the attention of tlie economist and philanthropist. 
Sold in Rochester by D. M. Dbwf.y. 
its relation to the other particles of the wheel leave 
it no rest, but on, on it must go,) until it reaches 
B2, when it will be impelled by the two forces, in 
the same direction, and if independent of tlie other 
particles, would go 321-6 feet in one second of time, 
in the direction 132 F. 
Without a moment’s warning he will lead the sus¬ 
pected man to the head of the police, to be there 
summarily sentenced to several years’ close con¬ 
finement. Such a case actually occurred a few 
days before my arrival, where a man, having in a 
political discussion, uttered an epithet calculated 
to criticise the existing order of things, was sud¬ 
denly snatched from his wife and children in Pesth, 
and transported to Transylvania, where he must 
now spend three years in prison. Such plenary 
authority is vested in the Austrian police. People 
of common sense, therefore, like the public press, 
generally refrain altogether from talking about poli¬ 
tics—particularly home-politics. Nevertheless my 
friend with whom I was walking kept asking me all 
the time about our American Institutions, and com¬ 
paring them with those of Austria. But every 
now and then he looked about to see if no spy was 
at our heels. How muzzled are the mouths of the 
people here ! Hungary, compared with its present 
political state, was formerly a free land ; the Em¬ 
peror of Austria being only their protector, for 
which the Hungarians annually contributed a cer¬ 
tain amount to the general expenses of Govern¬ 
ment. They had their own parliament, their own 
national militia, their own peculiar laws and insti¬ 
tutions. No-w they are deprived of all these, and 
are obliged to pay just five times as much as be¬ 
fore, for the support of armies and the enrichment 
of the royal house of Hapsburg. Every young 
man, unless lie has successfully passed the several 
examinations within the course of eight years in 
in the Gymnasium, (collegiate school, preparatory 
to the University,) is obliged to perform military 
service eight years, so that when he arrives at the 
age when every good Jew or Gentile should be in 
the bonds of hymen, he is almost pennyless. As 
a general thing, the soldiers of one province are 
sent to those of another. Thus, for example, the 
“white-coats” of Austria proper, and Bohemia, hov¬ 
er over Hungary, while the brave hussars and other 
Magyars are distributed over Bohemia and Mora¬ 
via. Thus are the different national elements made 
to watch one another, and subdue every possible 
outbreak. 
More about the political state of Hungary, its 
educational institutions, &c., in my next, when I 
will take the kind reader along to Buda, the well 
fortified city opposite Pesth, and to Fored, the most 
frequented water-cure of Hungary. Two letters 
more from Vienna and Prague, and your readers 
will no more be troubled about Austrian affairs, by 
your present correspondent. Simon Tuska. 
BOOKS RECEIVED. 
Lives of tiif. Queens of Scotland, and English 
Princesses connected with the Regal Succession of 
Great Britain. By Agnes Strickland, author of 
“Lives of the Queens of England.” Vol. VII. New 
York: Harper & Bros. 12 mo. pp. 4T0. For sale by 
Dewey. 
Life of Joitn II. W. Hawkins. Compiled by his Son, 
the Rev. George Hawkins, A. M. Boston : John P. 
Jewett & Co. 12ino. pp. 430. From the Publishers. 
South wold. A Novel. By Mrs. Lillie D. Umsted. 
New York: Rudd & Carleton. 12 mo. pp. 257. Sold 
by Dewey. 
“The Julia.” By the author of “ Vara ; or, the Child 
of Adoption,” and “Nellie of Truro.” New York: 
Rob’t Carter & Bros. 12 mo. pp. 388. Sold by Cole 
& Adams. » 
The Teachers’ Guide to Illustration : A Manual to 
accompany Holbrook’s School Apparatus. By F. C. 
Brownell. New York and Chicago: Holbrook 
School Apparatus Co. 12 mo. pp. 156. From the 
Publishers. 
The Foster Brothers ; Being a nistory of the School 
and College Life of two Young Men. New York: I). 
