APRIL 5. 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER, 
grdiarii anti fortra. 
FLOWERING SHRUBS. 
By the term shrub is understood a plant with 
woody stem and branches, which matures its 
growth and produces flowers and seeds, before 
it attains the height of an ordinary tree. Shrubs 
are divided by systematic writers in this re¬ 
spect, into two classes, shrubs and under-shrubs. 
The former reach a considerable size in some 
individuals, both in height and circumference ; 
the latter attain a height of a few feet. Our 
common lilac (Syringa vulgaris) is a shrub, 
while the Spirccas are, for the most part, low, or 
under-shrubs. The term under-shrub is applied 
with reference to the habits of these plants, 
being found in their native localities gi-owing 
in woods and forests under the tall trees. Our 
Kalmias, Azaleas, Ledums, Gaultherias, and sim¬ 
ilar American shrubs, belong to this division. 
It is a matter of some importance to be informed 
upon the question of the size and height which 
a shrub is likely to attain before planting it, 
otherwise the shrubbery would become an in¬ 
congruous mass, as is too frequently the case, 
by the tall and dwarf-growing plants being 
promiscuously planted, the tall sometimes in 
front of the low-growing individuals. A neatly 
arranged border of shrubs gives an appearance 
of extent and shelter to the most limited lawn 
and garden, and should have the special atten¬ 
tion of the amateur before he thinks of planting 
a flower. Well selected species are valuable, 
in furnishing a profusion of rich and fragrant 
flowers, early and late in the season, and at 
least a dozen choice varieties maywiow be pro¬ 
cured from the rich collections of our amateurs, 
and commercial horticulturists. 
Shrubs as a general thing, are more select in 
regard to soil than trees. Obtained from various 
quarters of the globe, and found in their wild 
state, luxuriating, here, in wet marshes—there, 
on the exposed face of a steep hill; in some 
cases, deeply embosomed in bramble and jungle 
plants; in others, under the grateful shade of 
our lofty oaks and pines — we cannot feel sur¬ 
prised if their peculiar constitution and habit 
would demand special provision, when forced 
into the limited space of the door-yard, or little 
villa garden. An ample selection can be made, 
however, for all common purposes, which will 
flourish in comparatively fertile soil, and with 
these the majority of our readers wilt be satis¬ 
fied. We shall, without further preliminary 
remarks, proceed to note a few favorites. 
EVERGREEN SHRUBS. 
Euoxymus Japonica is now so well known 
that we need only state the fact of its cheapness, 
facility of removal, and hardiness, to procure for 
it a trial with those who have yet to experi¬ 
ment in this way. A very severe winter will 
cut down a few of the top shoots, and impa.r 
the appearance of some of the foliage by giving 
it a bleaching, but this being carefully removed 
after the young shoots begin to push, its native 
hue,—a deep and shining green,—will predom¬ 
inate. There is ft a variegated or silver-striped 
variety which serves a useful purpose in group¬ 
ing, but the dark green, or common, is, we 
think, more beautiful. In addition to these, 
there are several other species of later introduc¬ 
tion, but more tender. Of these, E. linifohus, 
the narrow leaved, is the most peculiar. It has 
a curious bronze hue on the foliage, but will 
not, in our estimation, become very popular. 
There are two species of Juniper worthy of 
notice as low shrubs, in addition to the well- 
known Swedish and Irish varieties; these are 
the prostrate Juniper (Juniperusprostrata,) and 
the Sa\in (J. Sabina.) The former is a very 
picturesque shrub when of good size, and is 
well suited for rock work, or to vary the monot¬ 
onous aspect of the grounds rendered formal by 
the use of the more common evergreens. The 
Savin is a very low growing, but handson e 
species, with fine, light green foliage. 
The Box ( Euxus sempvervirens ) is much ad¬ 
mired by some persons, but we never could see 
much grace or beauty in its crowded, dense 
branches, especially as generally managed by 
clipping. In certain stytes of gardening it be¬ 
comes very useful. The Majorca Box is not 
very common in our shrubberies ; it is furnished 
with much broader foliage than the former, and 
forms a pretty shrub. 
