ameter,) viewed from witliin, resembles the blue 
sky decked with stars; and below extends, in 
majestic proportions, the nave of the church. I ho 
interior is decked, from top to bottom, with polish¬ 
ed marble of various hues, and supported by fifty- 
four pillars. The most renowned artists of Italy and 
Germany were called to decorate the walls and 
ceiling with biblical scenes and characters, allego¬ 
rical paintings and statues. Among these I must 
not fail to mention the painting above the main 
altar. This is one of the greatest in the world, it 
being 40 feet high (without the frame,) and 20 wide. 
The artist, Grigoletti, of Venice, here represents 
the ascension of Mart, greeted by nine angelic 
choirs, the apostles looking up to her with joy and 
astonishment. The altar itself is made of costly 
marble weighing a thousand hundred weight, and 
is decorated with several bas-reliefs in alabaster. 
Beneath the dome there are no seats, the floor be¬ 
ing formed into a gigantic mosaic rosette, formed 
of numerous many-colored marble stones. Tho 
rest of the floor is paved with white and red Hun¬ 
garian Marble. Viewed from beneath the dome, 
the entire church is truly beautiful and sublime. 
If you ever visit this church, do not fail to de¬ 
scend into the catacombs below. The entrance is 
guided by two gigantic figures representing Peac* 
and Immortality / and a forest of imposing pillars 
leads to the marble altar. Here rest the remains 
ARITHMETICAL FACTS, AGAIN. 
Written for Moore's Rural New-Yorker. 
LETTERS FROM A HUNGARIAN. 
Messrs Eds:—“ Juvenis” a short time ago, gave 
us some interesting facts in Arithmetic, — but 
which, without some explanation that we may 
understand the “why” as well as the “ how,” we do 
not consider very valuable, for a mathematician 
who works by rules rather than analyses goes on 
the machine principle. 
We should like, therefore, to have him tell us 
why “ 14 is to 11, as the diameter multiplied by 
itself” is to the superficial contents of the circle, 
(I suppose.) 
And with your permission, Mr. Editor, I will 
give my way to find the contents of a circle, tho 
diameter of which is known. Find the eircumfe- 
hich is 3 .1416 times the diameter. Then 
The Great Cathedral of Gran—What sort of people g o 
to church—Dress of the Hungarian populace-^-The 
Catacombs—The bridge on pontoons. 
Gban, Hungary, Sept. 1858. 
Hear Friend Moore:— If you wish to become 
acquainted with the manners and customs of a na¬ 
tion, you need not absolutely visit great capitals 
and large cities. In these your attention will be 
almost uniformly attracted by splendid sights and 
exhibitions; aud you will, in consequence, be apt 
to wholly neglect the domestic life of tli c. people .— 
“ We want a history of firesides, v said the great 
statesman, Daniel Webster, and such a history 
can only be obtained by mingling 
at their several homes. I.... 
rence, 
“ multiply one-half the diameter by one-half the cir¬ 
cumference,” and the product will be the exact (nol 
ling with the people 
Now this, I may flatter 
myself, I had ample opportunity to do. Living, 
as I now do, in the midst of a large circle of rela¬ 
tives whom I left here ten years ago, when on my 
way to America, I must needs have the best cice- 
rones to accompany me, not merely to all the pub¬ 
lic “ sights,” but also to the inner, private gather¬ 
ings round the family hearth. Though I have now 
been near six weeks in Hungary, yet most of all 
this time I spent in such insignificant towns as 
Gran, Wcsprim and vicinity, stopping but a lew 
days in Pesth the capital of Hungary, and Fared, 
the most celebrated Hungarian water-cure. And 
now I am again in the neat little town of G ran; 
and from here, sitting at ease in my brother's home, 
I wilfwrite you what I observed and learned in my 
travels in Hungary. 
