■ ' rK- '. / 
ROCHESTER N. Y.-FOR THE WEEK ENDING SATURDAY, JULY 2, 1859, 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 
AN ORIGINAL WEEKLY 
RURAL, LITERARY AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER. 
Something can also be learned of the character of 
the breeds of cattle and sheep which are kept in 
different lecalities. 
Leaving Liverpool, we find the soil rests on 
standstone, and is for the most part warm and 
friable. 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, 
With an Able Corps of Assistants and Contributors. 
The cattle we see in the pastures are of 
the Short-horn family, or crosses of it. They are 
not generally bred into the fashionable fattening 
variety, and are mostly rather coarse and large 
boned. The sheep are of the Leicester character, 
in some cases perhaps entirely of that breed. The 
pastures are well set with good grass. 
As we proceed on our journey and approach the 
Cumberland Hills, the aspect of the country great¬ 
ly changes. There is little level land—it is chiefly 
hills, in many instances showing a surface of 
rocks, (we cannot always, at the distance, tell 
what kind of rocks,) and in other places cleared 
fields with a somewhat thin and stony soil, which 
by good cultivation appears to produce fair crops 
of grass, or, in the most favorable spots, grain. 
Much of the land is in a wild state, having never 
been disturbed with the plow. It is covered with 
heath, between the patches of which a little grass 
grows. These wild tracts are sheep-ranges. But 
you do not see the sluggish Leicester which occu¬ 
pied the fertile pastures below. The Black-faced 
breed of the Scottish mountains is best fitted for 
the rough mode of life that must be endured here. 
Y r ou see the hardy animals grubbing the scanty 
grass among the wild shrubs, or resting them¬ 
selves on the bare rocks. Occasionally the rattle 
of the train starts some of the young lambs from 
their afternoon nap, and they run off with almost 
the agility and wildness of the hare. Few cattle 
are uieo. and the_v are of the UipUland or of the 
Galloway breeds. Occasionally a 'more 5 fertile 
tract intervenes. The fields are divided by stone 
walls, laid in mortar, and with almost as much 
nicety as we would build the walls of our cellars. 
At length we reach the summit and descend to 
the vale of the Eden, a smiling, fruitful district, 
in the centre of which is the handsome town of 
Carlisle. Proceeding a few miles north, we cross 
“ The Border ” at Gretna, so memorable for the 
facilities it formerly afforded to persons whose 
real or fancied “ affinities ” led them to the pursuit 
of marriage under difficulties. Here we com¬ 
mence the passage of the South Highlands. The 
road lies along the bank of a rapid stream, wind¬ 
ing between high hills, which are sometimes cover¬ 
ed with heath, but frequently with grass. It is 
almost entirely a sheep country,and the enclosures 
called “stells,” for sheltering the flocks from 
severe snow-storms, often appear. They are situ¬ 
ated in some sheltered spot, and are simply stone 
walls, generally forming a circle. The sheep are 
generally of the Black-faced breed, though the 
Cheviots are sometimes seen. In the broadest 
parts of the valley, there are farms where cattle 
are kept, and some cultivation is carried on. But 
you no longer see the large frames and gay colors 
of the Short-horns, or if now and then one is seen in 
a herd of a different breed, the projecting bones and 
lean carcass show that it is out of its legitimate 
sphere. The pastures are blackened with the 
short-legged Galloway and the shaggy Highlander, 
still partially clad in their winter coat, which has 
shielded them from the chilling storms. Or, if the 
location is more favorable, the farm is devoted to 
dairying, and the Ayrshire cow is the occupant of 
the pastures. 
Having overcome the acclivity, we descend to 
the north through the valley of the Clyde, till we 
arrive at the commercial metropolis of Scotland— 
Glasgow. From this city my course was to the 
southwest, the place from which I date being 
about seven miles from Ayr. On another occasion 
I will speak of such branches of Agriculture in 
this district as appear likely to interest the readers 
o f the Rural. 