The Mahoxia aquifolia, or holly-leaved Ber¬ 
berry—called by some Ashberry, to distinguish 
it from the family of Berbcris, with which it was 
formerly incorporated—is one of our prettiest 
under-shrubs. ItB glossy leaves furnished with 
an irregular surface and small prickles, gives it 
a striking appearance ; and when its yellow 
flowers peep out beneath these jagged leaves, 
it is still more attractive. It suffers partially 
from severe frosts, at least so far as its color is 
concerned, but it recovers towards the latter part 
of spring. Several additional species of the 
family are in cultivation, but none of them have 
been much diffused, as they are not quite hardy 
enough for geneial out-door purposes. The 
common Berberry is a desirable shrub on ac¬ 
count of its ornamental berries, which are very 
attractive in the autumn, but as it is deciduous, 
it should not properly be introduced in this 
place. 
The Pyraoanth, (Mespilus pyracantha,) call¬ 
ed by some the evergreen thorn, or rather 
Christmas thorn,— for the term evergreen thorn 
properly belongs to the family of Photinia, —is 
a favorite evergreen. Its irregularity of form, 
together with the glossy green of its foliage and 
still more attractive bright red berries, give it a 
claim to our admiration. 
Before closing this notice, let us claim for our 
native Kalmias a little consideration. What is 
more refreshing than the sight of a fine group of 
Sheep Laurels in bloom, and even when not in 
bloom there is a pleasure in resting the eye on 
their beautiful foliage. It is seldom that we 
are permitted to judge of the suitability of this 
shrub to the wants of the landscape gardener; 
■where it has been fairly tried, however, it has 
given full satisfaction, either grouped in the 
shrubbery with other plants, or planted in 
masses and kept trimmed low. 
We have yet to enumerate a few Deciduous 
flowering shrubs. We hope before we have an 
opportunity of doing so, that there may be some 
indication in this region that Spring has not 
quite forgotten herself and abandoned our do¬ 
main. How much more pleasant it is to write 
about what we see in nature, than to recall only 
the recollection of what we have seen. Yet we 
are so confident in the unerring recurrence of 
“seed-time and harvest,” and in the bursting 
forth of the latent germs from every spray, true 
to their species and kind, that we never doubt, 
but from that inert and apparently lifeless 
branch, bright buds will burst forth—that from 
the delicate folds of the bourgeon on the rose¬ 
bush, a glowing flower will in due time be de¬ 
veloped. But man has discovered certain laws 
and principles which modify these results, and 
he no longer loses his time in gazing in mute 
astonishment,butsets himself to aid in working 
out the beautiful design.—s. 
FRUIT CULTURE IN OHIO. 
APPLES OP NORTHERN OHIO. 
Peek's Pleasatd. —Specimens exhibited from 
four counties—all fine—Dr. Kirtland and others 
spoke of it as excellent, uniformly fair and 
profitable. 
Rhode Island Greening. —Mr. Batehan said 
that it succeeded well on hilly situations and 
sandy soils, and commanded the highest price 
in the Columbus market. Generally considered 
worthless in rich clay soils, where it rots and 
falls from the tree. Nearly all the other mem¬ 
bers pronounced it unworthy of cultivation. 
Roxbury Russet. —Represented as best on rich 
loamy soils; variable, much deteriorated of late. 
Several were in favor of discarding it 
Swaar. —Some considered it best on rich, 
loamy soils, and others on sandy and gravelly 
soils. 
Jonathan. —Fine specimens shown from Co¬ 
lumbus and Cleveland—all considered it excel¬ 
lent, but at Cincinnati it dropped from the tree 
prematurely. Soil limestone clay. 
Northern Spy. —Mr. Houghton, of Cleveland, 
said it bore well with him, and the fruit was 
fair when exposed to the sun. Others described 
the tree as a tardy bearer, and not likely to 
keep so well in Ohio as in New York. 
Neviown Pippin. — General expression unfa¬ 
vorable to its cultivation in the North. 
Belmont.— Represented as excellent at the 
North, but very much inclined to rot on the 
tree at Cincinnati and Southward. 