Appleton & Co. 12 mo. pp. 405. For sale by Dewey. 
Passages from My Autobiography. By Sidney, 
Lady Morgan. New York : D. Appleton & Co. 12 
mo. pp. 382. Sold by Dewey. 
Onward ; Or, the Mountain Clamberers. A Tale of 
Progress. By Jane Anne Winslow, author of “ Vine¬ 
yard Laborers,” etc. New York : D. Appleton & Co. 
12 mo. pp. 383. 
Tiie Manual of Chess : Containing the Elementary 
Principles of the Game; illustrated with numerous 
Diagrams, recent Games, and Ori inal Problems. 
By Ciias. Kenny. New York: D. Appleton & Co. 
16 mo. pp. 122. Sold by Dewey. 
Penn. Common Schools. Report of the Superintendent 
of Common Schools of Pennsylvania for the Year 
ending June7,1858. Harrisburg: A. Boyd Hamilton, 
State Printer. 8 vo.—pp. 182. From Henry C. Hic- 
kok, Sup’t of Common Schools. 
TnE American Almanac and Repository of Useful 
Knowledge for the Year 1859. Boston: Crosby, 
Nichols & Co. pp. 3S4. [From the Publishers. 
MATHEMATICAL FACTS, AGAIN. 
LETTEES FROM A HUNGARIAN. 
Messrs. Eds.:— I have no objections to mathe¬ 
matical or any other science being made as simple 
and as practical as possible, but, in our search 
after simplicity, let us be careful that we do not 
throw aside the fundamental truths upon which 
science depends. 
It is now several years since Euclid said that 
there was no royal road to knowledge, and these 
simplifiers of science furnish an every-day demon¬ 
stration of the proposition. We have had (I am 
sorry to say,) several examples of this style of 
demonstration in the “Young Ruralist” column, 
and having never appeard on that stage, I propose 
to quarrel a little with some of “Orfiieus’ ” state¬ 
ments in the Rural of February 19. 
“Orpeiius”’ rule for finding the area of a circle 
is good; but his statement, that the circumference 
is 3 .1416 times the diameter, is not exactly true, 
and hence his rule will not get the exact area of 
the circle. If “ Orpheus” wants any reasoning on 
this subject, he will find it in the 5th book of Davies' 
Legendre, or any other Geometry. His “ practical 
illustration” proves nothing; for the circumfer¬ 
ence of a circle consists of an infinite number of 
points, and the parallelogram he describes could 
not have straight lines for its upper and lower 
bases, unless the “pasteboard circle” could be 
divided into an infinite number of sectors—a feat 
which not even “Orpheus” can accomplish at 
present. In the figure which he has drawn to 
illustrate his article, even if the sides be called 
straight lines, its altitude is not equal to half the 
diameter of the circle, for the altitude of a paral¬ 
lelogram is the 'perpendicular distance between 
its bases, which is not the semi-diameter in the 
figure, although it would be if we could imagine 
the circle infinitely divided. Since “ Orpheus’ 
practical illustration” depends for its value on 
our power to conceive of the infinite, we are not so 
well oft in his “ royal road ” as in the usual path 
—another reason why “you should never take a 
byway instead of a highway.” I leave the rest of 
“ Orpheus’ ” letter for those whom he calls on to 
answer it. Veritas. 
pesth—National Museum — Curiosities—Observance 
of Sunday—Political state of Hungary. 