And, first of all, let me commence where I left ofF 
in my last — the great Basilica of Gran. Though 
this city contains but about 15,000 inhabitants, 
(mostly Magyars,) yet from its having been the 
birth-place and residence of St. Stepiien, the pai 
tron saint and first Christian King of Hungary, 
(A. I). 1000,) it has ever been the residence of the 
Primate of Hungary, who is at the same time Arch¬ 
bishop of the Graner diocese. As late as 1543 
there existed on the fort facing the Danube, a 
church dedicated to St. Stephen. But in that 
year the Turks took possession of the fort, and de¬ 
stroyed the entire city, with the exception of a 
single chapel which remains unto this day. After 
the”Turks were dislodged, and Gran rebuilt, the 
primates of Hungary successively endeavored to 
rear a magnificent cathedral on the old fort; but 
it was not until 1821 that the corner-stone was laid, 
and after 35 years (Aug. 31st, 185G,) the Emperor 
of Austria, together with the entire royal family, 
oil tlie bishoos and archbishops, nobles and mag- 
GROnp OP JEWS AND JEWESSES. 
from Jerusalem to Bethlehem without deviating a 
few hundred yards from the stony path to muse 
awhile, and perhaps drop a tear at the tomb of the 
ill-fated but “ beautiful and well-favored” Rachel. 
The pillar set upon her grave, thirty-five long cen¬ 
turies and a generation ago, has long since- crum¬ 
bled into dust, or, more probably, been chipped 
into fragmentary amulets; but the venerated spot 
is still marked, and no doubt correctly indicated by 
a picturesque mausoleum, seen in the engraving, 
containing two rooms, the innermost of which is 
the consecrated sanctum where her idolized re¬ 
mains lie interred beneath a rude oblong tomb of 
plastered stones, four or five feet in height; 
Ephrath, or Ephratah, being a mile or two distant; 
An opportunity to continue our sketches of 
Scenes in and around Jerusalem , is furnished us 
by the publication of a small work, Iladji in Syria, 
written by Sarah Barclay Johnson. The de¬ 
scription of the country, people and incidents are 
copied from a journal, kept during a residence of 
three years in Palestine, and the illustrations, for 
which we are indebted to the publishers, Jakes 
Ciiallen & Sons, Philadelphia, are selected from 
her own portfolio, and their correctness may be 
implicitly relied upon. We give a portion of one 
chapter on 
,,,,,. JEWS. 
There are no people more worthy of our atten¬ 
tion and regard than the people of Israel, God’s 
own chosen race. Aud those inhabiting Jerusalem 
claim not only our serious consideration, but most 
heart-felt pity. Their condition is a sad and won¬ 
derful verification of the sure word of prophecy, 
which long ago doomed them to their present state 
of degradation and woe. They are now beginning 
to come to Jerusalem in great numbers; and are 
supported while there mainly by contributions 
from abroad, amounting to the miserable pittance 
of a few paras a day for each person. Yet they are 
fig. 2. 
This is on the supposition that the lines a, b, in 
fig. 2 and 3, are straight lines, and which would be 
straight if the circle was divided with sufficient 
accuracy. 
EDUCATION IN BRAZIL, 
fig. 3. 
If a tapering or irregular shaped vessel is to be 
measured, get the average diameter, and the results 
of the above rule, multiplied by the height, will 
give the solid contents. 
As to measuring bins, &c., I believe 1 .244 + 
cubic feet, or 2150 cubic inches make an exact 
bushel. 
In measuring hay, about here, it is usually esti¬ 
mated that 400 feet, in a well settled mow, make a 
tun. I do not know, however, on what authority 
that number is used, and should like to know 
which is right. 
And now, I should like to have some of the boys 
tell the reason of the following resultWhy the 
unit point is placed as it is, and why dividing a 
number makes it larger, &c. 
.004)1.0096 
Boys are carefully, though rather superficially 
educated. They ndver play. At a vert early age 
the sons of the wealthy are sent to the collegio, or 
boarding-school, and by their twelfth year general- 
little old men,” the stiff 
ly acquire the manners of 
black hat, stauding collar aud cane. They walk 
the streets as though everybody was looking at 
them, and as rigid as if they were encased in cor¬ 
sets. They are well instructed in the languages. 
Of late, however, the “cramming system” has 
been falling into disrepute. The Superintendent 
of Public Instruction has extended his authority 
within-college walls. The military, naval, and 
medical academies, generally complete the course. 