Yellow Bellflower. —Considered not so good as 
the Belmont at the North, but very valuable in 
Central and Southern Ohio. 
Red Canada. — Generally found excellent in 
the Northern part of the State, and in sandy 
soils, but had failed on the clayey and level 
lands of the Central and Southern parts of the 
State. 
Esopus Spitzenberg. —Report upon this variety 
much the same as on the preceding. Baldwin 
and Ilnbbardson Nonsuch were placed in the 
same category. 
Smoke-House. —A good deal of oonftision seem¬ 
ed to exist between this, the Vandervere, and 
some Cither varieties—from which we are only 
able to deduce the fact that the apple known in 
Southern Ohio as the Newtown Spitzenberg and 
Ox-Eye, identical with the Vandervere of New 
York, is one of the best winter apples in South¬ 
ern Ohio. 
Ortley. —One of the best apples in the strong 
soils of the South and West. [This we fully 
concur in from what we have seen of this apple 
in Illinois, Iowa, tfec., a uoble fruit there, but 
worthless in New York ] 
Winesap. —Generally pronounced a good fable 
apple, profitable for market, a good keeper, and 
worthy of general cultivation. 
While Pippin .—A large, fine, profitable fruit, 
succeeding well on a great variety of soils. — 
Mr. Elliot considers it identical with the Can¬ 
ada Reinctte. [F tom a careful examination re¬ 
cently, we are satisfied that this variety is quite 
distinct from the ReineUe .] 
Bronson Swedivg. —Considered unworthy of 
cultivation. 
Ladies' Sioceting. —Considered only second rate. 
Banner's Winter Sweet. —Said to ripen at Cin¬ 
cinnati in the fall—and to rot on Die Licking 
bottom opposite Cincinnati. 
Talman'sSweeting. —Recommended very high¬ 
ly by Mr. Bateham. 
Jersey Black —Second rate. 
Virginia Greening. — Unworthy of cultivation. 
Romanite. —Mr. Elliot said its true name was 
Gilpin. 
[To be Continued.] 
BARREN GRAPE-VINES.—INQUIRIES. 
In my garden are two very thrifty grape 
vines of different varieties, which have never 
produced any fruit. I have pruned and ma¬ 
nured, ashed and mulched, with no other effect 
than a tremendous growth of vine. Now, what 
is to be done V Must I dig them up, root and 
branch, or cau they be grafted, or budded ?—if 
so, with what variety and at what time ? If 
you or some of your correspondents will answer 
the above, you will oblige a subscriber.—P. J. 
O., Union Corners, N. Y. 
Remarks. —From your statement we would 
conclude that you have not pruned your vines 
in the proper manner, or you should certainly 
have had fruit. Many persons are satisfied with, 
cutting away a few inches from the extremity 
of each shoot, and think they are pruning.— 
There is no necessity for such extreme manu¬ 
ring as you have practiced. Grape vines require 
a large supply of nutritions matter, but if over¬ 
done, and in conjunction with imperfect prun¬ 
ing, the result will certainly be an undue sup¬ 
ply of wood and leaves, with little or no fruit. 
If your vines are very old, we would say give 
them up, and plant in their room, if the soil is 
not too rich in organic matter, young two year 
old vines. These you can attend to by pinning 
them judiciously from the commencement, ac¬ 
cording to directions given in several parts of 
the last volume. Cut them back to within 
three eyes of the previour year’s growth, when 
you will obtain healthy shoots for bearing.— 
You do not mention what varieties your vines 
are. If they are good varieties, such as Cataic- 
ba and Isabella, you might try to bring them in¬ 
to bearing by cutting the shoots back to within 
a few eyes of the old wood, and afterwards at¬ 
tend to directions already given.—s. 
Can the wild or frost grape be grafted with 
other better kinds, and when and how should it 
be done ? —0. H. 
Remarks. —Good varieties of grape vines can 
now be so readily obtained, that there can be 
little object in grafting on a wild grape. Cut¬ 
tings of our improved native sorts root with fa¬ 
cility, and a well-rooted plant can be purchased 
for 25 cents or less. YVe would not recommend 
grafting in your case, a practice which is sel¬ 
dom followed except for the increase of some 
new and valuable exotic variety.—s. 
