TWO DOLLARS A YEAR.] 
[ SINGLE NO. FIVE CENTS, 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 
AN ORIGINAL WEEKLY 
AGRICULTURAL, LITERARY AND FAMILY JOURNAL, 
vegetable substances—-.the distinction being 
founded on the absence or presence of nitrogen. 
The azotized contain also small quantities of 
phosphorus and sulphur. Stockhardt gives 
the following classification of the proximate 
constituents : “ Non-azotized— Vegetable Fibre, 
Starch, Vegetable Mucus, Gum and Dextrine, 
Sugar, Fat and Oil, llesin, Vegetable Acids, etc. 
Azotized —Albumen, Casein, Gluten, Chloro¬ 
phyll, Vegetable Bases, etc.” 
Besides the organic, there are certain inorganic 
or mineral constituents of plants, called also 
the incombustible or ashy part, and distinguish¬ 
ed from the organic in being incapable of pu- 
tresence or decay. These are derived from the 
mineral substances contained in the soil, and 
are important requisites to vegetable growth— 
as we know from the effect produced by the 
application of lime, gypsum, salt, etc., and 
from experiments in growing crops on soils de¬ 
ficient in mineral elements. From a table 
showing the ash of different vegetable sub¬ 
stances we give the following : 
100 lbs. wheat — yielded 2% lbs. ashes, K soluble in water. 
“ “ wheat straw, “ 5 “ “ 1-9 “ « 
“ “ potatoes “ “ « 4-5 « « 
“ “ potato tops “ 14 “ “ % “ <i 
“ “ oak wood “ 3 “ “ % « i« 
These ashes consist mainly of potash, soda, 
magnesia, oxide of iron, silica, phosphoric acid, 
sulphuric acid, chlorine, and carbonic acid. Of 
these the first five are bases or oxydes, the last 
five are acids. Most or all these bases are alka¬ 
lies, of which, in connection with the acids, we 
recently gave an article. 
Thus far we have attempted to answer the 
question, Of what do plants consist ? and we 
hope have succeeded in making it so plain to 
our younger readers as to awaken an interest 
and inquiry on their part, which we shall seek 
to satisfy hereafter. 
facturer or mechanic. The motive power of 
either lies in their respective agency. Dry up 
the streams or banish the engine, and the death- 
warrant of mechanical skill and ingenuity is 
signed, sealed and delivered — destroy the 
sources of fertility that would invigorate and 
enrich the soil, and the epitaph of progressive 
agriculture may forthwith be written. He 
who would neglect to harvest a matured crop 
would be deemed criminal or insane—yet the 
practice of thousands of farmers throughout the 
country in wasting the very elements of what 
they raise, is not one whit the less reprehen¬ 
sible. Gather leaves or any absorbents that 
will take up the liquid droppings and use them 
as litter or mix them with the heap, thus add¬ 
ing to the general capital and furnishing to the 
plants a basis that would otherwise be lost. 
A good tool-house is the place in which, du¬ 
ring the present and coming leisure months, 
every farmer should spend a considerable time 
in securing and arranging the varied imple¬ 
ments of farm use. “ Better wear out than rust 
out,” is as applicable to machinery as to hu¬ 
manity. The plow should not be left with its 
“nose in the furrow” during the winter, but 
under cover — the metallic portions thereof 
thoroughly coated with grease — the defective 
SPECIAL CONTRIBUTORS! 
H. T. BROOKS, Prof. C. DEWEY, 
T. C. PETERS, L. B. LANGWORTHY, 
II. C. WHITE. 
beautiful in appearance, and unsurpassed in Value, Purifv and 
Varioty of Contents. Its conductors earnestly labor to make it 
a Reliable Guide on the important Practical Subjects connected 
with the business of those whose interests it advocates. It 
embraces more Agricultural, Horticultural, Scientific, Mechan¬ 
ical, Literary and News Matter, interspersed with many appro¬ 
priate and beautiful Engravings, than any otherpaperpublished 
in this Country,—rendering it a complete Agricultural, Lit¬ 
erary and Family Newspaper. 
IT All communications, and business letters, should be 
addressed to D. D. T. MOORE, Rochester, N. Y. 
For Terms, and other particulars, see last page. 
November, brusque and burly, has made his 
advent. Wind, hail, sleet and snow comprise 
his stock in trade, and those who have not taken 
the necessary means to prevent such a disaster, 
will inevitably get bitten. Rough and severe, 
in deportment and character, it is useless to 
shrink from him, and the occasional sunshine 
that faintly illuminates his countenance is tem 
pered by an air decidedly chilling. This is, 
indeed, the “gloomy month” to such as are not 
prepared, but, where “ time has been taken by 
the forelock,” it may, from the opportunities 
presented for social intercourse, the exchange 
of kindly sentiments, and facilities afforded for 
mental improvement, rank among the pleasant¬ 
est of the varied seasons of the year. 
