W& HO 
TWO DOLLARS A YEAR.] 
“PROGRESS AND IMPROVEMENT.” 
[ SINGLE NO. FIVE CENTS. 
VOLUME YII. NO. 28. S 
ROCHESTER, N. Y„—SATURDAY, JULY \l, 1850. 
{WHOLE NO. 340. 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 
AN ORIGINAL WEEKLY 
AGRICULTURAL, LITERARY AND FAMILY JOURNAL, 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOOEE, 
WITH AN ABLE CORPS OF ASSISTANT EDITORS. 
SPECIAL CONTRIBUTORS: 
H. T. BROOKS, Prof. C. DEWEY, 
T. C. PETERS, L. B. LANGWORTHY, 
II. C. WHITE, T. E. WETMORE. 
England, we have a scries of experiments all of alkaline earths, among which are lime, marl 
which strongly attest the superiority of covered and magnesia. 
manures. From two extensive and carefully The acids and alkalies found in vegetable 
conducted trials made by Lord Kinnaird, we ashes are not in a free and wicombined state, 
are enabled to make an estimate of its advant- but combined as salts, either soluable in water, 
ages. Twenty acres of a rich loam, naturally or alkaline salts of potash or soda ; or, soluble 
dry and in good heart, was selected, divided in dilute muriatic acid, or earthy salts, as salts 
into two equal portions and manured at the rate of lime and magnesia; or, insoluble in water or 
of twenty cart loads to the acre. The whole acids, as the silicates. 
■am 
_1_ was planted to potatoes, the seed of one kind, 
Tne Rural new-Yorkbr is designed to bo unique and each receiving the same attention. Planted 
beautiful in appearance, and unsurpassed in Value, Purity and ^ ^ weekg j April There Was no - 
Variety of Contents. Its conductors earnestly labor to make it * T - ,. . ■. , , , 
a Reliable Guide on the important Practical Subjects connected apparent difference until about the first of July, fattening a call for veal probably there is 
with the business of those whose interests it advocates, it when the part upon which was spread the cov- ho better or cheaper way than to keep it shut 
embraces more Agricultural, Horticultural, Scientific, Meehan- ^ manure manifested the benefits conveyed up in a Small and rather dark Stable, and let it 
ical, Literary and News Matter, interspersed with many appro- ^ . . . 
priate and beautiful Engravings, than any other paper published by its superior enriching material. The crops suck the cow twice a day, as much as it desires, 
in this Country,—rendering it a complete Agricultural, Lit- were taken up from first to fourth of October, But to rear a calf, this is an expensive process, 
ERARY and kamily newspaper. and after careful measurement and weighing of and much more so when it runs with the cows, 
ITj/“All communications, and business letters, should be . . , , . i u mi c n 
addressed to i). I). T. MOORE, Rochester, N. y. two separate divisions the ? csult was as follows: wherever she goes. I he following method has 
For Terms, and other particulars, see last page. with uncovered J'ANcek. been found to Succeed veil. 
— 11 _ , __ .. Measurement. Tons. Cwt. lbs. When the calf is one or two days old take it 
^ One acre produced.7 6 8 from its dam, and learn it to drink new milk 
intwl TjfrflY,* t j TYPk RD do ‘ J °' <l0 . 7 18 " warm from the cow, feeding it morning and 
UUlt c 1itvUl jyJUXYU WITH covered manure evening regularly, until it is five or six weeks 
■ - ■ ■ ; -. One acre produced. 11 17 56 ol(i - At that time commence adding skimmed 
COVERED VS UNCOVERED MANURE. do - do do . 11 12 20 milk, first warmed, in place of a portion of the 
REARING CALVES. 
'-W- 
ERARY AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER. 
All communications, and business letters, should be 
addressed to D. D. T. MOORE, Rochester, N. Y. 
For Terms, and other particulars, see last page. 
I mm 
WITH UNCOVERED J f ANUKK. 
Measurement. Tons. C 
Tons. 
Cwt. 
lbs. 
,..7 
6 
8 
..7 
18 
99 
) MANURE. 
Tons. 
Cwt. 
lbs. 
.11 
17 
56 
.11 
12 
20 
mm 
BARBARY, OR FAT-TAILED SHEEP. 
