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APRIL 11 MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER. 
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For Moore’s Rural New-Yorker. 
SPELLING VS. PENMANSHIP. 
I cannot well agree with S. H. S. on “ Pen¬ 
manship.” in Vol. 7, No. 12, when he says, 
“ There is nothing, perhaps, that characterizes 
a good scholar, more than to write a beautiful 
hand.” To be expert with a pen — to write an 
easy, graceful, and flowing style, as far as pen¬ 
manship is concerned, does “ characterize a good 
scholarand perhaps there are but few that 
take greater delight in viewing good writing 
than myself. 
My own convictions are, that spelling holds no 
inferior place to penmanship. To use a pen 
with dexterity, does not necessarily signify that 
the words through which we wish to communi¬ 
cate our ideas are properly spelled. We not 
unfrequently witness communications written 
in what is generally termed a good style, so 
mysteriously spelled, that it is with extreme 
difficulty they can be deciphered. Now, where 
is the scholar whose eye chances to fall upon a 
well-written article, the words of which (some 
of them at least) are just like hinges, as well 
turn this way as that, be this word, or another, 
—who does not at once shrink back amazed ? 
To the good scholar, well versed in orthography, 
the mis-spelt words always stand out promi¬ 
nent ; they are the first that attract attention. 
As he reads along we hear him exclaim, “ what 
spelling!” though written in a nice hand. For- 
my own part, I prefer to see good spelling, 
rather than good writing and poor spelling.— 
This may be a matter of opinion confined to 
myself; if it is, it is based on this foundation, 
that as letters properly arranged constitute words, 
and (according to the general custom) words are 
representatives by which we convey ideas, it 
becomes essentially necessary that those words 
should be what they are generally understood. 
Not unfrequently we can, by the change of 
a single letter, however insignificant it may 
in itself appear, make a word of directly oppo¬ 
site meaning. We would not call that person 
a good mathematician or scholar, simply because 
he could make handsome figures—most certainly 
not, as all depends on their right use. Is it not 
just so with the penman ? Must he not, in 
order to be a “ good scholar,” use letters in their 
right places, as well as know how to make them; 
and even more so ? 
I would by no means discourage any toward 
high attainments in penmanship. My chief 
object is to call attention to spelling as an im¬ 
portant branch in education. It is often very 
much neglected, especially in our higher schools, 
as of little importance ; and we frequently see 
communications from boys and girls of ten or 
twelve years of age, whose spelling is far 
superior to that of the college student. 
The art of spelling needs close application of 
thought, as the words of our language are so 
numerous; and I might well say of some of 
them, so curious. 
Writing is an excellent mode of practice to 
improve upon spelling. When both become well 
accomplished, we have two marked character¬ 
istics of the “good scholar.” a. b. b. 
Murray, Orleans Co., N. Y. 
SCHOOLS IN CHICAGO. 
Among the most interesting features of this 
new and growing centre of population is the 
patronage bestowed on public schools. The 
thirty-sixth section of the public lands devoted 
to this purpose in this township fell in Chicago, 
and the revenues derived therefrom pay the 
salaries of the teachers, and the other expenses 
are defrayed by a tax on real estate. The pri¬ 
mary and grammar schools are supplied with 
competent teachers, who fill their posts as 
creditably as teachers of the same class in the 
eastern cities. The salaries of the masters are 
either $1,200 or $1,000 a year. The whole sys¬ 
tem is under the supervision of 'John C. Dore, 
the superintendent, formerly of Boston, who 
has completed the second year of his official ser¬ 
vice, to the entire satisfaction of the community. 
The most marked improvement of the system 
for the past year—indeed, the most markeu im¬ 
provement of the city during that period, is the 
erection of a beautiful and commodious build¬ 
ing, for a Public High School, at the cost of not 
less than $40,000, while the site, which was a 
part of the section reserved for schools, is valued 
at $20,000. The edifice is eighty-eight feet 
long by fifty-two feet wide, with central pro¬ 
jections, five feet by twenty-five. It is built of 
limestone, procured from Athens, a town about 
fifty miles from Chicago, on the Illinois canal, 
where the material for most of the best struc¬ 
tures in the city is procured. It will be opened 
for scholars next autumn. It is the pride of 
the citizens, and justly so. I venture to say 
that no city of the world has ever, in so brief 
a period of growth, added such an ornament to 
its institutions. Few older cities of the eastern 
states have paralleled such munificence in the 
cause of free popular education.— Milton in H. 