TRANSPORTATION OF TREES. 
In our last number, we gave the substance of 
a correspondence between of some our prim ipal 
Railway officers, and the Pre“ident of the Fruit 
Growers’ Society of Western New York,relative 
to facilities for the conveyance of nursery 
trees. An additional letter from the agen' of 
the American Lake Shore route, requests that 
shippers by that route should mark their goods 
distinctly, otherwise they would be likely to fall 
into the hands of the agents of Propellers, &c., 
for the delays of which that Railroad could not 
be responsible. He also requests particular 
atteLtion to the fact, that no cartage is required 
fro n the N. Y. Central to their Road, and that 
Canal boats can come along side their 1,200 
feet clock and unload into their cars. 
IVe observe that the Transactions of the Ohio 
Pomological Society contain the substance of 
an interesting correspondence on this subject, 
and the conclusion to which our Western friends 
have arrived is, tlmt some or most of the “ for¬ 
warders ” at Buffalo to whom trees have been 
consigned, have been the cause of much extor¬ 
tion and delay—and among them J. Kirkpatrick, 
who has acted conspicuously as a tree forwarder, 
has given great dissatisfaction. Several in¬ 
stances of his exorbitant charges are mentioned 
in these Transactions, and tkey have been con¬ 
firmed by the private statements of a number 
of our principal nurserymen, who prefer in all 
cases to box their trees, and trust them directly 
to the railway lines. * 
ftfliiiEstir fcmtnmy. 
CAKES AND COOKIES. 
Mr. Moore :—I have the vanity to think I 
can beat that farmer’s wife in Canandaigua in 
recipes. 
Crackers. —One pint of water, one teacup of 
butter, one teaspoon of soda, two of cream tartar, 
flour enough to make as stiff as biscuit. Let 
them stand in the oven until dried through.— 
They do not need pounding. 
Fruit Cake. — l}/, lbs. of sugar, lbs. of 
flour, % lb. of butter, six eggs, a pint of sweet 
milk, one teaspoon of saleratus, one glass of 
wine, one of brandy, and as much fruit and 
spice as you can afford, and no more. 
Cup Cake. —Five cups of flour, three cups of 
nice sugar, one cup of butter, four eggs, one cup 
of good buttermilk, with saleratus enough to 
sweeten it, one nutmeg. 
Cookies. —One cup of butter, two cups of su¬ 
gar, one cup of cold water, half a teaspoon of 
saleratus, two eggs, flour enough to roll, and no 
more. 
Soft Gingerbread. —One cup of molasses, one 
cup of sugar, one cup of butter, one cup of but¬ 
termilk, one egg, saleratus and cloves. Mix 
pretty stiff. 
Cream Cake. —One cup of cream, one cup of 
sugar, two cups of flour, two eggs, teaspoon of 
saleratus, flavor, with lemon. 
Delicate Cake. —Nearly three cups of flour 
two cups of sugar, three-fourths cup of sweet 
milk, whites of six eggs, one teaspoon of cream 
tartar, half teaspoon of soda, half a cup of 
butter, lemon for flavoring. 
If any of your readers would like a very good 
substitute for artichokes this season of the year, 
tell them to pare and slice very ihin, some nice 
apples, also an onion,put them in a dish togeth¬ 
er, and put on vinegar, salt and pepper.—A 
Farmer’s Daughter, in Macedon. 
Bedbugs. —The best method we ever found 
to clear a room or house of bedbugs, where they 
get into the chinks and crevices of the wall, is 
to takeout the furniture and burn sulphur there. 
The fumes will kill them wherever they pene¬ 
trate. We have known bedbugs to live in a 
house that had not been occupied by anybody 
for more than a year.— Maine Farmer. 
Raised Cake. —2 cups raised dough, 2 of su¬ 
gar, 1 cup of butter, 3 eggs, 1 teaspoon saleratus 
dissolved in a wine glass of milk, very little 
flour, add raisins to the taste.—M rs. G. 
ilfrijamc ft!;?, &r. 