Nature produces anomalies in the animal as matter, which is regarded as a great luxury by 
the other kingdoms, the object or value of the inhabitants of those countries, and so out of 
une acre prooucea.7 6 8 from its dam, and learn it to drink new milk 
'tt'ItVyT jiT TYTk d ° d °’ d °. 7 18 " warm from the cow, feeding it morning and u --_~ 
Ulclt WITH covered manure evening regularly, until it is five or six weeks ” 
-- ■■ .. OneTcrTproTuced n*’ 17 56 °^* At that time commence‘adding skimmed BARBARY, OR I AT-TAILED SHEEP. 
COVERED VS. UNCOVERED MANURE. do. do do.11 12 20 milk, first warmed, in place of a portion of the 
- As soon as possible after the potatoes were new ra Bk, gradually increasing the skimmed Nature produces anomalies in the animal as matter, which is regarded as a great luxury by 
There is, there must be Agricultural as well harvested the field was plowed and wheat drill- m Bk until it constitutes the entire mess of thq-. ( 4ifi the other kingdoms, the object or value of the inhabitants of those countries, and so out of 
as Political Economy, and the one is as much a ed in at the rate of three bushels per acre. In ca ^- At this time the calf should be about two which, either for ornamentor use, is not clearly proportion in size to the animal itself that the 
science as the other. An experienced writer the spring a dressing of three hundred weight moa kRs old. Cold milk may now be given and defined ; enormous horns, not the best calcula- shepherds frequently have to resort to mechani- 
has heretofore said in the columns of the Rural, of Peruvian guano per acre was applied to the a Aerward sour milk, and as the calf learns to ted for aggressive or defensive warfare ; humps cal contrivances, such as a piece of thin board 
that “ whoever seeks a solid basis for individual whole field. Shortly afterward the wheat on ea ^ 8 rass quantity may be diminished, tho’ upon the shoulders, not properly placed for the lashed to the under side of the tail, and small 
and national wealth must look for it in the that portion manured by the covered dung took * n butter daries, it is generally kept up until saddle; or huge tails, which seem to be aunoy- wheels,*to protect it from injury and enable the 
manure heap /” Prom this grand centre radiate the lead, and retained it during the entire sum- ^ ate ^ ie Bdl, w Ben the calf will wean itself, ing excrescences rather than useful appendages, animal to move about. 
all the avenues in which man is fed and cloth- mer, ripening four days the earliest. Each por- seem i n g to care ver y little whether fed or not. Among these last may be enumerated the pe- The color of the fleece is usually a mixture of 
ed, here must he resort for the supply of life’s tion was cut and stacked bf itself. After ^ ^ * s desired to wean the calf earlier, it may culiar formation, from which the above named white with brown or black ; the ears large and 
necessities. When we reflect that without the threshing, the same careful sub-division and be done,but with morp t rouble,and a small feed animal takes its name. pendulous, and the horns of the rams curved 
application of vegetable or animal manures to I measurement was carried out, and the experi- oats would be useful to keep up the flesh and The Barbary sheep is a native of Northern back and spiral. So far as we know, the fat- 
the soil farming must cease, and the prospects ment resulted as follows : 
not alone of agriculturists, hut the world be- with uncovered manure. 
Come clouded, we must be convinced of the im- Product in grain. Wt. per bushel. Product in straw, 
portance which should be attached to any Acre - Bush. lbs. , lbs. Stones, lbs. 
means that will increase the quantity, or render of " t!> 1 ! 77)2 of 22 
ol greater value the quality of this life of the covkrh> 
soil. Manure and skillful, well-directed labor are Product in grain. * Wt. per busheL “ ^Product of straw, 
the first, last and only requisites to agricultural Acre. Bush. lbs. tbs. Stones, tbs. 
success. 1st....56 5 61 221 of 22 
The subject of sheltering manures has often 2d — 63 47 71 210 of 22 
been brought before our readers and various The advantages to be derived from the use of 
plans and conveniences for the successful prose- manu ro with which proper care has been taken 
cution of such object given. Yet farmers are can eat >By be ascertained by the above figures, 
sometimes lax in effort and as a consequence and 8U bject should receive from the Ameri- 
will endure a good deal of preaching. Some are can ^ ai mer ^e attention it so richly merits. 
willing,but doubts arise, and. expenditures, born -- 
of the brain and a fertile imagination, drive the ACIDS AND ALKALIES, 
idea from the mind. Others talk largely of p ' 
of greater value the quality of this life of the 
Acre. 
Bush. 
lbs. 
tbs. 