Y. Post. 
WnEN, fifty years ago, Geography was stud¬ 
ied only in verbal descriptions of boundaries 
of nations, of the course of rivers, and situations 
of towns, without an atlas presenting these at 
once in all their relations to the eye, it was a 
study confined to the upper classes in schools, 
and youth generally entered into life with the 
Vaguest ideas of the topography of the earth.— 
The majority of students never would take the 
pains to construct a map in their imagination, 
by the help of the printed words that they 
learned to repeat. 
OPEN THE GATE. 
“ I wish you would send a boy to open the 
gate for me," said a boy of ten years old to his 
mother, as he paused with his books under his 
arm. 
“ Why, John, cannot you open the gate for 
yourself ?” said his mother. “ A boy of your 
age and strength ought certainly to be able to 
do that.” 
“ I could do it, I suppose,” said the boy ; “but 
it is heavy, and I do not like the trouble. The 
servant can open it for me just as well.” What 
is the use of having servants, if they are not to 
wait upon us ? thought he. 
The servant was sent to open the gate. The 
boy passed out, and went whistling on his way 
to school. When he reached his seat in the 
academy, he drew from his bag of books his 
arithmetic, and began to look at the sums. 
“I cannot do these,” he whispered to the 
next scholar ; “they are too hard." 
“ But you could try,” replied his companion. 
“ I know that I can try,” said John, “ but it 
is too much trouble. Pray, what are teachers 
for, if not to help us out of difficulties ? I 
shall carry my slate to Mr. Helpwell, the usher.” 
Alas ! Poor John. He had come to another 
closed gate—agate leading into a path of useful 
knowledge. He could have opened it, and en¬ 
tered in alone ; but he had come to the conclu^ 
sion that it was as well to have gates opened 
for us as to exert our own strength. The result 
was, it was decided that he had no “ genius ” 
for such a kind of study. The same was true 
in latin. He could have learned the declen¬ 
sions of the nouns and the conjugations of the 
verbs as well as others of his age ; but he got 
other boys to do his exercise, and what was the 
use in opening the gate into the Latin language 
when others would do it for him. Oh, no, John 
Easy had no idea of tasking his mind or body 
when he could avoid it; and the consequence 
was that numerous gates remained closed to 
him all his life— gates to honor—gates to useful¬ 
ness—gates to happiness ! Children, you should 
early learn that it is always best to help your¬ 
selves.— Selected. 
SCHOOL TAXATION. 
The New Haven Journal seems a little 
alarmed at the magnitude of the School Taxa¬ 
tion in that city, and asks why it is that the 
per cent, is larger than in other places. To us, 
on the contrary, it is astonishing that New Ha¬ 
ven can have such schools at so low a rate. The 
rate is four per ce.it. on the grand list, besides 
the one per cent, tax required by law. The 
rate is the same in Norwich ; it is six per cent., 
we think, in Waterbury, four in New Britain, 
and about the same in New London. But let us 
go beyond the limits of the State for a compar¬ 
ison, for it is not wise to compare ourselves with 
ourselves. In Cincinnati the school tax is two 
and three-quarter mills on valuation, which 
would be upwards of nine per cent., according 
to our mode of expressing the same ratio. In 
Cleveland it is still higher, and is no less than 
eleven and tuio-thirds per cent. In the State of 
Maine, the average school tax is eleven and one- 
third per cent., or 3.4 mills on the valuation of 
1850.— Conn. Com. School Journal. 
A Taste for Reading.— Sir John Herschel 
has declared that “if he were to pray for a 
taste which would stand him in need under 
every variety of circumstances, and be a source 
of happiness to him through life, and a shield 
against ills, however things might go amiss, and 
the world frown upon him, it would be a taste 
for reading. Give a man that taste, and the 
means of gratifying it, and you cannot fail to 
make him good and happy ; for you bring him 
in contact with the best society in all ages, with 
the tenderest, the bravest and the purest men 
who have adorned humanity, making him a 
denizen of all nations, a cotemporary of all 
times, and g iving him a practicable proof that 
the world has been created for him, for his so¬ 
lace and for his enjoyment.” 