Dear Friend Moore :—In my last I gave you a 
description of some of the things I saw in the 
capital of Hungary—Pesth. As regards “ curiosi¬ 
ties,” there are not, indeed, many of them in this 
city—still, what few there are, I determined to 
visit the second day of my sojourn. First I bent 
my way to the National Museum, the greatest in 
Hungary. This is a magnificent edifice, contain¬ 
ing nine large halls of antiquities, fourteen halls of 
zoological, botanical, and mineralogical specimens, 
and a picture gallery consisting of about two hun¬ 
dred and fifty paintings, mostly contributed by 
German and Italian artists. To him who has seen 
the picture galleries of Paris, Berlin, &c., the 
present collection will present nothing new or par¬ 
ticularly excellent, except it be the splendid por¬ 
traits of Hungarian kings and patriots, whose 
peculiar features, and strong, muscular frames in¬ 
spire one with awe and reverence. On the other 
hand, the collection of antiquities must be special¬ 
ly interesting to the antiquary as well as to the 
student of history. Here we have a vast number 
of coins, (12,000 silver,) domestic utensils, instru¬ 
ments of peace and war, statuettes of marble and 
bronze, most of which belong to the period when 
Rome’s legions overran Pannonia (the ancient 
name of Hungary,) and to the time when these 
amiin were expelled by the fierce Huns under the 
warlike Attii.a. Among the many curiosities here 
collected there was one around which many visit¬ 
ors crowded—viz., the cane of the celebrated Nel¬ 
son, it having been but recently (Aug., 1858) pre¬ 
sented to the museum. The way in which this cane 
got hither, was described to me by my cicerone.— 
In the year 1798, after the naval fight off Abukir, 
Nelson with his own hand cut off a stick from a 
wild fig-tree, and used the same on his subsequent¬ 
ly staying at Vienna. There the naval hero met 
with the Hungarian count, Peter Szapary, who 
carried a Bengal cane with a big golden head.— 
Nelson was so well pleased with the latter, that 
he thought it fit to transgress the command “ Thou 
shalt not covet,” and desired the same as a present. 
In return the Hungarian Count received the above- 
mentioned cane from Abukir. After passing thro’ 
several hands, the cane was finally presented to the 
museum by Count Bela Szechenyi. The head of 
this interesting memento is covered with silver 
plate containing the inscription :—“ Ce baton a ete 
coupe par VAdmiral Nelson a Abukir apres la 
fameuse bataille." Thus the national museum of 
Hungary preserves a memorial of the greatest 
admiral of England! 
Like most German cities, Pesth also contains a 
vast public promenade, called the Stadtwaldchen 
(city-forest) which, on Sundays, is all alive with 
vehicles and pedestrians. A large pond with two 
islands adds to the enjoyment of the people. Bands 
of music resound in all the public squares and 
gardens, inviting the public to the various beer 
and wine saloons. Wine, being an article with 
which Nature amply supplies the Hungarians, al¬ 
most supplants here the use of water. And no 
wonder, for you can obtain a quart of good, pure 
wine for six kreuzers, (about half a dime,) which in 
America would bring just ten times that price.— 
Still, though wine is daily used in almost every 
family—among the lower classes it often takes the 
place of coffee at breakfast—little or no drunken¬ 
ness is seen. For, in the first place, it is used in 
moderate quantities at a time, and is not adultera¬ 
ted with alcoholic drinks, and then the people are 
so accustomed to it. To their honor, however, be 
it said, the fairer sex, so long as they remain in 
their virginity, rigidly refrain from the use of this 
spirituous beverage; and even after entering into 
the matrimonial state they take it but moderately. 
My incidentally mentioning wine, has led me to 
digress from the subject proper—the observance of 
Sunday. Not only are the public walks thrown 
open to amusement during the day, but in the 
evening, as on all other days, concerts are given, 
operas are performed, plays are acted on the stage, 
and in the wine shops, whither the lower classes 
resort, the cymbal and the fiddle strike up the 
lively national airs of the Magyars, causing the 
feet of young and old, male and female, involunta¬ 
rily to keep time in a regular dance. But even 
business is, to a great extent, allowed on Sunday. 