Stones. 
lbs. 
1st. 
...55 
5 
61 
221 of 
22 
2d . 
...63 
47 
71 
210 of 
22 
of oats would be useful lo keep up the flesh and The Barbary sheep is a native of Northern back and spiral. So far as we know, the fat- 
spirits. Africa and Western Asia, hut is found dispers- tailed sheep is not raised in this country, and it 
In rearing a calf in this way, care should be ed throughout mosf. oriental countries. It is a is cited more as a curiosity than as a variety, 
taken to feed regularly and about the same very ancient breed, beiug mentioned by Hero- worthyof the attention of breeders. Thewoolof 
quantity—too much is worse than too little as dotus, the father of Grecian history. The tail the Saxeu and Merino is far superior in quality, 
it makes the calf pot-bellied and ill-sliapen.— of this animal weighs fifteen or sixteen pounds, and the fat, sweet carcass of the Leicester is 
Good pasturage is desirable, and should always and is usually one-third to one-fourth the weight vastly preferable to the adipose and uncouth 
be provided, and it is well also to supply water of the entire carcass. It is composed of fatty tail of the Barbary variety, 
to he drank at will by the calf. In wintering, r ■ ■ - - - ■ ... ■ ■■■ — . 
47 71 221 0f 22 calves should be provided with good hay and reference to this matter. Regard must be had summer; but there should be no undissolved 
7 2lo ot 22 a few roots, as well as shelter from the wind to the weather, place of setting the milk, Ac. particles of salt in the butter. An overdose 
rhe advantages to be derived from the use of and storm. A yearling, poorly wintered will 0 ur best makers watch their milk closely in of salt kills the flavor, is always a bar to a high 
manure with which proper care has been taken never attain the value which it would if well hot weather, and always skim when they ob- price, and is of no possible advantage. Inex¬ 
can easi y e ascertained by the above figures, kept, as all auimals should be. serve the slightest indication of a motby ap- perienced makers should weigh each churning, 
an t e su ject s ou ( leceive flora the Ameri- -- - u --pearance on the surface of the cream, which and get it exactly right,— neither too little nor 
can aimer t ic attention it so richly meiits. /jf ^ ^ IV n v f- n 1 v jv cj would not be noticed by a casual observer, and too much. Great care should be bad in select- 
VJy U mmuuuami IL3+ only on looking across the surface toward the ing salt. It should be free from foreign sub¬ 
light. stances, clear and fine. One of our Boston 
When the cream is taken of! it should be well dealers has been in the habit of sending car 
ACIDS AND ALKALIES. 
‘‘ walking in the path their father’s trod,” and are re8olv ’ ed iul0 S Process of Best Dairymen in Northern New York, stirred, and set away in a cool place. Ice is loads of salt from Boston, and gratuitously sup 
that, with all our new-fanoded notions and hook- vigomv, wiu miueiui _ _ _ _ ___i_i_• _ j • .. .i < ^ 
BUTTER MAKING 
that with all our new-fangled notions and book- a,, r iCOUlvcu “ w l eB,UUB 
farming neither we nor they can get the crops SU stance8 > 1 e atter . aie known also as the 
raised of yore.. Others would drain from good <ls 1 0 P an ^ s< e principal 
old mother earth the last drop and still, leech- ^. UtS ‘ Ue ^ en num ^ er ’ 
like, cry give ! give! A change must be had. VB ” lcs > nsis or oxides 
and anything and everything that tends to en- P° aS SCK a ’ ma S nes ^ a > oxide 
rich the soil must, not only of itself be saved, 1 e orme r p osplionc acid, si 
• ,, , , • , .. natic acid (chlorine,) and car 
but the various processes through which it ' 1 
passes in decomposition, and fitting for appli- '^ u aci( ^ ma y defined at 
substances; the latter are known also as the ~ w Z - . T , , very much used. Some use coolers, lowering plying his dairies that were under contract,- 
ash of plants. The principal mineral constitu- ijUS ’ liuilAL Wew_ ‘ 0RKER • 1 have read your them into the well. It is impossible to make so much importance did he attach to the quality 
ents are ten in number,-five of them acids and celleat P a P er attention and interest for fi ne butter out of partially melted or heated of the salt. The ground rock salt is very gen- 
five alkalies, basis or oxides The latter are the P ast years, and the articles on Butter cream. The temperature should not be allowed erally used with us. The Syracuse Evaporated 
potash, soda, magnesia oxide of iron and silica ^ a k“>g among the rest. As this subject is one to get above 62 or 64°. This is easily regulated would be more in favor with us, if we could 
the former phosphoric Lcid, sulphuric acid, mu- °. f "° 1 y er « al est ’ n0 J oul y 111 the dairying with i ce , or an abundance ot cold water. It is rely on getting it pure and in proper shape. 