Among the other business transacted by the 
Teachers’ Association, at the late meeting in 
Columbus, measures were adopted to perfect 
and complete a Normal School system, of which 
the initiatory steps had already been taken.— 
The plan adopted is to divide the State into 
four districts and establish a school in each.— 
Two of these schools are now in operation—one 
in the south-western, and the other in the north¬ 
western part of the State. The Teachers pro¬ 
pose to establish the remaining two themselves 
—as, indeed, they did those already in exist¬ 
ence—and to make the amount invested in each, 
in buildings, lands, apparatus, etc., not less than 
fifteen thousand dollars.— Toledo Blade. 
Whispering, the cardinal cause of nine-tenths 
of all the noise in schools, is useless and hurtful, 
and difficult to prevent. It is almost as natural 
for children to whisper as it is to breathe, and 
all see how inconvenient it would be to deprive 
them of that privilege ; still, no school can be 
sufficiently silent where the lips are allowed to 
move either in communicating or studying. 
The lips must be kept still.— Illinois Teacher. 
Tiie Lansing Journal says that the Michigan 
Female College is now placed upon a perma¬ 
nent basis by a donation from the citizens of 
that place. They have given and secured to 
its founders $12,000 and ten acres of valuable 
land. H. H. Smith, Esq., heads the list with 
$2,500. The work of erection will commence 
forthwith. The buildings will cost $2,000. 
It is a great art to do the right thing at the 
right time. 
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GOVERNMENT OP THE U. STATES. 
EXECUTIVE DEPARTMENT. 
Franklin Pierce, President. 
William L. Marcy, Secretary of State. 
James Guthrie, Secretary of the Treasury. 
Jefferson Davis, Secretary of War. 
James C. Dobbin, Secretary of the Navy. 
James Campbell, Postmaster General. 
Rob’t McClelland, Secretary of the Interior. 
Caleb Cushing, Attorney General. 
STATE DEPARTMENT. 
Consists of one Secietary, one Assistant Sec¬ 
retary, one chief-clerk, twelve associate clerks, 
one translator and one librarian ; of the Diplo¬ 
matic and Consular Branches; the Bureau of 
Disbursement, Translation, Appointments and 
Commissions; of Rolls and Archives ; of Au¬ 
thentications and Copy Rights, of Passports 
and Pardons; the Foreign Correspondence, 
Treaties, Despatches, Laws’, and the State Li¬ 
brary. 
Employs but seventeen persons ; and is one 
of the most simple yet powerful implements of 
government in the world. 
TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 
Consists of one Secretary, one Assistant, two 
Comptrollers, a Commissioner of Customs, six 
Auditors, a Treasurer, Register, Solicitor, and 
Boards for the light house and coast surveys. 
The number of persons employed in connec¬ 
tion with the Treasury Department in Wash¬ 
ington, is four hundred and twenty one. 
NAVY DEPARTMENT. 
Consists of one Secretary, and five Bureaux 
—of Navy Yards and Docks; of Construction, 
Equipment and Repair ; of Provisions and 
Clothing; of Ordnance and Hydrography, and 
of Medicine and Surgery. 
The force of the Navy Department numbers 
fifty-five. 
POST OFFICE DEPARTMENT. 
Consists of one Postmaster General, and three 
Assistants ; of Bureaux of Inspectors, Appoint¬ 
ments, Contracts and Finance. 
There are ninety-one persons engaged in the 
General Post Office Department, 
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR. 
Consists of one Secretary, and Bureaux of the 
Public Lands ; of Pensions ; of Indian Affairs; 
of Patents, including Agriculture. 
This Department has charge, also, of the busi¬ 
ness of United States Marshals and Attorneys ; 
clerks of United States Courts ; the Mines of 
the United States ; the Public and Penal Build¬ 
ings of the United States in the District of Co¬ 
lumbia ; the unsettled boundary lines between 
the States, Territories, and bordering nations. 
The number of persons employed in the De¬ 
partment of the Interior is steadily increasing. 
It may be estimated at three hundred and fifty. 