The first duty of the farmer is to secure his 
home against the rigors of Winter. Make eve¬ 
rything tight, windows, doors, cellars, point the 
underpinning with mortar where it is loose, and 
bank up with earth if the walls are doubtful, 
guard each avenue at which frost would be 
likely to make an entrance. 
We present the readers of the Rural with 
the elevation, ground, and chamber plans of 
the dwelling of Augustus Hurlburt, Esq., of 
New Hartford, Oneida Co., N. Y. The build¬ 
ing is designed for a corner lot, possessing, as 
it does, two fronts. The external appointments 
of this dwelling are not rare, houses of similar 
appearance not unfrequently being met with in 
various 
dining room, No. 3, and in ordinary winter 
weather it is, by this means, kept comfortably 
heated. The dining room is 16 feet by 12._ 
Parlor, No. 2, is 17 by 15 feet. No. 4 is a bed¬ 
room. No. 5 is the kitchen. A general pantry 
is designated by No. 6, from which, opening 
into the dining room, is a china closet. The 
cellar is 18 by 20 fr. in size. The second story 
comprises three bed rooms—9, 10, 11. 
parts of the country, but its interior 
arrangement and convenience are claimed to 
be superior. It is constructed of vertical board¬ 
ing one foot wide, matched and battened ; the 
batten three inches wide at base, but leveled 
to two inches on the face. The roof has a pro¬ 
jection of two feet. The height of main body 
is fifteen feet to top of the plate, adjoining por¬ 
tions ten and one half feet. 
" E enjoyed a fine jaunt in Chautauque Co., 
about the first of October wherein some things 
worthy of note were observed, a record whereof 
may very properly be made in the Rural.— 
Leaving Buffalo by the morning train of the 
Buffalo and Erie railroad, which, by the way, 
under the management of Mr. C. C. Dennis, 
ranks as one of the best roads in the Union, we 
were soon set down at the beautiful village of 
Westfield, fifty-eight miles distant from Buffa¬ 
lo. Having a few hours to spare, we accepted 
the invitation of A. Patchin, Esq., the gentle¬ 
manly agent of the Chautauque Company, to 
visit their manufactory. Though not large it is 
complete and efficient, and turns out a large 
quantity of Agricultural implements—some 
twenty-five hundred horse rakes, fifteen hun- 
died corn cultivators, besides plows, harrows 
and smaller implements. The machinery is 
most perfect, and no where have we seen work 
surpassing that of this Company. During the 
past season they made about one hundred of 
Manny’s Combined Reapers and Mowers, which 
found sale in the adjoining counties, and proved 
acceptable to those who used them. They will 
manufacture an increased number the coming 
season, adding some improvements that, in our 
Make everything 
right, the wood-pile, and those little matters, 
styled conveniences, that the “last, best gift” 
may not be compelled to face storms which the 
ruder sex would shun. Lay in something that 
will serve to brighten the intelligences, youth¬ 
ful and aged by which you are surrounded, and 
when the long, cold evenings come on, seated 
by the cheerful fire, you can bid defiance to the 
cheerlessness without, for hapniness and a 
“world of love at home” will be yours. 
At no period of the year do the wants of the 
four-footed tenants of your barn, sheep-yard 
and hog-sty require greater diligence and 
punctuality than the one we are just entering 
upon. Several articles, lately published in the 
Rural, demonstrate, without the shadow of a 
doubt, that the meje termed “keeping along," 
practised upon swine, will result in serious 
pecuniary loss—that the fat must be put on in 
the speediest and most economical manner to 
make receipts balance expenditures. That 
“one foot of boards is equal to one pound of 
beef” is a problem susceptible of proof—those 
sceptical on this point can arrive at a conclu¬ 
sion by making an experiment- 
SECOND STORY. 
Architects’ estimates of cost vary from $1,200 
to $1,400, according to style of finish, <fcc. 
[Our chief clerk, Augustus H., whose sirname 
is Sibley, has tarried and slept in the house 
above represented, and considers it a model- 
such an one as would especially suit his fancy 
were he the head of a small family. Though a 
bachelor at present, his judgment in the matter 
of houses and homes is being prospectively 
cultivated, and hence his opinion is entitled to 
some weight. He affirms that our engravings 
and description give no adequate idea of the 
beauty and convenience of Mr. H.’s cottage.] 
table substances were four in number:—Oxygen, 
Hydrogen, Carbon and Nitrogen. These may 
be characterized briefly as follows -.—Oxygen 
forms one-fifth of the air we breathe, and gives 
it the power of supporting life, combustion and 
putrefaction. Combined with hydrogen it forms 
water, and uniting with different mineral sub¬ 
stances is a principal element of rocks and soils. 