a /.hi....:, x i i t ciistriGts, but throughout the whole country, it imnortant to churn often. Our lame dairvmen Very many of our best makers salt iminedi- 
lich the sou must, not only or itseir be saved, r - a ^ c ac -^ \ anc j car b on i c ac id ' districts, but throughout the whole country, it important to churn often. Our large dairymen Very many of our best makers salt immedi- 
but the various piocesses through which it ma y not be amiss to give it more attention. It cliurn every morning; the smaller once in two ately after washing—mix the salt evenly and 
passes in decomposition, and fitting for appli- 11 aaa be defined as any substance- is certainly important that a family paper of days . The common dash chum is a good deal pack at once. Others let it stand a few hours, 
cation nanowly watched so that none oi its j’ / ^ c orso ^ ic i is sour,shaip,oi the circulation and influence of the Rural used, and attached to a horse, sheep, or dog and worli, the second time—taking care not to 
qualities may escape and be lost, in agricul- . . r ° ° ., C , tlS 1 eal ^ a 0 4 lum c * )u ^ alu should disseminate correct information upon power. If the butter does not come readily, it work morb than is necessary to mix the salt 
tural establishments where the importance of " ien 1 1S uot P re »tnt liy logen this as upon all other subjects. I propose brief- should be set into a tub of cold water ; or, when thoroughly. The package having been tho- 
manure is duly appreciated, every means is 'es l s p act, aui some c emists make this a j y to hint at the process of Butter Making, as the thermometer churns are used, the tempera- roughly soaked in strong brine, the butter is 
taken for its production and the utmost precau- ae 0 . 18 motion. ey aie again divided practised by the best dairymen of Northern ture is kept down by keeping cool water in the putin as solid as possible, many pound it in 
tion used in its preservation. If we wished an o minerat and vegetable acids, the mineral New York. I shall endeavor to confine myself chamber. If the butter comes very soft and with considerable force, as a matter of economy 
index to the manner of conducting operations on 1 “®. lude those a ™ ve n J med » thou K h foilI1 d in the to the usage of the best makers, rather than to spongy, it is past remedy. It should not be of room, and as rendering the mass less irnper- 
the farm we would desire nothing but a glance ultimate principles ot plants. The vegetable advance theories of my own—simply premising, packed, or if it is, let it be put in a-package vious to the air. Dealers also like to see a 
at this department of farm economy, and could aculs ar ® ver Y numerous, and most of them con- that for several years I have been extensively kept for such churnings. package of butter, when turned out, present a 
easily gather therefrom an insight into the af- tain both oxygen and hydrogen. The mineral engaged in the Butter and Cheese trade, and As soon as the churning is done, the butter is smooth, solid appearance. Our dairymen are 
fairs of the owner pecuniary and otherwise.— acids are heavier than water, and exceedingly ought, perhaps, to be considered as conversant carefully and thoroughly washed; hence, an not particular about working out the brine, not 
The farmer who feeds his land may expect to caustic or corrosive — destroying both animal with the best methods of manufacture. It may abuudance of cold water is a necessity > No so much so as the dealers would wish. Not 
be fed by it, but he who starves the soil must and vegetable textures. They readily absorb be necessary here to state—wliat may not be doubt butter can be overwashed, but it is neces- that the brine injures the butter, but it works 
expect, sooner or later to bo put upon short al- wa ^ er * !l)ia ^ e ^caosphere, and become weakei known to all your readers—that the first class sary to ensure its keeping qualities that the out rapidly and if sent to market soon after it 
lowance himself. in stiengt , imuns led in weight, and increased butter dairies of Jefferson, Lewis and Oneida milk be entirely excluded; and washing is the is made, almost always subjects the buyer to a 
expect, sooner or later to be put upon short al¬ 
lowance himself. 