ATTORNEY GENERAL’S DEPARTMENT. 
Consists of one Attorney General, a chief 
clerk and eight assistants. 
WAR DEPARTMENT. 
Consists of one Secretary, having associated 
with him the Commanding General, the Adju¬ 
tant General, the Quartermaster General, the 
Paymaster General, the Commissary General, 
the Surgeon General, the Engineer Bureau, and 
the Bureaux of Topography and Ordnance. 
The number of persons occupied in the War 
Department is one hundred and seven. 
The total number of persons composing the 
servants of the people in all these departments, 
is one thousand and fifty one. 
N avigators had often noticed, in certain parts 
of the Arctic Sea, that the water, instead of re¬ 
taining its usual transparency, was densely 
opaque, and that its hue was grass-green, or 
sometimes olive-green. It is commonly known 
as the “ green water,” and though liable to 
slight shiftings from the force of currents, is 
pretty constant in its position, occupying about 
about one-fourth of the whole Greenland sea. 
Mr. Scoresby was the first who ascertained the 
cause of this peculiar hue ; on examination he 
found the water was densely filled with very 
minute Medusae, for the most part undistin- 
guishable without a microscope. He computes 
that within the compass of two square miles, 
supposing these animacules to extend to the 
depth of two hundred and fifty fathoms, there 
would be congregated a number which eighty 
thousand persons, counting incessantly from the 
Creation until now, would not have enumera¬ 
ted, though they worked at the rate of a million 
per week ! And when we consider that the 
area occupied by this green water in the Green¬ 
land seas is not less than twenty thousand 
square miles, what a vast idea does it give us of 
the profusion of animal life, and of the benefi¬ 
cence of Him who “openeth His hand, and 
satisfieth the desire of every living thing !” 
THE KING CRAB. 
The New Jersey Geological Survey Report 
states that the King Crab, also known by the 
names of Horsefoot and Sea Spider, is very com¬ 
mon on all the seacoastof the State, and partic¬ 
ularly along the lower part of Delaware Bay.— 
In early summer when they come to the shore 
to deposit their eggs in the sand, the beach is 
nearly covered with them for a length of nearly 
forty miles. Each crab weighs about four 
pounds, and in one season a million of crabs 
could be gathered on a mile of beach. Their 
eggs are shoveled up in wagon loads, and used 
for feeding chickens, while the crabs are used 
for feeding hogs. When employed as manure 
for soil, they produce remarkable effects, and a 
factory is now preparing them for this purpose. 
A PET MOOSE. 
So tame was my young moose, that he would 
come into a room and jump several times over 
chairs, backwards and forwards, for a piece of 
bread. He had a great penchant for tobacco 
smoke, which, if puffed in his face, would cause 
him to rub his head with great satisfaction 
against the individual. His gambols were 
sometimes very amusing. Throwing back his 
ears, and dropping the under-jaw, he would 
gallop madly up and down on a grass plot, now 
and then rearing upon his hind legs, and strik¬ 
ing ferociously with his fore feet at the trunks 
of trees, or anything within reach, varying the 
amusement by an occasional shy and kick be¬ 
hind at some imaginary object. No palings 
could keep him from gardens, in which, when 
not watched, he would constantly be found, re¬ 
velling on the boughs of currant and lilac 
bushes ; in fact, tasting fruit and flowers most 
indiscriminately. On being approached for the 
purpose of being turned out, the cunning little 
brute would immediately lie down, from which 
position, his hide being as callous as that of a 
jackass, lie could be got up with difficulty. In 
the very hot days of summer, when he appear¬ 
ed to miss the cool plunge in the lake, which 
these animals, in their wild condition, always 
indulge in at this time of the year, I continu¬ 
ally caused buckets of water to be thrown over 
him.— Hardy's Sporting Adventures. 
BAIN ON THE ATLANTIC. 
