ROCHESTER, N. Y.- FOR THE WEEK M)ING SATURDAY, AUGUST 27, 1859. 
{WHOLE 
MOORE'S RURAL NEW-YORKER, 
AN ORIGINAL WEEKLY 
RURAL, LITERARY AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER. 
THE FARMERS’ COPARTNERSHIPS. 
Tiie day must come when the farmers of America 
shall see and appreciate, more fully than now, how 
Nature and Nature’s God have honored their occu- 
D - T ‘ MOORE - P ation above all other human industries-honored 
With an Able Corps of Assistants and Contributors. i<; witb bving and glorious copartnerships, full of 
tvi. ptto.t v - ~ great harmonies and beauty; copartnerships with 
^ ? a , KEK 13 d , es j. gn . ed t0 ^ unsurpassed the morning stars, which sang together in the first 
CONDUCTED BY D. 
erary and Family Newspaper in America. 
in Yalue, Purity, Usefulness and Variety of Contents, and rrolclen twilight n f *• &Cr m 11 
unique and beautiful in Appearance. Its Conductor devotes * gb * of creation—with great and ever- 
his personal attention to the supervision of its various de- as Gng vitalities which permeate the deepest 
partments, and earnestly labors to render the Rural an depths of space—with the sun and moon and 
S; h “ ,lthe ;r ee ‘ i,, “, , ' e ““ sofihepie,;dcs '’ 
business of those whose interests it zealously advocates.— WUtl the grand forces which turn the wheels of 
It embraces more Agricultural, Horticultural, Scientific, celestial systems innumerable, around the red and 
Educational, Literary and News Matter, interspersed with Rory waves of central suns, whose hu 2 e disks in 
appropriate and beautiful Engravings, than any other jour- the distance, look like specks of light to the eve • 
nab- rendering it the most complete Agricultural Lit * , . specks oi ngnt to the eye; 
copartnerships with heaven’s soft and silent dews, 
which distil their silver moisture upon leaf and 
blade with rain, frost and snow—with winds of 
every breath, from the gentlest summer zephyr to 
the hurricane which shakes the primeval forest 
w ith its tempest arms—with all the grand machin¬ 
ery which moves the planets, shapes their orbits, 
and regulates their motions—with all the sublime 
economies of the seasons—with the mighty ocean, 
pulsating with the life which throbbed up its mil¬ 
lion river-veins when yet “the earth was without 
form and void.” 
plow, and wield the sickje or the flail—or while 
directing the action of ti^e improved implements 
and machines which hate nearly rendered the 
sickle and the flail classical emblems. Think of it 
often, for the thought will help you when the heat 
or the burden of the day js hardest to bear. 
EUROPEAN ApRICULTURE, 
T^“AI1 communications, and business letters, should be 
addressed to D. D. T. MOORE, Rochester, N. Y. 
For Terms and other particulars, see last page. 
SMALL EXPERIMENTS. 
These are some ot the farmer’s copartnerships. 
These are some of the agencies which Providence 
has ordained to co-work with him, by day and night, 
in spring, summer, autumn and winter. If but 
the dial plate of time could be removed, so that the 
farmer could see all the internal machinery and 
gearing of these agencies, their co-working would 
nii hru with, wonder—trail an derating sentiment 
The reports of small agricultural experiments 
? , r c :’ ‘ c ’ ricdci “ e > * Ui “ "Iniegcnhi . „ t i ur.n tvnu tvouuer—wnn an derating sentiment 
I °’ lh ! digolvwliidi .the Creator has pet »p„ a Ms 
occupation. His social position among the entities 
....... . , of- terrestial and celestial industry, is higher than 
valuable fict • Z g °!i ’ m CaUS “? Z™ 7 t0 withhold the arrogant pretensions of a Chinese Emperor.— 
valuable facts from the press. A farmer grows the In his industrial relationships, he is more than 
Chinese Sugar Cane on a few rods of ground, and “brother to the moon.” That cold and subordi 
makes a little syrup by the aid of the kitchen nate luminary is but a sattelite to the earth 
, u ;ir t er der ° f , 3 / Smdl PatCh t0 Carr0t3 ’ 0r Which was made f ’ or man to own, till and beautify! 