To the ammoniacal properties of manure, 
must, in a high degree, be attributed its enrich¬ 
ing quality—hence, the value is in proportion 
be entirely excluded; and washing is the I is made, almost always subjects the buyer to a 
m bulk. They possess a strong affinity for the counties are very much sought after, and princi- cheapest and most expeditious method of get\ loss in weight 
pally depended on, by the Boston dealers, for ting rid of it. Nine-tenths of our best makers The favorite packag- with us is the Welsh 
ing quality—hence, the value is in proportion Alkalies are defined as a salifiable base, or their winter and spring trade. wash till the water is clear, more or less. I (io tub, with a cover, hugest at top. Great care is 
to the amount of this salt contained. As this metallic oxyde, having in a greater or less de- In the first place, our best dairymen deem it a ot know ten good makers in Jefferson county taken to get si rou . tight, well made packages, 
constituent has a great affinity for water, rains gree a peculiar acrid taste, the power of cliang- very important to provide a suitable place lor that do not wash thei butte". Some ;c v maho ■ We tif ■ is prefenvd me . in 
and moisture will soon carry it off and after ing blue vegetable colors to a green, and the setting the milk. Many prefer a room wholly an excellet article w. !>• • i im , : but in a . -1- ... ■ mg the butter out i isily, 
leaching it is rendered comparatively worth- color of tumeric and rhubarb to a brown.— or in part under ground. Ordinary cellars are the warm weather : -ssary tower- . it is then cut into layers of suitable thick¬ 
less. Almost the entire components of farm- Modern chemists divide alkalies into three much used—pains being taken to have them work, in orde oeri. ’juaud ness with a rass wire. The size of package is 
yard dung are soluble. Potash, soda, <fec., are classes 1. Those with a metallic base com- cleanly and well ventilated. Some prefer an thus the gra butter has a regulated by tho size of the dairy and time of 
likewise taken away and the insoluble and val- bined with potash, soda, etc. 2. That which upper room, well shaded, and with a northern salvy appea cquently has sending to market. Most of our fine dairies of 
ueless only are left to promote the elements of contains no oxygen, as ammonia. 3. Those con- exposure. Strong currents of air are to be white speck- aterial injury, j large size, prefer to hold on for the fall market, 
fertility. taining oxygen, hydrogen and carbon, as acco- avoided, as tending to harden the surface of the Itisbutjuf at some of this and choose one hundred pound tubs for the sum- 
Experiments and analyses all prove the in- nita, morphia, etc. The alkalies possess pro- cream, and as a consequence, there are specks amall class, n uie won ! is favorable, or mer, and fifty pound ones for the fall made._ 
trinsic value of sheltered manure. One made perties opposite to those of the acids, but readily of unchurned cream in the butter. Win n these where they have e.tti i faoili;; get up an arti- Small dairies use smaller packages, especially 
by the English Agricultural College, shows that unite with them, and form a wholly different specs are found in the butter, it is sometimes cle every way superior, ami of very fine flavor, when sent off monthly. TheGoshenpailisbe- 
tlre nitrogenized portions in the sheltered, were body with new properties, no longer alkaline necessary to overwash in order to get them out. The common ; ule forfaiting is one ounce to ing introduced to some extent. Oak firkins are 
double that held by the exposed, and while the or-acid, but saline and called a salt. Alkalies It is quite important to skim the milk exactly the pound duri th<- summer—rather less in used to a limited extent, 1 ' 
latter contained of potash and soda, only .08 per are incombustible, but very soluble in water,— at the right time. If skimmed too soon you the fall. If the salt, i i good, this is about all Finally, after the tub is filled, say within an 
cent, the former had fully two per cent. they unite with fats and oils, both animal and lose in quantity ; if too late, the quality is irre- the butter will dissolve. It should have about inch of the top, it 'is nicely smoothed and cov- 
fn the Journal of tho Royal Ag. Society ol vegetable. A class of compounds, are called | parably injured. It is difficult to give a rule in all it will retain, if it is to stand through the ered with a cloth, and the whole is covered with 
■ssary to over- 
-ding; but in j as it admit* ef dipping the butter out easily, 
'ssary tower- 1 ^ it is then cut into layers of suitable thick- 
t perfect ’y,and ness with a brass wire. The size of package is 
butter has a regulated by tho size of the dairy and time of 
equently has ; sending to market. Most of our fine dairies of 
aterial injury, large size, prefer to hold on for the fall market, 
at some of this and choose one hundred pound tubs for the sum- 
is favorable, or mer, and fifty pound ones for the fall made.— 
get up an arti- Small dairies use smaller packages, especially 