Glasgow, June 8th.—The Show of the Glas¬ 
gow Agricultural Society commenced here yester¬ 
day and closes to-day. It is a large and very inter¬ 
esting exhibition. I have not now the opportunity 
to give a description of it, but will make the at¬ 
tempt in my next. 
The Rural New-Yorker is designed to be unsurpassed 
in Value, Purity, Usefulness and Variety of Contents, and 
unique and beautiful in Appearance. Its Conductor devotes 
his personal attention to the supervision of its various de¬ 
partments, and earnestly labors to render the Rural an 
eminently Reliable Guide on all the important Practical, 
Scientific and other Subjects intimately connected with the 
business of those whose interests it zealously advocates.— 
It embraces more Agricultural, Horticultural, Scientific, 
Educational, Literary and News Matter, interspersed with 
appropriate and beautiful Engravings, than any other jour¬ 
nal,—rendering it the most complete Agricultural, Lit¬ 
erary and Family Newspaper in America. 
Hr 
All communications, and business letters, should be 
addressed to D. D. T. MOORE, Rochester, N. Y. 
For Terms and other particulars, see last page. 
WHITE GUINEA FOWL, 
CAYUGA BLACK DUCK, 
was accepted, and the passer-by may catch the 
words as they issue from marble lips, “better go up 
than down.” 
“Sermons in stones,” wrote the immortal poet, 
and though we are not in a sermonizing mood this 
morning, we purpose testing this “ universal appli¬ 
cation ” of onr text by making the inquiry of Rural 
readers whether, in agricultural affairs we had not 
“better go up than down. ” 
In retaining the fertility of the soil, all will 
readily admit its triteness—not a doubter, not a 
skeptic do we floe. But, friends, how does prac¬ 
tice correspond with belie?? What is the connec¬ 
tion betwe en jjie mouths and the 
l .Ler.yf -Wh tiTipe a- 
standing still m any oi avocation.' 
of man— up or down vet move, and this law governs 
our being until “ dust returns to its kindred dust.” 
Between precept and example the lioes may be 
closely drawn, (we hope they are,) they may be as 
widely separated as those which 
“ Arctic and Antarctic seas divide.” 
Some of our correspondents have been “taking 
liberties (?)” with the sanctum, (as will be seen by 
referring to fourth page of present issue,) and in 
self-defence we have strong inclination to ramble 
over your farms, take notes and print them, and 
would do so were it not we prefer each should tell 
his own story. It is a matter of little moment 
what the balance on hand in one of our banking 
institutions—what your array of special interest in 
corporations — the points to be settled are — what 
the amount of capital in the soil, and are you 
keeping the investment good ? “ If a person is 
purchasing a house with all the 1 modern improve¬ 
ments'” remarks a witty writer, “the first thing 
to be inquired into is the amount of the mortgages 
upon it.” Many a farmer who thinks he can give 
a clear title to his estate, we are fearful is in error. 
Through imprudence and carelessness there is an 
“ incumbrance” of which he is not aware, one which 
will require the assiduous attention of both him¬ 
self and heirs to liquidate. How is it with you, 
reader ? When, weary of the toils and tribulations 
which fall to the lot of humanity, the armor is cast 
aside, and you seek final repose upon the bosom 
of our common mother, shall burden be written 
where blessing was intended — shall those compos¬ 
ing the “home circle” bow under the crushing 
weight that parental hands has placed upon them? 
Whether we ever prove the fine gold involved in 
our subject or not, those who suffer by our indis¬ 
cretions will have just cause to exelaim — “ Better 
go up than down.” 
The Products of the Farm .—Farmers, as well as 
the rest of mankind, must plead to a love of good 
returns for capital invested and for labor expended. 
The thought of reward is the great incentive to 
toil—it encourages amid failure, soothes amid pri¬ 
vation, and gives to the depressed spirit a further 
stimulant to exertion. Though present prospects 
may be shrouded in gloom, a “ good time coming” 
is to all the Lamp of Hope. “ Better up than 
down, in this respect,” we are confident will be the 
response of every tiller of the soil, and a peculiar 
emphasis accompanying the expression is observa¬ 
ble. When a man finds that his course is onward, 
upward, with what complacency he views the move¬ 
ment of the world about him. Pleased with him¬ 
self, he would be pleased with every one with whom 
he comes in contact. But write that other word— 
down —upon his business, and mark the change. 