Not merely apothecaries, but all grocers may keep 
open all day except from 9 to 12 o’clock, during 
which time mass is performed at church. The 
market also—which in Hungary (as in all Ger¬ 
many) is a large open square—is filled with coun¬ 
try women exhibiting for sale fruits, vegetables, 
fowls, fish, &c.—till 9 A. M. Above all, those who 
sell tobacco and cigars have the greatest privilege 
to break the Sabbath—nay more, the law itself 
compels them to do so. For no one is allowed to 
trade with tobacco, unless by special permission 
from the public authorities, but this privilege can 
only be obtained on condition that the tobacco 
shop shall be open at all hours from morning till 
night, (excepting, of course, the above-named 
three hours on Sunday.) Such is the observance 
of the Sabbath in this country. One might have 
supposed that the Austrian Concordat with the 
Pope would have a different effect on the religious 
observances of the country,—but that compact had 
a political object in view ; it was to unite Church 
and State in reducing the nation to a more thor¬ 
ough political subjection. 
Though the people are thus at liberty to enjoy 
themselves on Sunday in whatever way they please, 
they dare not, nevertheless, talk as they please.— 
Almost every fifth man you meet is a member of 
the police or the Imperial army. These officers 
watch your every movement, and listen to your 
very words; and woe is him, from whose lips some 
suspicious thought falls on the ear of a policeman. 
Figure 8. 
Let us now bring a number of these resultants 
before the eye at a glance. Fig. 3 represents eight 
particles, all moving at the rate of 16 1-12 feet per 
second by the force applied. Gravitation acts upon 
each, as before shown; and the resultants of all 
are shown, and their direction indicated so plainly 
by the diagonals, that no one can fail of compre¬ 
hending the principle. But mark the particle C! It 
has come to a “ dead set,” as shown at B1, fig. 2; 
and I think no one can fail to see the tendency of 
each particle shaping its course to make C, (or 
some point in that vicinity,) a new center. That is : 
having got things all in motion, a “ motion is made ” 
to move the centre of gravitation from I somewhere 
into the vicinity of C. Observe that the resultant of 
B, is nearly at a right angle with that of F, which 
favors the object thus to be obtained. Hence, 
when we place the Gyroscope upon the stand be¬ 
fore us, (see fig. 1,) having given the wheel motion 
so that the upper side at b (fig. 1,) moves toward 
us, and the under side at a moves from us, if the 
Written for Moore’s Rural NewYorker. 
TIIE ROTASCOPE.— Eo. II. 
BY TOBIAS WITMER. 
In our previous article we showed that when the 
wheel A, (fig. 1,) is put in very rapid motion, by 
force applied through a cord wound round the axle, 
X, as in spinning a top, and the axis is placed in a 
horizontal position, all the particles moving in a 
vertical plane, a, b, some other force must be applied 
to bring the axis out of that position, and put it 
into another position; and that other force must be 
adequate to the force given in the rotary direction, 
before it can effect that object. But some of the 
particles, as d, are much nearer the axis than a and 
b, and consequently have not the same centrifugal 
force, while gravitation acts upon all the particles 
with equal force at all times, and a kind of com¬ 
pensating effect is thus produced, which causes the 
wheel to sink, gradually, as its velocity diminishes. 
HOW TO BECOME A GOOD FARMER. 
Eds. Rural : — Being a reader of your valuable 
paper, and one that considers it indispensable to 
the prosperity of a young farmer, I wish to make 
the inquiry through its pages, of some of your ex¬ 
perienced contributors, IIow to become a good and 
profitable Farmer ? In looking around among my 
brother farmers, I see a vast difference in their 
practice of farming. Some have their stock all 
housed, and looking as if they had eaten all the 
grain that the farmer could produce, with the best 
of care ; t’nJ fences all up ; buildings all in order ; 
in fact, a place for everything, and everything 
in its place. Others, have their stock all out of 
doors, (the sheep in particular,) wallowing in the 
mud and water for their food, or tied up by the 
horns in some filthy stable, with half enough to 
eat; fences dilapidated, with plenty of burdocks 
and briars; buildings out of order; wagons, sleighs, 
plows, drags, drills, horse-rakes, wintered out in the 
fields where last used, or piled up by the side of 
the barn or fences. But, in some cases both of 
these kinds of farmers raise good crops. 
Now, if some experienced farmer will inform me, 
through the Rural, which is the best and most 
profitable course to pursue, I will hereafter tell 
him of my success. Young Farmer. 