;uta bugas or corn fodder, gives especial attention The farmer is no sattelite, nor parasite, nor subject 
From fl r 6 ’ ? Dd , ?’ S !v an eXtra ° rdinary Cr °P- IIis toil honors the earth, and it honors him with 
rom this he calculates the cost of cultivating an a proud reward. The drops that fall upon its face 
re, the product, and the profit of the operation, from his moistened brow, are put by Nature and 
is is not, of course, quite as satisfactory as Providence upon the same footing with the dews 
but if mad 6 Trl r made ° n a kl ' ger SCalG ’ Which fal1 d0 ' vn out of the evening sky. They are 
util made with strict honesty, and with care, we raised to the peerage of celestial influences in b! 
know not why it may not tell a true tale. If the culture of the ground for m^n and heist T t 
: t rr/ C0nd ;: i0n °l tbe S011 ’ the manure ’ time P lowin S> sowing and reaping, each and every pro- 
=r^r U r I 0 " 1S St f d L and the Cr ° P CeSS 0f mamial “ d -entalkbor which h7gfv es 
efully measured, we know not why this may not to that culture, takes equal rank with sublimest 
prove a valuable experiment. If 150 bushels of agencies in Nature’s rea m-equal ra. k with the 
errotsare raised on one-eighth of an acre, at a sun’s grand mission of light ZL^sol^al 
busheJs cm Id ° S a buShe ’ * e know not wh y 1 » 200 seeding and reaping are 'concerned. IIis labor is 
- s u c no be grown on an acre, by the same not an incidental auxiliary to the result rmtaen 
“““1“ .** “ me ^ " 1 «*• leM ' operation with Nature amUier forc^wWch hastea- 
ttperimentsTs being < ^fanty o ' ” P °'‘ ^ » «*■ m the process 
and issue as the first vital necessity—as a primary 
armer not long since exhibited to us a fine power among the dynamics of the material uni- 
• a of corn which he was growing for fodder. Last verse. 
rear he had made the experiment on a small scale, What fellowships !-what copartnerships ! You 
a a- ed S0 Iar ?f, a Cr0p that he was now mainl Y bronzed-faced men at the plow, think of it. You 
P “ ia S u P° n 11 lor winter fodder. Another had red-browed wielder of the scythe and sickle think 
rr Wbf / 0 bUShelS 0fcarr0ts t0 the 0f and let tba thought mike you look I; erec" 1 
Z; bl ! tb0t , h had neglected to state the facts, lest at the blue heavens above as any man who ever 
ight be subject to censure or ridicule for raised his eyes to their serene and lofty depths 
fflentf I 1 * 6 results of “pocket-handkerchief ” experi- That great and glorious sun was not made for Us 
t ,i. , °wn independent and isolated glory. It was not 
In this country we must have the results of small made for itself-not to light and warm its own in- 
fa! ime T ° r n0ne-for we have no experimental habitants, minded or mindless-for none of either 
" : e r aS in Eur n pe ’ men 0f IeiSUre and SPeCieS Can live U P° n its burning rotundity lJ 
C pment 7 T n 'Z ^ t0 the was made for this earth, and bodies like it. And 
C“ ent ® f great agricultural truths. Few the earth and its sister planets were made for men 
the failure of wh°) ” g . t0 ™ ke ex P eriments ’ * nd bein g s like m en. That sun has its work. As 
? f h h W ° U d mTolve P ecu niary loss, the centre of that great sisterhood, it produces and 
m \ SUCCessfuI ’ ar e not usually graduates all those revolutions which give us the 
; fitable t0 those - h0 make tkem - seasons, day and night, seed-time anl harvest 
e know of experiments with diflerent varieties Gran d and mighty movements are they. What is 
! guario, the present year, made with so much tke slow motion of the farmer’s plowshare in com- 
, a!e ’ tkat whatever may be the result, the crop will P ari son ! In comparison, very weak and small, in- 
^t pav lor the time and money expended in the dee d; but in copartnership, noble and glorious.— 
! v ^ be Same true other experiments, of ! Pkat *be way to put it, neighbor Broadhand_ 
j>c ve hope to give a good account at the close C0 P ar ^ ne ^ship. God and Nature thus enjoined 
be present season. . them in the morning of Creation; and what are 
nth e experiments made and reported, there ^ USJoined ’ let not man Put asunder. The revolu- 
C J aen > D0 dou bt, too much haste, and too little tl0n °f the plowshare around the orbit of the 
e 6 , t0 ° mu cb jumping at conclusions,—but an ^'mer’s fieid, turning slowly its foot-wide furrows 
^erunent, even though not reliable in all re- rank f ful1 . and even, in efTect, in necessity, in 
j, S ’ ls better than nothing, as it excites inter- di g nit Y> with the revolution of the earth, in any way 
’ makes the Question one of thought and discus- that rolls or moves. Her wheels, great and 
among practical men ; and finally those who small > mi g ht ro11 on forever; the sun might do its 
>aketL aS Wed aS ^ kose w ^° doubt, are led to best, and the moon, and the seasons in their turn • 
j ef DC trial > to Prove or disprove the theory or the softe st rains might alternate with summer sun! 