There are likewise common schools, supported by 
the government. The Brazilian despises mercan¬ 
tile labor, and prefers a starving salary to the vex¬ 
ation of the counting-room. Only members of the 
learned professions attain to civil office; never 
merchants or artisans.— Rev. J. C. Fletcher. 
The rock on which the church is built is 216 leet 
above the level of tho Danube; the church itself is 
288 feet high, 288 long, and 150 wide. From the 
centre of the roof rises an immense dome, supported 
of this dome 
1 surmounted by a 
Above the main cn- 
doors weighing 10,000 pounds,) 
.. luae 
its, (“seek what is above,”) and 
by 38 pillars. The copper covering 
weighs 31,000 pounds, and 
globe aud cr 
trance, (two 
fronting the Danube, stands the inscription, Q\ 
sursum sunt quaerite, (“ seek what is i 
on the flat roof above is a statue (22 feet high,) 
representing Religion, together with the statues 
of Paul, Peter, St. Stephen, and other saints.— 
On each side of the church rises a massive tower 
180 feet high, one of which is as yet unfinished. 
I have thus described the church as it appears 
to the traveler sailing along the majestic Danube. 
But it was not until I entered that I fully realized 
the splendor and costliness of the primatial Basili¬ 
ca. It was on a beautiful Sunday morning when I 
attended the worship here observed. The seats 
being free to all, I selected a convenient position 
from which I could at once observe the congrega¬ 
tion, choir, and officiating ministers. Among the 
former I noticed mostly people of the lower classes. 
A single glance at their dress and general appear¬ 
ance would at once betray this. The farmer, me¬ 
chanic, and workmen, generally wear on holidays 
a round, broad-brimmed hat, a black jacket, tight 
cloth pantaloons, and long-legged boots covering 
the pantaloons up to the knee. Some, moreover, 
who belong to the more hardy and less favored 
sons of Fortune, have, instead of pantaloons, a 
loose gatya made of coarse linen, and resembling 
our inexpressibles. The legs of these gatya -pants 
are so wide, that they might, if spanned by hoops, 
form pretty respectable crinolines. If an Ameri¬ 
can were to go out in this style at home, he would 
be taken up as indecently clothed; and yet here 
I observed more than a dozen of peasants with 
nothing but a short jacket and wide gatyas, kneel- 
on the marble floor of the most magnificent church 
of Hungary. Nor could I observe among the wo¬ 
men any one deserving the title of “ lady. 
From their dress, also, I observed that none of the 
cultivated, refined, or fashionable ladies of the 
Magyar race were present. For these, like the 
more cultivated men, adopt the style of the great 
European capitals—particularly of Paris, the cen¬ 
ter from which most fashions radiate. But the 
women of the lower classes wear, instead of a bon¬ 
net, a snow-white cloth, so arranged as to cover 
the head, ears and part of the neck. Then comes 
a tight corsette, of some gaudy color, such as red or 
yellow. Then a short red or light blue petticoat, 
(no crinoline,) with an immense number of folds. 
and again .006 
.135S4 
dividing makes a number larger, in 
tiplying makes a number smaller. 
Orpheus. 
STEADY BOYS WANTED. 
Books Received. 
The New England Theocracy. A History of the 
Congregatiofialists of New England to the Revivals 
of 1740. By H. E. UnDEN. With a Preface by the 
late Dr. Neander. Translated from the Second Ger¬ 
man Edition by II. O. Conant. Boston: Gould & 
Lincoln. Sold by Cole & Adams. 
Travels and Discoveries in North and Central 
Africa. Being a Journal of an Expedition under¬ 
taken under the auspices of II. B. M.’s Government, 
in the years 1849—1855. By Henry Barth, Pn. D., 
D O. L., Fellow of tho Royal Geographical and 
Asiatic Societies, &c., &c. In three volumes. Vol. 
III. New York: Harper <k Brothers, [pp. 800—il¬ 
lustrated.] Sold in Rochester by D. M. Dewey. 