Perry, N. Y., 1S59. 
Figure 4. 
left hand “ ear,” D, be placed on the stand, the 
rotation of y will be from us, as shown by the 
arrows on the dotted line ; and vice versa. And if 
each end of the axis were to rest upon a movable 
car, (fig. 4,) the whole would be propelled forward 
in the line A, B. 
The same idea may be conveyed by imagining a 
weight to be suspended from each of the particles 
a and b, while the wheel was revolving as before ; 
a horizontal movement in the line A, B, would be 
the result. The same idea may be conveyed by 
imagining a weight to be suspended from each of 
the points a and b, the whole still revolving as be¬ 
fore, that is, equal to 16 1-12 feet per second, and 
the weight W also equal to that force: these two 
forces acting in opposite directions, would keep a 
at rest; while the weight P, acting in the direction 
with the force, would tend to throw b around a as 
a centre. Henc a revolving body, as A, fig. 2, 
having its axis in a horizontal position, will have 
its axis propelled forward in a line oblique to the 
line of gravitation, and hence the rotary motion of 
the Rotascope around the stand, fig. 1. In our 
next we will endeavor to account for the accelera¬ 
tion of that rotary motion around the stand. 
Williamsvillc, N. Y., Feb., 1S59. 
THERE IS NO SUCH WORD AS FAIL. 
^ ATs7SlF.^Vdl'Jl. 1. e/txM/X 
Figure 1. 
We will now examine the question, Why does 
the wheel, with its frame, or ring, B, rotate around 
the stand, the point y, describing the dotted line, 
figure 1? 
Suppose we give the wheel A, (fig. 2,) a motion 
in the direction indicated by the arrows, with a 
velocity that will move the particle B, at the rate 
of 16% feet per second. The force given it would 
tend to carry it to C in one second of time, while 
gravitation would tend to bring it to D, in the 
same time. But the particle acted upon by these 
two forces would take the direction B E, as a re¬ 
sultant, and would arrive at E in one second of 
time. But cohesion, (that power which binds mat¬ 
ter together in a mass,) prevents it from taking 
that immediate direction, and the force is inevit¬ 
ably applied to move the centre, x, in a direction 
parallel to B, E. 
This sentence should be deeply impressed upon 
the hearts of the young. He who will not strike 
boldly in the battle of life, and conquer the oppos¬ 
ing foe, must sink sooner or later into the slough 
of despond, and be forgotten by the on-marching 
army, whose lips are singing the psean of victory. 
It were better for that one that he had never been 
born. Life is not a rose-laden path for carpet- 
knights to tread. No ; its ways are rugged, and it 
is the brave in heart only, that, fearlessly accepting 
its challenges, doing battle as they move along, 
wins the goal. He who sets out with fear and 
trembling, dreading to meet foes seen and unseen, 
succumbs ere he has commenced the journey ; but 
he who boldly adventures the path, whether it leads 
to gloomy abysses or up giddy ascents, over mo¬ 
rasses, through night-like forests, or into regions 
of perpetual snow, holding aloft his banner in- 
cribed with the daring motto “ There is no such 
word as Fail 1” is victor in every fight. His heart 
beats quick, his eye brightens and his strong arm 
is nerved for battle when danger approaches. No 
thought has he of retreat—onward, onward he 
marches, driving his enemies before him ! What 
cares he for these—was he not made to do or die ? 
He will be victorious. Nothing shall deter him.— 
He knows no such word as fail. Whatever he 
resolves on must be accomplished! He cannot 
succumb, though the world should press upon him. 
Death, rather, and he conquers ! The hero of the 
field, he wears the laurel crown ! It is only when 
Age overtakes him, palsying his arm, and stealing 
his strength of purpose, that he “wraps the dra¬ 
pery of his couch about him, and lies down to 
pleasant dreams.” Even then he is but subdued, 
not conquered. His task has been laithfully ac¬ 
complished. His end is blessed ! Young man and 
young woman, if you would succeed in life, strike 
from your vocabulary the stumbling-block to suc¬ 
cess—the word fail. — The Elevator. 