j mi S ’ and l bus knowledge is increased. While beams ! th e richest dews might fall, and the best 
;e . 1 , Dg tbls > however, we urge upon all the south breezes blow, but without the intelligent, 
bchf 7 * ° exactness iu operations designed to hopeful, heaven-honored copartnership of the farm! 
j extan/*u° r Up ° n its exactness more than upon er s toil > th ey would never turn out a sheaf of wheat 
he truth ° P an experiment depends. or bandlul of corn for human sustenance. 
■ may'we learn Sh ° uld be given ’ Nei g hbor . of tb e bronzed brow and broad hand, 
seful and important lessons. • think of this copartnership when you guide the 
Dairy Experience— (Xantity of Milk.—In ib 
last received issue of the London Gardeners' Chroni¬ 
cle, R. Me Adam, of Staffijrcshire, relates his expe 
rience as a dairyman. We extract from his article 
as follows: 
“ I he quantity of milk j Yfeed by a dairy of cows 
depends altogether on thfeu: feeding, as nothing is 
more common than farmers overstocking their 
pastures in summer, andlkeeping more stock in 
winter than they have siinicient feeding for. My 
experience leads me to bel eve that it is profitable 
to allow cows as much pa iture as they can eat in 
summer, and as many root i in winter as will main¬ 
tain them in good condition ; the quantity requisite 
to do so depends on whet ler their pastures have 
been eaten bare during sunbier, and what descrip¬ 
tion of fodder is allowed thin. When the foggage 
is good in winter, 60 pounds of turnips daily will 
keep cows in good conditioiihut when the foggage 
is bare it will require 84 pdnnds per day; this is 
assuming wheat straw as th^ fodder—where hay is 
given, less will suffice. My position being a dai¬ 
ryman, who rents cows by t le year from a farmer, 
with a certain stipulated qiantity of feeding for 
each cow, I will not speak <jf wbat might be made 
by extraordinary feeding^; only note what 
is my own routine, am results. In the 
dairy of Too cows uitj'Th winter we give 
each cow 42 lbs. of turnip^Jt 5 o’clock in the morn¬ 
ing, commence to milk atjsix; as soon as that is 
concluded, fodder with straw, then cleanse out the 
cowhouses, and currycomb all the cows, fodder 
again between 10 and 11 , and at 12 turn them out 
to drink, put another feed of 42 lbs. of turnips in 
their troughs, and allow them to return to the house 
as soon as they desire; fodder again with straw as 
soon as they have their feed of turnips consumed, 
cleanse out the cowhouse again, and after milking 
again at six o’clock, the last fodder is given between 
seven and eight o clock. The litter is carefully 
shaken up on their beds every time they get fod¬ 
der. As the cows approach calving, a little bean 
meal in a mash of steamed or boiled turnips, mixed 
with chaff or chopped straw, is given daily to each 
cow, and by the time the cow is a week calved, she 
gets half of her allowance of turnips boiled or 
steamed, and mixed with chaff, or chopped, and 
three and a half pounds of finely ground bean meal 
in each mash (given her twice every day.) After 
having tried various methods and different sorts of 
grain, as oats, wheat, barley, Indian corn, oilcake, 
rape, &c., I decidedly prefer bean meal, both for 
quantity and quality of milk and butter. These 
two mashes are given at about blood heat, being 
well mixed and saturated with water. A stock oi - 
cows calved by April 1 st, and receiving this feed¬ 
ing-assuming that all the herd have come to their 
proper time ot calving—wiil average about 11 im¬ 
perial quarts each daily, or 28 pounds per cow. I 
mention the weight as being the most certain way 
of being accurate with new milk, and in speaking 
of the quantities of butter or cheese produced by a 
stated quantity of milk, it requires to be understood 
that milk from newly calved cows does not yield so 
much butter or cheese as milk from cows approach¬ 
ing their time of going dry (in proportion to the 
weight of milk.) Thus from a stock of cows all 
calved by May 1 st, 260 lbs. of milk will give 22 
lbs. of cheese ready for the market in the month of 
June, while the same quantity of milk from the 
same cow in October will produce 28 lbs. ready for 
the market, and increase in the yield of cheese 
from the quantity of milk until the cow goes dry. 
