expanding screw frame.— 
This process enlarges the map or design. To 
make a design or a map smaller, it is transferred 
to the india-rubber sheet, when it is in a 
stretched state, and it is afterwards allowed to 
contract equally on all sides. 
A pafer was lately read before the British 
Association of Science—prepared by Mr. W. B. 
1 Adams,—in which he gave a description of va¬ 
rious kinds of projectiles, and the philosophical 
reasons why gun-cotton is better for blasting 
rocks than for gunnery. In giving his idea of 
the best form of a ball, Mr. A. thought that the 
conical form with feathers was the best. Weld¬ 
ed guns, united by hydrostatic pressure—the 
coating inside with another metal to prevent 
abrasion, and several other improvements which 
have in part been adopted by inventors—were 
also recommended. 
Gun CoTTOn is made by mixing, in any con¬ 
venient glass vessel, an ounce and a half, by 
measure, of nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.45 to 1.50) with 
an equal quantity of sulphuric acid (sp. g. 1.80). 
When the mixture has cooled, place 100 grains 
of pure cotton-wool in a Wedgewood mortar, 
pour the acid over it; and with a glass rod im¬ 
brue the cotton as quickly as possible with the 
acid. As soon as the cotton is completely sat¬ 
urated, pour off the acid, and with the aid of a 
pestle quickly squeeze out as much of the acid 
as possible. Throw the mass into a basin full 
of water, and thoroughly wash it in water, un¬ 
til the cotton has not the slightest acid taste.— 
Finally squeeze it in a linen cloth and dry it in 
a water bath. 
The Pneumatic Battery is an English inven¬ 
tion. The gunpowder is deposited in its proper 
place ; a gutta-percha syphon tube extends up¬ 
ward from it, and descends into a gutta-percha ‘ 
vessel containing sulphuric acid ; another gut¬ 
ta-percha tube extending to any distance neces¬ 
sary for the safety of the operator, connects the 
vessel with an air pump. A few grains of white 
sugar and chloride of potash are mixed together 
and placed on the top of the gunpowder, then 
the air pump is worked, which forces a little 
sulphuric acid through the syphon, bringing it 
in contact with the sugar and chloride, and the 
chemical action produces an instant explosion. 
Aluminum melts at a degree of heat between 
that required for zinc and that for copper, and 
then it can be cast and molded. It was appre¬ 
hended for some time, that aluminum wasunal- 
loyable with any other metal; but the experi¬ 
ments of Messrs. Tissier have demonstrated 
that it will alloy with silver, zinc, tin—and fur¬ 
nish compositions more or less fusible, but 
melting quicker as aluminum. The alloy with 
copper, which Mr. Deville had succeeded to 
perform soon after his discovery, is remarkable 
for its hardness and brittleness. 
The following method for remedying smoky 
chimneys is recommended in the London Critic: 
“A revolving fan is placed vertically in the 
opening of a small, compact, moving cowl, fixed 
on the chimney-top. The gentlest current of 
air sets this fan in motion, creating an upward 
draught in the chimney, preventing the return 
of smoke, gaseous vapors, etc., into the apart¬ 
ment, and also the falling of soot and rain. 
In making tools, the artist is directed by the 
color of the steel while heating. The different 
colors direct, in tempering, to a standard. When 
steel is too hard, it will not do for tools intend¬ 
ed to have a very fine edge,because it wUlscon 
become notched, and if too soft, it will too easily 
bend. Purple is the color for gravers, or tools 
used to work in the metals. Blue is the color 
for springs and instruments for cutting soft sub¬ 
stances, such as leather, etc.— N. Y. Com. Adv. 
Microscopic Photographs. — Specimens of 
microscopic photographs have been executed at 
Manchester, England. One, of the size of a 
pin’s head, when magnified several hundred 
times, was seen to contain a group of seven 
portraits of members of the artist’s family, the • 
likenesses being admirably distinct. Another 
microscopic photograph, of still size, represent¬ 
ed a mural tablet, erected to the memory of 
Wm. Sturgeon,the electrician. This little table 
covered only one nine-hundredth part of a su¬ 
perficial inch, and contained 680 letters, every 
one of which could be distinctly seen by the 
aid of the microscope.— Springfield Republican. 
Stained Glass. —A London architect has dis¬ 
covered a simple process by which a beautiful 
effect may be produced in stained glass, for ec¬ 
clesiastical purposes, at a very moderate price. 
By the union of two pieces of flashed glass, 
having different patterns and different colors, a 
design is produced, of great beauty of form, 
richness of color, and possessing a sparkling 
brilliancy which is almost unrivaled in any 
other variety of glass. The kinds of patterns 
best adapted to it, are stars, crosses, circles, and 
other geometrical forms. 
A patent has been obtained by a 'gentleman 
at New Haven for the prevention'of the coun¬ 
terfeiting of bank bills in every manner, either 
by photographing, altering or otherwise; and 
so highly approved is his invention that four of 
the New Haven banks will at once proceed to 
. issue bills after the new method. The inven¬ 
tion is the result of chemical experiments. The 
paper to be used for the new bills is of a light 
straw color ; red is also employed. These col¬ 
ors are rendered necessary by the chemical 
process to which the paper is required to be 
subjected in its manufacture.—W. Y. Tribune. 
The British Quarterly has the following, to 
show the value of mechanical skill and labor 
, on raw material : A bar of iron valued at $ 6 , 
. worked into horse shoes, is worth $10,50 ; need- 
t les, $355; penknife blades, $3,285 ; shirt but- 
, tons, $29,480; balance springs of watches, 
$250,000. Thirty-one pounds of iron have been 
made into wire upwards of one hundred and 
t eleven miles in length, and so fine was the fab- 
. ric, that a part of it was converted, in lieu of 
- horse hair, into a barrister’s wig. 