LIST OF PATENTS, 
ImiioiI from ttio United State* Patent Offloe for the 
week ending March 18, 1856. 
Horner Anderson, Garratsville, N. Y., l'or improve¬ 
ment in welding steel. 
Lewis C. Ashly, Troy, for improved bench plane. 
James B. Blake, Worcester, Mass., for improved appara¬ 
tus for roasting and boiling by gas. 
Samuel Blackwell, Middlesex county, England, for im¬ 
proved “ dumb jockey, ” the cross and saddle-tree being 
made of gutta percha. Patented in England, March 9,1853. 
Chas. Branwhite, N. York, for improvement in hermeti¬ 
cally sealing preserve cans. 
John Broiles, Madison county, Ala., for improvement in 
hernial trusses. 
Thomas D. Burrall, Geneva, for improvement in grain 
and grass harvesters. 
Wm. Butler, Little Falls, for improvement in making 
chilled castings. 
Thos. Chope, Detroit, for improved carriage coupling. 
Hiram Clark, Princeton, Mass., for improvement in 
threshing machine. 
Samuel Comfort, Jr., Morrisville. Pa., for improvement 
in mowing machines. 
Henry N. De Graw, Piedmont, for improvement in ma¬ 
chines for corkingbottles. 
Calvin Dodge, Pittsburg, for improvement in fire-places. 
Eiiakim B. Forbush, Buffalo, for improvement in grain 
and grass harvesters. 
Jacob Frick, Philadelphia, for improvement in feed and 
blow-off apparatus for steam-boilers. 
John German and C. B. H. Hoyt, Oriskany Falls, for im¬ 
provement in seeding machioes. 
R. Gleason, Jr., Dorchester, Mass , improved ink-stand. 
Robert Griffiths, Alleghana City, for improved nut ma¬ 
chine. 
Horace L. Harvey, Quincy, Ill., for improvement in har¬ 
vester cutters. 
A. C. Hitchcock and C. H. Amidon, Greenfield, Maes., for 
improved mortising tool. 
Daniel N. Hurlbut, Utica, for improved arrangement of 
rotary planing knives. 
Joshua K. Ingalls, Brooklyn, for improved illuminating 
grating. 
Edward R. Kernan, Pittsburg, for improvement in pro¬ 
cesses for making transparent window shades. 
Lucius Leavenworth, Freemansburg, N. Y., for improve¬ 
ment in churns. 
A. I.empche, Pleasant Mount, Pa., for improved self- 
regulating wind-wheel. 
John Lippincott, Philadelphia, for improvement in per¬ 
cussion projectiles. 
James B. Mabury, Jeffersonville, Ind., for improvement 
in stoves. 
Ebenezer Mathers, Morgantown, Va., for improved ma¬ 
chine for felling trees. 
John McCrone, Thompsonville, Conn., for improvement 
in cone tubes for winding frames. 
Richard McMullin, New Brunswick, N. J., for improve¬ 
ment in processes for making elastic rubber cloth. 
Elijah Morgan, Morgantown, Va., for improvement in 
seed planters 
Geo. W. Parker, Fitzwilliam, N. H., for improved ma¬ 
chine for making clothes-; ins. 
Merritt Peckham, Utica, for improvement in sectional 
fire-pots for stoves and furnaces. 
David R. Perkinpine, Philadelphia, for improvement in 
boxes of railroad car axles. 
Nathan Post, East Cleveland, for improvement in har¬ 
ness buckles. 
James Rodgers, New York, for improvement in omnibus 
registers. 
Chas. A. f chultz, of Chicago, for improvement in ma¬ 
chine for sawing matble in taper form. 
Philip Schwickardt, Brooklyn, for mode of producing de¬ 
signs on wood. 
John R. Sees. New York, for improvement in adjusting 
the brasses of connecting rods. 
John P. Sherwood, Fort Edward, for improvement in 
nail-plate feeding machines. 
Isaac M. Singer, New York, for improvement in sewing 
machines. 
Alva B. Taylor, Newark, for improvement in machinery 
for making hat bodies. 
Wm. P. Thomas, Hillsboro’, Ind., for improvement in 
harness for shoeing horses. 