Corrections. —By some inadvertence several 
errors crept into the previous article of Mr. W it- 
mer on this subject, and he places himself properly 
before Rural readers thus:—“ By some careless¬ 
ness of your engraver, a great blunder is made to 
appear in my article, No. 1, on the Rotascope, which, 
if any one takes pains to read, will give a very un- 
Hair impression. I took care to give the figure, or 
diagram, plain, lettering it correctly, showing a, 
beautifully illustrated by drawings. He has thrown 
new and valuable light upon the manners, history and 
languages of the great Berber or Amazirgh family, 
having traced them by physical descriptions and vocab¬ 
ularies from the Mediterranean to the heart of Negro- 
land, far south of the great desert. These vocabularies 
have been examined by Prof. Newman, the most intel¬ 
ligent Berber Scholar in Europe, and shown to belong 
radically to one family from the Mediterranean to their 
extreme southern limit, where they are lost in the true 
negro type of language and people. He has given 
most valuable knowledge, from his own observation 
and native sources, regarding the political changes, 
history and organization of the native tribes, especially 
of the lato encroachments of the Fellatah, under the 
influence of their partial Mohammedanism, upon the 
Pagan tribes. He lias given a general idea of tiie 
Geology of the country, and also of its Botanical and 
Agricultural products. It contains more valuable and 
available knowledge for the Historian, Geographer, 
Statesman and Ethnologist than any book of African 
travels in the English Language. Taken in connection 
witli the small work of Mr. Bowen, it will give a very 
complete idea of Africa from the Gulf of Guinea to 
Tunis. Africa contains, by far, more large cities, and 
elements of agricultural and commercial greatness, 
than Central Asia. 
Paper - Making. —In the United States there are 
750 paper mills in active operation. They produce 
270,000,000 pounds of paper, which, at au average 
of ten cents per pound, would be worth $27,000,000. 
As it requires about a pound and one-half of rags 
to make one pound of paper, there are consumed 
by these mills 400,000,000 lbs. of rags in a single 
year. If we estimate the rags to cost four cents 
per pound, there would be a profit of $11,000,000 in 
this branch of manufacturing. 
About a century ago, an Englishman named 
Jonas Hauway, on his return from travels in the 
East, appeared in the streets of London on a rainy 
day, with a queer notion imported from China, in 
the shape of an umbrella. It was the first seen in 
England, and probably in Europe, and aroused 
such indignation that he was soon surrounded by 
a furious mob, who pelted him with mud for daring 
to screen his head and person from the rain. 
When, by means of steamers, 
Europeans shall he able to pass rapidly through the 
low, unhealthy region of the coast, and the suppression 
of the slave trade shall give opportunity for legitimate 
commerce, the agricultural resources of Africa will ho 
developed, civilization will take tiie place of barbarism, 
and a new day will dawn on this land of darkness. 
The value of a really good book, like this of Dr. 
Barth’s, in bringing about this result, cannot he over¬ 
estimated. We are glad that so many of our colored 
people are looking toward the land of their origin as 
a field for their enterprise. Tiie establishment of cotton 
and sugar culture, and tiie opening up of these rich 
countries to legitimate commerce, is an object worthy 
Figure 2. 
To demonstrate this more clearly, let us follow the 
particle 13 around until it has arrived at 131. The 
force applied will act exactly equal to, and in a 
direction exactly opposite to the line of gravitation, 
and no resultant is produced ; but the particle, con¬ 
sidered independent of cohesion, will remain at 
rest; because two equal forces, acting in opposite 
directions on a body, leave that body at rest. 
Now let us follow the particle on in its course, (for 
A proper secresy is the only mystery of able 
men; mystery is the only secresy of weak and 
cunning ones. 
Be not affronted at a jest. If one throw salt at 
thee, thou wilt receive no harm unless thou hast 
sore places. 
Prosperity gathers] smiles 
scatters them. 