Hydrogen, in solid and fluid form, is extensively 
diffused in Nature, as it forms the second essen¬ 
tial element of water. Carbon is largely pres¬ 
ent in plants as well as animals, and when the 
oxygen and hydrogen are driven off by heat or 
decomposition, remains in the form of charcoal 
or other carbonaceous material, or passes away 
in the form of carbonic acid gas. Nitrogen, or 
azote, forms four-fifths of the bulk of the at¬ 
mosphere, but is entirely wanting in the mine¬ 
ral kingdom. Animals and plants contain it 
in greater or lesser quantities, and it is evolved 
from both in putrefaction, united with hydro¬ 
gen, in the form of ammoniacal gas. 1 
oxygen it forms nitric acid, (which is also pro¬ 
duced by decaying substances,) and its various 
combinations with alkaline bodies give rise to 
the whole family of nitrates, so important in 
agricultural chemistry. The seeds, it should 
be remarked, generally possess more nitrogen 
than all the plant besides. 
These are the ultimate constituents of plants 
—though all plants do not contain the Jour 
elements, hence two principal divisions are 
made of their proximate constituents. Thp 
GROUND I>LAN. 
The hall. No. 1, is 11 feet 6 inches by 12 ft. 6 
in. This, from its size, is often used as a sit¬ 
ting room, having ample space for such purpose 
and being easily warmed. In the hail is a coal 
stove, the pipe from which passes through the 
cy of the machine. We also examined some 
nice forks, axes, and other tools manufactured 
by 1 ownsend & Co., which equal any we have 
ever seen. They were made for exhibition at 
the Chautauque Co. Fair. Westfield exhibits 
unmistakable evidence of enterprise and busi¬ 
ness, and must ever be one of the most impor¬ 
tant towns in the county as a market place for 
all kinds of farm products, having good roads 
connecting with all portions of the surrounding 
country. 
Safely ensconced in a farm wagon, we as¬ 
cended the hills that comprise the road from 
W'estfield to Mayville, the county seat. The 
With j distance is seven miles, and we learn the rise 
from Lake Erie to the height of land near 
Chautauque Lake is nearly seven hundred feet. 
1’he ride is a pleasant one, exhibiting the beau¬ 
ties of the Lake Erie slope of the Chautauque 
■expose, to the 
rigors of winter one-half your flock and shelter 
the other, giving to each the same food, and 
when spring returns there will be no necessity’ 
for entering into the arena of “vulgar fractions’ 
f#r a decision, the most superficial observation 
will readily solve the problem. 
Do not attempt to winter more stock than you 
can keep over well, that is, furnish them with 
good stables or comfortable sheds, as well as a 
sufficient quantity of food. Young animals need 
especial attention in these respects. When 
young stock are kept upon scanty fare they 
never make as good animals as though they 
had been otherwise treated. Cows should now 
be given roots, meal slops, <fcc., everything that 
will assist in the secretion of milk. Those who 
never have paid any attention to the external 
appearance of these valuable animals are re¬ 
quested to use the curry-comb and see if there 
are not benefits to be derived for milch kine, 
from this application and the friction of the 
skin consequent thereon. 
The construction of manure sheds and cellars 
is in order the present month. The question of 
the success or decline of American farming 
is consolidated in this one word manure— and the 
subject, “line upon line, precept upon precept,” I 
be said of Mayville is that it is beautifully lo¬ 
cated at the head of the Lake, is the County 
seat, has some fine buildings and a thriving 
home Academy. 
Chautauque county sends to market much 
good butter and cheese, and might bv proper 
means rank with either Herkimer or Orange in 
crease m value. Uood dairy lands now range 
from twenty to thirty dollars per acre—lands 
which are every way as good as the dairy farms 
of Herkimer, Oneida, Lewis, Chemung, Steu¬ 
ben, &c., and from wffiich at their present prices 
dairying and stock breeding cannot fail of prov¬ 
ing profitable investments. The price asked 
tor much of their land is not more than it has 
actually cost to clear and improve it, and the 
proximity of the markets and high prices for 
the products must make property hereabouts 
valuable, more so, as we view it, than in Iowa, 
Kansas, or any Western State. 
Chautauque Lake, which is 
oy nei iarmers command the best prices, as it 
will have as good as the best reputation in the 
market. Patience, perseverance and skill can 
accomplish much, and are virtues that cannot 
be estimated too highly in increasing the value 
of dairy products, and establishing the distinc¬ 
tive character of these articles from any given 
county. They are strongly commended to our 
friends and readers in Chautauque, whom it 
may be our pleasure to meet some distant day. 
Buffalo, Oct., 1856. H. C. W.' 
some twenty 
miles long, sports a fine little steamer plying 
daily between Jamestown and Mayville, afford¬ 
ing a trip well worth the attention of pleasure 
seekers. 
Jamestown, at the outlet of the Lake, is a 
business place, though not large. There are 
here manufacturers of tubs, pails, scythe snaths, 
cradles, wooden measures, <fcc., thousands of 
dollars worth of which find their way with 
lumber rafts and arks down the creek to the 
Allegany river, finding a market at Pittsburgh, 
Wheeling, and Cincinnati. The most that can 
All highly concentrated animal manures are 
increased in value, and their benefits prolonged 
by admixture with plaster, salt, or with pul¬ 
verized charcoal. 