The monthly yield of milk in my dairy stands thus : 
April. .30 days’ yield, 28 lbs. of milk daily, 840 lbs 
milk are put together after milking in the morn- 
ing, raising the temperature to from 70° to 80° 
using sweet steep, (rennet) and no more of it than 
will coagulate the milk in an hour, breaking the 
curds thoroughly at first, and after the whey is run 
off keeping up the temperature of the dairy, so as 
not to suffer the curd to cool rapidly, lifting the 
curds out of the tub and putting them into a cloth 
in a dresser and continuing to cut or break them 
up frequently, increasing the weight on them until 
they are very firm—six or eight breakings or cut¬ 
tings will suffice generally. Then mill the curd 
and salt them, and put it into the cheese press; 
having changed it in half an hour, repeat that at 
five and nine o’clock, again next morning at five 
and ten, and the cheese will be entirely dry and 
pressed by one o’clock next day. Thus a cheese 
only remains 24 hours under the press, and if prop¬ 
erly attended to the cheese will be easily pressed 
and of excellent quality. The principal feature of 
difference in the manner of making ‘Cheddar’ 
cheese, is the raising of the temperature by heated 
whey—first, after the curd is broken, to 80“ of heat, 
and afterwards when the curd has stood an hour, 
when it is raised up to 100“. This I consider the 
most rational way of getting up the temperature to 
free the curd entirely from whey, as it does it most 
effectually when properly performed.” 
The six legs are stout, very bristly, and the feet 
are furnished with strong, double claws. 
The popular English remedies are—a wash of 
arsenic, soft soap and potash; decoction of tobacco; 
train oil with spirits of turpentine; and mercurial 
ointment. 
Raxdall gives the following details of the best 
method of applying tobacco water:—“Ticks, when 
very numerous, greatly annoy and enfeeble sheep 
in the winter, and should be kept entirely out of 
the flock. After shearing, the heat and cold, the 
nibbing and biting of the sheep soon drive off the 
tick, and it takes refuge in the long wool of the 
lamb. Wait a fortnight after shearing, to allow 
all to make thi 3 transfer of residence. Then boil 
refuse tobacco leaves until the decoction is strong 
enough to kill ticks beyond a peradventure. This 
may be readily tested by experiment. Five or six 
pounds of cheap plug tobacco, or an equivalent in 
stems, &c., may be made to answer for 100 lambs. 
Coal Ashes as a Manure for Grass Lands._ 
Among American experimentalists coal ashes have 
met with little favor in the various tests that have 
been made, more, we think, from the fact that they 
have been thought valueless, than from any proofs 
furnished by a well-digested application. Occa- 
-iqnallv. writers upo^. agricultural matters furnish 
the press with statements exhibiting their efficacy, 
but the mass either pass them by with silence, or 
scout at the idea of their possessing aDy nutriment 
calculated to aid in the growth of vegetation. It is 
stated in Faulkner's Farmers’ Manual, an English 
publication on manures, that coal ashes contain 
sulphate of lime, with some potash and soda, all of 
which are known, when separately applied, to pro¬ 
duce a good effect on clover crops, and to consti¬ 
tute an important part of the food of all grasses. 
We give the following experiment by an English 
farmer, because thousands of tuns of these ashes 
may be obtained in our cities, and if they are valu¬ 
able it should be generally known. At all events, 
we need whatever light is obtainable upon the sub¬ 
ject of fertilizers: 
The ground selected contained three perches of 
clover; the first had no manure, and produced 
thirty-eight pounds when cut in full head; the 
second, where four quarts of sifted coal ashes, 
which had not been exposed to the weather, were 
applied, the produce was fifty pounds; on the third 
perch, one quart of plaster was sown, and the crop 
weighed fifty-four pounds. 
SHEEP TICKS. 
May.31 
June.80 
July.31 
Augu8t....31 
September 30 
October... 31 
November 30 
December 31 
80 
33 
26 
22 
IS 
14 
10 
4 
Milk. 
930 “ 
990 “ 
806 “ 
682 “ 
540 “ 
434 “ 
800 “ 
124 “ 
5,646 “ 
which, allowing 10 lbs. of milk on an average to 
yield 1 lb. of cheese, will leave as the year’s pro¬ 
duce of each cow 564 lbs. of cheese. This has been 
yielded by a dairy of 100 cows on an average, and 
and I have been credibly informed by a farmer in 
the high districts of New Cummock, Ayrshire, that 
he has made more off each cow; but his stock was 
extra good, also his pasture and feeding.” 