We have been struck with that passage of 
Lieut. Maury’s “Physical Geography of the 
Sea,” in which he computes the effect of a sin¬ 
gle inch of rain falling upon the Atlantic 
Ocean. The Atlantic includes an area of twen¬ 
ty-five millions of square miles. Suppose an 
inch of rain to fall upon only one-fifth of this 
vast expanse. “ It would weigh,” says our au¬ 
thor, “ three hundred and sixty thousand mil¬ 
lions of tuns; and the salt, which as water, it 
held in solution in the sea, and which, when 
that water was taken up as vapor, was left be¬ 
hind to disturb the equilibrium, weighed six¬ 
teen millions more tuns, or nearly twice as 
much as all the ships in the world could carry 
at a cargo each. It might fall in a day; but 
occupy what time it might in falling, this rain 
is calculated to exert so much force — which is 
inconceivably great —in disturbing the equili¬ 
brium of the ocean. If all the water discharged 
by the Mississippi River during the year were 
taken up in one mighty measure, and cast into 
the ocean at one effort, it would not make a 
greater disturbance in the equilibrium of the 
sea than would the fall of rain supposed. And 
yet, so gentle are the operations of nature, that 
movements so vast are unperceived.” 
Written for Moore's Rural New-Yorker. 
MISCELLANEOUS ENIGMA. 
I am composed of 37 letters. 
My 25, 31, 7, 6, 37, 17 is a man’s name. 
My 15,17,30,20,23,13,15 are used in the snow. 
My 33, 16, 26, 2, 34 is what we all should wish 
for. 
My 3» 4, 1, 14 is a place'to land goods. 
My 27, 10, 35, 22 is a man’s name. 
My 32,16,5 is much used throughout the world. 
My 19, 1, 9, 28 is the rod of a magician. 
My 29, 5, 21 is a small animal. 
My 8, 24, 28, 25, 14 is a liquor made from the 
juice of the palm tree. 
My 18, 5, 36,12, 15 are sometimes worth know¬ 
ing. 
My whole is the duty of all mankind. 
Edwardsburg, Pa. j. g_ 
2 g§P Answer next week. 
DAYS IN THE MONTH. 
The following verse, (or one similar,) if com¬ 
mitted to memory by every boy, will be found 
convenient in after life. It is an old one, and 
not over elegant, but contains matter more 
truthful than poetic : 
Thirty days hath September, 
April, June and November ; 
February has twenty-eight alone— 
All the rest have thirty one ; 
But when Leap-Year comes in turn, 
February has twenty-nine. 
A more prosaic but equally effectual manner 
of determining the same point is as follows :_ 
By counting the finger knuckles on the hand, 
with the spaces between them, all the months 
with thirty-one days will fall on the knuckles ; 
and those with thirty days or less, will come 
on the spaces. January, first knuckle ; Febru¬ 
ary, first space ; March, second knuckle ; April, 
second space ; May, third knuckle ; June, third 
space; July, fourth knuckle; August, first 
knuckle; September, first space ; October, sec¬ 
ond knuckle; November, second space; De¬ 
cember, third knuckle. 
Answer to Miscellaneous Enigma in No. 326: 
Kaleidoscope. 
Answer to Mathematical Problem in No. 326: 
1 gallon, 3 quarts, 1.592 pints 
Explanation. —As it makes equal angles, the 
capacity will be the whole contents minus one- 
half the contents of a cylinder whose diameter 
is the same and whose altitude is ten inches. 
Answer to Puzzle for Boys and Girls in No.326: 
Read up and down— 
As you may see, 
I am in love. 
And ’tis with thee. 
Answer to Algebraical Problem in No. 326: 
A had 16 and B. 27. 
latotfr JJItmttp. 
THOUGHTS OE HEAVEN. 
No sickness there, 
No weary wasting of the frame away ; 
No fearful shrinking from the midnight air, 
No dread of summer’s bright and fervid ray ! 
No hidden grief, 
No wild and cheerless vision of despair ; 
No vain petition for a swift relief, 
No tearful eye, no broken heart are there. 
Care has no home 
Within that realm ofceaseless praise and song— 
Its tossing billows break and melt in foam, 
Far from the mansions of the spirit-throng. 
The storm’s black wing 
Is never spread athwart celestial skies ! 
Its wailing blends not with the voice of spring, 
As some too tender flow’ret fades and dies. 
No night distils 
Its chilling dews upon the tender frame ; 
No moon is needed there 1 the light which fills 
That land of glory, from its Maker came. 