Frowns usurp the place of smiles—harshness rules 
where kindly feelings were wont to predominate. 
We have touched the fountain-head from whence 
emanated the life-stream, and the entire man wears 
a keep-your-hand-out-of-my-pocket air and appear¬ 
ance. Noting such metamorphosis, who would not 
rather “ go up than down!” 
Home and its Surroundings. —Something (can 
it be scenes wc have witnessed?) whispers “you 
are now in disputed territory.” The acquisition 
of a home is the greatest of our earthly blessings. 
With what fullness of truth has it been written:— 
“ Happy is the man who possesses a true home— 
the temple of his household gods, where he reigns 
as patriarch, priest and king—a refuge from envy 
and maiice, a shelter from the storms of life, that 
no loss of wealth, no change of circumstance can 
affect—a rose without a thorn—a sun that knows 
no setting.” The joys of a “true home” arc not 
alone for the “ patriarch ” — though this would 
seem to be the creed of many who are laboring to 
procure one—all the inmates bask in its sunshine. 
To have children grow up with a love for rural 
life, and prevent even a desire for other scenes and 
other pursuits being harbored by them, it is the 
duty of the parent to provide such incentives as 
(trill win the Household iO calm delights. In ttie 
successful accomplishment of this purpose, we 
need progressive fawners —those determined that 
their influence and energies shall be given to the 
cause of advancement. Admitting the truth of 
the maxim, “ man is the arbiter of his own des¬ 
tiny,” we have great faith in the use of proper 
restraints and wholesome influences upon the 
youthful mind. These are the prerogatives of the 
parent, and according to the exercise and dis¬ 
charge of such sacred privileges, will our off¬ 
spring be educated for good or evil. When we 
reflect that the impressions made by the home 
fireside reach out into that dim future which the 
eye of man hath not seen, neither can he compre¬ 
hend, and we realize how fearful the resposibilities 
connected with our position, with what over¬ 
whelming truth is our text laden—“ Better go up 
than down !” 
mon fowl, both in color and taste, and is reckoned 
a very good substitute for that bird. It assimilates 
perfectly with the common fowl in its artificial 
habits and kinds of food. Its gait is peculiar as 
are its cries. They are fond of marshy places— 
always perch during the night in high situations or 
on trees. It is a little singular that American 
farmers do not turn their attention to these fowls. 
A knowing Jerseyman, named David Bonner, 
from England, hired a patch of five acres, four 
years ago, and commenced raising eggs for the 
New York market. Bonner has never hired any 
help, and at this moment owns a farm for which he 
paid $-1,700, of which the buildings cost over $3,000. 
His farm is all paid for; he owes not a cent in the 
*vorld and lie owns a flock which varies from 800 to 
1,200 Guinea Hens. 
RURAL LETTERS FROM EUROPE 
BY SANFORD HOWARD. 
Yajafce from ilostoii to Liverpool —' Llteuil a Steam Yip— 
From Liverpool to Glasgow, via Carlisle, Gretpa, etc.,— 
Topography of the Country, its Aspect, Soils, Ac.,—Prin¬ 
cipal breeds of Cattle snd Sheep on the route,—Arrival 
in Ayrshire,—Show of the Glasgow Ag’l Society. 
Tap.boi.ton, Ayrshire, Scotland, June 6,1S59. 
I left Boston by the steamer Niagara, on the 
28th of May, and arrived at Liverpool on the even¬ 
ing of the 29th. A voyage between these two ports 
at this season of the year, affords little which can 
be made to interest the general reader. In this 
case we had not even the excitement of rough 
weather, or the dangerous proximity of those 
wonderful objects, “from Greenland’s icy moun¬ 
tains,” which sometimes beset the navigator’s 
pathway, and have sent ships to the bottom of the 
great deep. On a voyage made a little later in the 
season, last year, we met with numerous icebergs. 