Isaac Van Benschoten, New York, for Improvement in 
argand lamps for burning rosin oil. 
Israel W. Ward, of Birmingham. Pa., for improved ad¬ 
justment in boring machines. Ante-dated Feb. 16, 1856. 
Hiram Wells, Florence, Mass., for improved method of 
suspending circular saw spindles. 
Geo. Wellman, Lowell, for improvement in strippingtop 
flats of carding machines. Patented in England, NOvem- 
b -r : 6. 1853. 
Lyman Wight, Benton, Pa., for improvement in spin¬ 
ning wheels. 
Chas. Wilson, of Springfield, for improved machine for 
tunnelling rocks. 
James H. Wilson, Jr., Nashville, for safety apparatus, 
to re applied to harnesses and thills of vehicles. 
J G. A. Wagner, Philadelphia, for improved method of 
adjusting reciprocating saws. 
Orville Leonard, Si merville, Mass., assignor to himself 
anl Geo. H. Reynold-, Medford, Co., Mass., for impiove- 
ment in cut-off gear for steam engines. 
re-issuks. 
Bernard J. La Mothe, New York, for improvement in 
railroad cars. Patented April 4, 1854. 
Wm. Kenyon, Steubenville, Ohio, assignor to Haigb, 
H.irtupee & Morrow, for improvement in machines for 
making nuts, washers. &c., &c. Patented October 14,1851. 
Union Manufacturing Company, Norwalk, Conn., as¬ 
signees of John Arn Id’s Administrators, for improvement 
in the machine for forming the web for cloth, of wool, hair, 
or other substance, without spinning or weaving. Patent¬ 
ed July 15, 1829. Revived by act of Congress, March 24, 
1864. 
ADDITIONAL IMPROVEMENTS. 
Adolph H- mer, Philadelphia, for improvement in 
ma.-h machines. Patented January 9, 1865. 
Charles H. Johnson, Boston, for improvement in gas 
burners. Patented June 26, 1855. 
SUGAP REFINING. 
Most people understand that a great propor¬ 
tion of our crude or brown sugars are produced 
in a few of the Southern States, Louisiana par¬ 
ticularly, and in the West India islands ; but 
all do not understand, that the re-manufacture 
of these crude materials, by which the saccha¬ 
rine crystals are freed from coloring matter, dirt, 
and other impurities, and made to assume the 
whiteness of snow, is carried on principally in 
our Northern cities; that huge sugar refineries 
exist, like that in East Boston, covering a whole 
square, and elevated six to eight stories in 
height, furnished with wharf and railroad 
facilities for receiving and shipping, and pro¬ 
vided with steam power lor dissolving, evapo¬ 
rating and grinding the product; that the blood 
and bones of animals slaughtered tor the city 
consumption, play an important part in the 
refining process; and that the filth, removed in 
the course of manufacture, would, if seen, open 
with astonishment the eyes and mouths of the 
unreflective consumer of crude Muscovado. 
The first step in the refining process, is to 
reduce the sugar to a plastic state by means of 
warm water or steam, until the mass assumes 
the consistency of mortar; after which it is 
placed in large molds to drain. The cakes 
thus formed are next broken up, and placed in 
a large copper cistern, mixed up with a small 
amount of lime wat r, bullsck’s blood, and from 
five to twenty per cent, of powdered bone black, 
or animal charcoal. Hot steam is then admitted 
to the mass through a great number of small 
orifices in the sides and bottom of the cistern, 
until the sugar is entirely dissolved and thor¬ 
oughly mixed up with the other ingredients.— 
This is done by the commotion produced in the 
vessel by means of injected steam, as every one 
who has seen the commotion produced when a 
steam pipe is inserted in a reservoir of cold 
water, can appreciate. 
Next in succession comes the filtering proceas, 
which consists in passing the liquid very slowly 
through long bags of thick and closely woven 
cotton cloth. These keep back all impurities, 
and allow the deodorized and colorless syrup to 
trickle into a reservoir beneath. Instead of the 
mixing up of bone black with the sugar in the 
cistern, a common practice is to filter the syrup 
through eight or ten inches in depth of the 
animal charcoal, reduced, not to a flour, but to 
the fineness of granulated gunpowder. 