Manufacture of Cheese.— The method of cheese¬ 
making pursued by Mr. Me Adam is known as the 
Dunlop,” and the manner of operation is thus 
described“ The previous night’s and morning 
Sheep Ticks are much more numerous, and more 
annoying, than many suppose. Men of experience, 
with large flocks, generally know and apply the 
necessary remedies, but there are hundreds of 
farmers, whose time and attention are principally 
directed to grain growing, &c., and who keep but 
a few sheep, whose flocks are sorely troubled by 
this parasite, and they never discover the cause of 
the evil. This, which we have good reason to 
know, was brought particularly to our notice in 
a recent sojourn among the farmers, and induces 
us to lay a few facts before our readers. The 
accompanying engraving of the insect in its differ¬ 
ent stages is from the Cyclopedia of Agriculture. 
The decoction is poured into a deep, narrow box, 
kept for this purpose, and which has an inclined 
shelf one side, covered with a wooden grate, as 
shown in the cut. One man holds the lamb by the 
hind legs, another clasps the fore-legs in one hand, 
and shuts the other about the nostrils to prevent 
the liquid entering them, and then the lamb is 
entirely immersed. It is immediately lifted out, 
laid on one side on the grate, and the water 
squeezed out of its wool. It is then turned over 
and squeezed on the other side. The grate con¬ 
ducts the fluid back into the box. If the lambs 
are regularly dipped every year, ticks will never 
trouble a flock.” 
WHEAT CULTURE.—TIME OF SOWING. 
1 t> :) 
The Sheep Tick or louse, lives amongst the wool 
and is exceedingly annoying to lambs. Their 
oval, shining bodies like the pips of small apples, 
and similar in color, may be found attached by the 
pointed end to the wool, (see engraving fig. l; fig. 
2 , the same magnified.) These are not the eggs, 
but the pupte, which are laid by the female, and 
are at first soft and white. From these issue the 
ticks, (fig. 3; fig. 4, the same magnified;) which 
are horny, bristly, and dull ochre; the head is 
orbicular, with two dark eyes, (fig. 5 ,) and a ros¬ 
trum, in front, enclosing three fine curved tubes, 
(fig- 6 ,) for piercing the skin and sucking the 
blood. The body is large, leathery, purse-shaped 
s ‘ and whiteish when alive, and notched at the apex. 
Eds. Rural :—As the season for wheat sowing is 
rapidly approaching, it may not be inopportune to 
call for an expression in reference to the best time 
for accomplishing this work. Farmers differ in 
their practice in this respect, as in others. How 
can we arrive at correct conclusions here, unless 
we compare the results of our experience? 
My own thoughts have been more particularly 
directed to the subject, for the past few days, in 
consequence of noticing earnest recommendations 
on the part of advisers to “ sow early,” in the hope 
of being able thus to measurably avoid the ravages 
of the midge. The propriety of this advice I am 
led to doubt. What shall we understand by early 
sowing ? Perhaps we shall not agree on this point, 
and so shed ink in vain. The advice to “sow 
early ” is quite general in its terms, and admits of 
a number of precise dates. The swift man, who 
has been in the habit of scattering his grain the 
last of August, will conclude that he must sow as 
soon as the middle of that month; while the slow 
man, who has heretofore congratulated himself on 
seeing his wheat committed to the soil about the 
middle of October, will conclude that he must put 
on a little more steam and sow the first of October. 
This will be the practical effect of the injunction to 
sow early, left in general terms. 
Personally, I have been in the habit of consider¬ 
ing the last days of August or first of September, 
as early seeding-time; the middle of September as 
the medium time; and the last days of September 
or first of October as late seeding time. Now, is 
this the view of those who recommend early sow- 
ing ? If so, let us reason together. Suppose 
we sow a piece of ground the first day of Septem¬ 
ber, and another piece of the same ground the 
twentieth of September. Will there be twenty 
days difference in the time of ripening ? Will there 
be one-fifth of that time ? I doubt if there will be 
one-tenth, or two days difference in the time of 
ripening in ordinary seasons. I say I doubt it, 
simply because I do not wish to speak dogmatically, 
having never brought the test of direct experiment! 
I judge from such facts as these: An individual 
in my immediate vicinity sowed a piece of sand 
and gravel soil (a quick-soil) the last week in last 
August; I sowed a piece of heavy soil between the 
15th and 20 th of September. My wheat ripened, 
for aught I could see, as soon as his. I com¬ 
menced cutting a day or two soonest. I have 