No parted friends 
O’er mournful recollections have to weep ; 
No bed of death enduring Love attends, 
To watch the coming of a pulseless sleep ! 
No blasted flower 
Or withered bud celestial gardens know ! 
No scorching blast, or fierce descending shower, 
Scatters destruction like a ruthless foe ! 
No battle word 
Startles the sacred host with fear and dread, 
The song ot peace Creation’s morning heard 
Is sung wherever angel minstrels tread ! 
Let us depart, 
If home like this await the weary soul 
Look up, thou stricken one! thy wounded heart 
Shall bleed no more at sorrow’s stern control. 
With faith our guide, 
White-robed and innocent, to trace the way, 
Why fear to plunge in Jordan’s rolling tide, 
And find the ocean of eternal day ? 
NONE STAND ALONE. 
It is tbe providence of God that none stand 
alone ; we touch each other; man acts on man, 
heart on heart; we are bound up with each 
other; hand is joined in hand; wheel sets 
wheel in motion ; we are spiritually linked to¬ 
gether, arm within arm ; we cannot live alone, 
nor die alone ; we cannot say, I will only run 
risks with my own soul; I am prepared to dis¬ 
obey the Lord for such a pleasure or such a 
gain, but I do not want to implicate others; I 
only want to be answerable for myself. This 
cannot be. Each living soul has its influence 
on others in some way and to some extent, con¬ 
sciously or unconsciously ; each has some pow¬ 
er, more or less, direct or indirect; one mind 
colors another; a child acts on children ; ser¬ 
vants on their fellow-servants ; parents on their 
children ; masters on those they employ; friends 
on friends. Even when we do not design to in¬ 
fluence others, when we are not thinking, in the 
least degree, of the effect of what we do, when 
we are unconscious that we have any influence 
at all, when we do not wish our conduct or way 
of life to affect any but ourselves, our manner of 
life, our conversation, our deeds, are all the 
while having weight somewhere or somehow ; 
our feet leave their impression, though we may 
not look behind us to see the mark.— Sermons 
for Christian Seasons. 
BEGINNING AT ONCE. 
Faith is the starting-point of obedience ; but 
what I want is, that you start immediately— 
that you wait not for more light to spiritualize 
your obedience ; but that you work for more 
light, by yielding a present obedience up to 
the present light which you possess—that you 
stir up all the gift which is now in you ; and 
this is the way to have the gift enlarged, that 
whatever your hand findeth to do in the way 
of service to God, you now do it with all your 
might. And the very fruit of doing of his au¬ 
thority, is that you will at length do it because 
of your own renovated taste. As you perse¬ 
vere in the labors of his service, you will grow 
in the likeness of his character. The graces of 
holiness will both brighten and multiply upon 
you. These will be your treasures, and treas¬ 
ures lor heaven, too —the delights of which 
mainly consist in the affections and feelings and 
congenial employments of the new creature.— 
Dr. Chalmers. 
Holiness, a Christian Privilege. — Do not 
look upon holiness (writes a mother to her 
child) in the light of conformity to a law, a 
mere submission to certain restructive precepts. 
Look upon holiness as happiness—the only true 
happiness. To speak of it as the duty of a 
Christian, is a low and inadequate view ; it is 
the privilege of the Christain. The power to be 
holy is one of the greatest blessings that Christ 
has purchased for us, and bestows on us through 
the gift of the Holy Spirit. 
Deal - reader, examine yourself by the test. Is 
holiness regarded by you as a happiness or a 
hardship ? If you do not enjoy holiness and 
follow after it, you could not enjoy Heaven, for 
it is a state of supreme happiness, because it is 
a state of perfect holiness.— Selected. 
Be Sincere. —The great thing to be attended 
to in prayer, that which is the very essence of 
it, is reality ! Every sentence must be the ve¬ 
hicle of truth. All falsehood is wicked : never 
is it so wicked as in prayer. The utterance of 
lies, direct in the face'of God and truth, is the 
very climax of iniquity. As the Searcher of 
hearts, he “ desires truth in the inward parts.” 
He is pre-eminently “ the God of truth, by 
whom actions are weighed,” and to whom “all 
things are naked and open.”— Seteded. 
A humble lot in security is better than the 
dangers that encompass the high and haughty. 
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