The syrup is now transferred to the evapora¬ 
ting pans, which are made of copper, five feet 
across, and about two feet deep, with an air¬ 
tight oval cover fastened on. There is a si earn 
jacket surrounding the pan, so that steam can 
circulate freely between them, for the purpose 
of heating the liquid ; and steam pipes also 
pass through the pan for the same purpose. A 
pipe leads away from the dome of the cover to 
an air pump, which is kept in constant action 
by a steam engine, in order to keep up a vacuum 
above the liquid in the pan. By this means a 
rapid ebulition takes place at 170°, instead of 
212°, as required in the open air; and the water 
is thus evaporated without danger of scorching 
the sugar. The air pump, being kept in active 
operation, removes the vapor as fast as formed 
from within the pan, and thus keeps up the 
vacuum. 
After the evaporation has continued until the 
proper point for crystallization has been reached, 
the syrup is drawn off into the “ cooler,” where 
the temperature is first raised to about 200°, 
and then stirred with a spatula until it granu¬ 
lates. It is then dipped into moulds and set 
away to drain. 
By a recent improvement, the uncrystallized 
portion is now removed by placing the un- 
drained sugar inside of a rapidly revolving, 
perforated cylinder, which drives out the liquid 
by centrifugal force, in the same manner as 
water is thrown off from a swift running grind¬ 
stone. The sugar is subsequently still furtlnr 
desiccated by heated air, to perfect dryness ; 
and, if required for crushed or pulverized sugar, 
it is then broken or ground, and barreled for 
the market. 
IMPROVED HEAVY IRON SHAFTS. 
Among the list of patents recently published, 
we notice one for an improved wrought iron 
shaft, for steamships or other places where great 
strength is necessary. It is known that to make 
a solid wrought iron shaft, has been found a 
very difficult matter, on account of the xincei- 
taiaty of its being properly welded in the in¬ 
terior. It has also been found from some ex¬ 
periments recently made in England in the 
manufacture of large wrought iron guns, that 
after heating a large mass of wrought iron to a 
degree necessary to make sure of a perfect weld 
in the whole mass, in the cooling, the iron be¬ 
comes granulated in the interior, thereby losing 
its fibrous nature, and becoming not much 
stronger than cast-iron. 
The nature of the improvement alluded to in 
the patent of Mr. Otis Tufts, is to construct a 
shaft in pieces, longitudinally. Being hollow 
and hooped together, a much greater degree of 
strength is obtai ed with less weight of mate¬ 
rial. In the opinion of our first mechanics who 
have examined the subject, it is thought to he a 
very necessary and valuable improvement, es¬ 
pecially in tbe construction of shafts for ocean 
steamships, where safety and durability are es¬ 
pecially called for .—Boston Journal. 
Boot Machine.— Jean Pierre Molliere, of Ly¬ 
ons, France, has invented a series of machines, 
with which, from cutting out the uppers and 
soles, through all the processes down to polish¬ 
ing and burnishing the edgesof soles and heels, 
(which finishes the article.) boots and shoes of 
every size and style are made — with such 
facility, that, while the shoemaker’s mean 
price for making, say 98 pairs of men’s slices or 
boots, $117,50, the mean price by which the 
Molliere system for the same work is $10,72— 
which is equal to over 700 per cent, difference 
in favor of tbe machines. By the Molliere sys¬ 
tem, it takes 170 persons, at farthest, to make 
and finish 1,000 pairs of boots and shoes of all 
kinds in a day ; and they are men, women and 
bhildren of whom no superior artistic skill is 
required. To make and finish the same num¬ 
ber of shoes and boots, by the old process, 
would require from 1,300 to 1,400 men and wo¬ 
man skilled in the trade. 
A Bed Plate, for the Hanging Rock Rolling 
Mill, was recently cast at Ironfon, O., which 
was twenty-one feet six inches long, seven feet 
one inch wide, and three and one-quarter inch¬ 
es in thickness. It weighs 13,000 pounds. 
The pen is as much superior to the sword as 
the cultivated mind is to the savage. 