The principal business of the passengers (or of 
those in health,) was eating, drinking, and sleep¬ 
ing. We were called to breakfast at half-past 
eight, to lunch at twelve, to dinner at four, to tea 
at half-past seven, and to supper at ten o’clock. I 
send a copy of “ bill of fare” for dinner, for 
Fowl Items. 
Feeding Poultry. —An idea prevails with many 
that any sort of gram, even if a little damaged, will 
do for poultry; but this is a great mistake. A 
friend of the writer once came very near losing his 
whole flock of valuable fowls from feeding them 
with damaged corn, which had been heated. Those 
who feed largely know better, and invariably make 
it a rule to feed none but the best, and if of corn, 
it is all the better for being broken. 
On Breeding. —There is just as much necessity 
of breeding from birds that are good layers, as in 
selecting milch cows those animals which are bred 
from good milkers, though, as in fowls, it does not 
necessarily always follow that their progeny are 
equally profitable. 
Best Eggs. —To those who keep fowls in winter 
and desire eggs, a good nest is important. The 
qualities of a good nest egg is a tolerable resem¬ 
blance to a real egg. A hen will not lay to an egg¬ 
shell, however perfect it may be—for she knows by 
its want of weight that it is a counterfeit. The best 
artificial egg is that made of glass, which is so 
exact an imitation of real eggs, in form and color, 
that Mistress Biddy would find it difficult to detect 
it. These eggs may be had at most all the agri¬ 
cultural warehouses, seed stores, and of crockery 
dealers. 
Fowls Eating their Eggs. —It is well known that 
hens when shut up are very apt to eat their eggs. 
The best preventive is to keep them well supplied 
with lime and gravel, and with fresh meat in some 
form. The nest should be so deep in the boxes that 
they cannot reach them without standing on the 
edge. 
Floor for Poultry-House. —The floor of the house 
should be of any material easily scraped clean; 
quick lime and coal ashes mixed and put on hot 
bind well, and if coated with boiled tar when dry, 
will be found to stand well. Bricks have been 
recommended by some, but they are objectionable 
on account of their absorbing moisture. 
Fowl Manure. —A barrel of fowl manure mixed 
with muck, or leaf mold, will manure half an acre 
of corn, and is as valuable as guano. The dung of 
poultry contains silica, and phosphate and carbon¬ 
ate of lime; and, along with pigeon dung has been 
dried and broken down and pounded, and mixed 
with earthy substances, and applied in moist wea¬ 
ther, and covered by harrowing of the seed, at the 
rate of forty or fifty bushels of the mixture to the 
acre. If used fresh, the quantity must be small; 
but as a very small quantity of such excrements 
will come into the possession of the farmer, the 
readiest and probably the most economical appli¬ 
cation will be to spread it evenly on the top of a 
dung-heap, just before it’s being turned over, which 
will mix the substances, and extend the benefits 
equally. 
Azote Food Necessary for Fowls. A letter was 
read before the British Association from II. Sack, 
of Switzerland, giving an account of some experi¬ 
ments in the feeding of fowls. He states, first, that 
THE POULTRY-YARD. 
On Raising Ducks. 
Ducks are, as a general thing, considered the 
most difficult to rear of any of our feathered domes¬ 
tic birds, and, in the ordinary “ take - care - of- 
yourself” way, scarce one in fifty arrives at matu¬ 
rity. Yet, it is the easiest thing possible to bring 
up an entire brood; and when they can be made 
to weigh from five to seven pounds each, they will 
well repay the care and trouble required. It is 
better to start with the largest and finest breeds, 
such as will give sizeable progeny, — either of the 
following named varieties will answer, viz.:— 
Aylesbury, Cayuga Black and Rouen. I would 
prefer them in the order in which they are named, 
though either variety will be good enough. 