La Plata, the Argentine Confederation, and Para¬ 
guay. Being a Narrative of the Explorations of the 
Tributaries of the River La Plata and adjacent Coun¬ 
tries during the years 1858, ’54, ’55, and ’56, under the 
Orders of the United States Government. By Thomas 
J. Page, U. S. N., Commander of the Expedition. 
With Map and Numerous Engravings. New York: 
Harper & Brothers, [pp. 682.] Sold by Dewey. 
Curiosities of Natural History. By Francis T. 
Buckland, M. A., Student of Christ Church, Oxford. 
From the Fourth London Edition. New York: Rudd 
& Carlcton—1859. [pp. 423.] Sold by Dewey. 
The Pioneers ; or, The Sources of tiie Susque¬ 
hanna. A Descriptive Tale. By J. Fennimore 
Cooper. Illustrated from Drawings by F. O. C. Dar- 
i.ey. New York: W. A. Townsend <fc Co.—1859. 
THE TOMB OF KACHEL. 
Well did our adorable Redeemer say to certain 
devoted females, who had ministered to him of 
their substance, and, faithful to the bitter end, 
sorrowfully followed Him to Golgotha, “ Weep not 
for me, but weep for yourselves aud your children.” 
O! the untold miseries that have come upon the 
Fountainless indeed 
No Jew is allowed to enter the Church of tho 
Holy Sepulchre; and, indeed, should one bo seen 
even passing through the court, he is instantly 
attacked by an infuriated mob of Christians, who, 
if they allow him to escape with his life, he has 
great occasion to thank them, as they are fully em¬ 
powered to kill him by express firman of the Sul¬ 
tan. He is set free only on condition of submis¬ 
sion to the practice his soul abhors — of kissing a 
crucifix of tho despised Nazareue, or an image of 
the Virgin Mary. One privilege, however, is 
granted the poor Jew of Jerusalem, upon which 
he places inestimable value; that of performing 
his devotions close by the remains of the magnifi- 
cient walls that once surrounded the Temple. For 
this favor, they at one time paid an enormous 
price to the Turks, who own not only this spot, 
but nearly all of the Holy City. And there they 
I resort at all times, but particularly ou Friday, to 
degraded daughter of Zion! 
must he the eye that can witness the harrowing 
anguish of mind and contortion of body manifested 
around this tomb, and shed no tear. Harder than 
the nether mill-stone, and “deafto pity’s soul-sub¬ 
duing cry,” that bosom that can remain unmoved 
amid such a scene of wailing, lamentation and 
TnK Sculpture of Habit. —Did you ever watch 
a sculptor slowly fashioning a human countenance? 
It is not moulded at once; it is not struck out at a 
single blow. It is painfully and laboriously 
wrought. A thousand blows rough cast it. Ten 
thousand chisel points polish and perfect it—put 
in the fine touches, and bring out the features and 
expression. It is a work of time; but at last the 
full likeness comes out, and stands fixed forever 
and unchanging in the solid marble. W ell, so 
does a man under the leadings of the Spirit, carve 
out his moral likeness. Every day he adds some¬ 
thing to the work—a thousand acts of thought 
and will, and deed, shape the features and expres¬ 
sion of the soul—habits of love, and purity, and 
truth. Habits of falsehood, malice and unclean- 
silcntly mould and fashion it, till at length it 
wears the image and superscription of the Evil 
One. 
sh Story. By the 
Lilliesleaf,” “ Or- 
&c. New York: 
By F. 1). Gueruozzi. Translated from tiie 
Luigi Monti, A. M. New York: Rudd & 
Sold by Dewey. 
> Brunette : or, Tho Gothamite Arcady. 
: D. Appleton & Co. Sold by Dewey, 
i Daughter. A Portraiture from the Life. 
[ka Bremf.r. Translated by Mary Howitt. 
lia: T. B. Peterson & Bros. [pp. 848.] 
ness, 
We seldom regret having been too mild, too 
cautious, or too humble; but we often regret having 
been too violent, too precipitate, or too proud. 
Nature has not conferred upon us a responsible 
existence without giving us, at the same time, the 
strength, rightly exerted, to perform its duties. 
gs, &c. — The questions of “H. T. 
■ered in the Rural of February 5th. 