Setting. — Invariably make use of a hen to 
bring out the young, and if the weather is very hot, 
once in two or three days dip the hen’s breast in 
water. 
Management of the Young. —Do not allow them 
a wide range—have the yard roomy and dry. In 
fact they must not be allowed any water to dabble 
in; merely sufficient to drink, and that placed in a 
shallow vessel. The sun’s rays must not be allow¬ 
ed to injure them. I do not mean by this that 
they should not have the sun during some portion 
of the day. They must be kept in these quarters 
till well feathered, after which they may be turned 
at large. 
Feeding. — Procure liver or some oflal at the 
butcher’s, which cook with meal and potatoes, 
chopping the whole fine— never give them, while 
young, any food that has not been cooked. 
If your readers would give their experience, 
some of the number might derive advantage from 
hints thrown out on any subject. 
N. B.—I would here state that I have no ducks 
to sell. Eben Wight. 
Dedham, Mass., June, 1S59. 
one 
day, from which you will infer that the British and 
North American Steam Packet Company does not 
neglect the physical wants of its friends. If a 
passenger is seasick, as many will be for a while at 
least, the steward will bring the nicest of oat-meal 
gruel, and render the best attention. Or, if medi¬ 
cal treatment is required, the ship’s surgeon will 
politely administer to your necessities, without 
fee or reward. If y 0ur health admits of your 
walking about, you may interest yourself in obtain¬ 
ing from the Captain, or the Chief Engineer, some 
statistics in regard to the working and manage¬ 
ment of the ship. Y ou will learn that she consumes 
daily, on her voyage, sixty tuns of coal; that her 
boilers are supplied from the ocean, and that by 
condensing the escape steam, a large quantity of 
pure fresh water is obtained, which is used for the 
culinary and other purposes. Y r ou may obtain 
leave (or perhaps an invitation,) to go down with 
the Engineer, and see the ponderous and mighty 
machines which propel the ship through the water, 
sometimes at the rate of 300 miles a day. To watch 
their action when the course of the ship is opposed 
by a head wind and heavy sea, and observe with 
what certainty and precision the onward revolu¬ 
tions are made, overcoming even the resistance of 
the elements, cannot fail to give an idea of the 
high powers with which man has been endowed, and 
of the great ends which he was destined to attain. 
lly stay in Liverpool was short. I only wished 
to arrange some money matters, and make pre¬ 
liminary inquiries in regard to the shipment of 
live-stock. On Tuesday, 31st ult., I took the 
“rail” for Glasgow, that “Bee-hive of the North,” 
which within a few years has grown into so much 
importance, both as a manufacturing and commer¬ 
cial city, having a population of nearly half a 
million. 
The opportunity of viewing the country while 
tiaveling in a railroad car at the rate of forty miles 
iin hour, (which was about the speed of our train,) 
is not such as would afford a very minute idea of 
its Agriculture. Still, certain things can be seen. 
Some idea may be obtained of the topography of 
the country, something of its geology, and some¬ 
thing of the capacity and production of its soils. 
BETTER GO UP THAN DOWN. 
A few years since one of the residents of our 
goodly city made himself the possessor of a fine 
piece of property situated just within corporatorial 
limits. Fronting upon the highway, its situation 
was considerably above the level of the road, and 
this feature was deemed quite objectionable bv a 
number of visiting friends. A spirited discussion 
ensued, in which the merits and demerits of such 
elevation were duly considered. “ Gentlemen, ” 
remarked the proprietor, “better go up than down. 
This principle is of universal application, in reli¬ 
gion, in politics, in trade, in any pursuit.” The 
response was immediate. “With so great faith, 
why not adopt it as a family motto, friend S., giving 
it a prominent place upon the record ?” The hint 
Tlie Grviinea Fowl. 
The Guinea Hen, or Pentado, is nearly an ever¬ 
lasting layer. They are said to unite the properties 
of the turkey and pheasant. They are a native of 
Africa, though said by some to belong equally to 
this country, and are easily domesticated. Its 
flesh is more like that of the pheasant than the com- 
