34 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER. 
tions as I liavc prescribed to myself, I have 
long practiced it with most decidedly bene¬ 
ficial results. 
Your correspondent thinks I am mistaken, 
as to the cost and weight of the imported 
j hull Holderness. Perhaps it may be so. I 
derived both facts from Mr. Watson, the 
owner of the animal in 1830, at the time of 
purchasing one of his stock. Possibly, the 
cost might refer to a subsequent purchase, 
and not to the first, as I apprehended. It 
is also quite possible that the addition <flT 
four or five years to his age, after leaving 
the possession of Col. Jaques, may have ma¬ 
terially altered his weight. I should great¬ 
ly marvel if it could have been less than 3,- 
000 lbs. He was longer bodied, deeper 
through the shoulders and thighs, larger 
much in every respect than my bull, whose 
weight at 5 years old was 2,200 lbs. 
The description by Lawrence, quoted by 
your friend, referring to the defects of the 
Native stock before the introduction of the 
Short-horns, furnishes ample reasons for in¬ 
troducing this noble breed among them. If 
the defects of the old stock were continued 
in the improved blood, I cannot account for 
the fact, that the English Encyclopedia, re¬ 
cognized by intelligent and educated men 
as paramount authority, should describe this 
stock, as possessing “ large size, fine bone, 
great aptitude to fatten, and excellence of 
flesh, in addition to excelling all others for 
the dairy."—Nor for the fact, that so cele¬ 
brated a nobleman as the Earl of Chester¬ 
field, should select and cultivate this breed 
as “park stock,” on account of their beauty 
and excellence. 
With the view of presenting before far¬ 
mers, tho extent to which leading traits of 
character may be transmitted to their pro¬ 
geny from the parent stock, and thus influ¬ 
encing them in their views and efforts to 
improve their cows for the dairy, I beg to 
make, (in addition to the one you have al¬ 
ready given,) another extract from the arti¬ 
cle by Arkwright, to which reference has 
been made. 
“In 1830 I purchased from the owner of 
the imported bull, a full blood calf, and bred 
from him about ten years. Like his sire he 
was pied; a deep red and pure white, and 
very perfect in form. At four years old his 
girth was 7 feet 3 inches. At five years old 
his weight was 2.200 lbs. And tho length 
of his body, from where the horn crosses the 
head, correctly and accurately measured on 
the line of his back, was 8 feet and 4 inches. 
11 is equal in length I never saw, except his im¬ 
ported sire. 
For several years, there were brought to 
him from sixty or eighty to over a hundred 
cows. And in all my acquaintance with the 
stock, I never knew an instance where the 
cow proved an inferior milker. They were 
uniformly an improvement on the common 
stock, in every particular, and often to an 
astonishing degree. I bred from a small, 
first rate native cow, a heifer that I after¬ 
wards sold, that produced a calf each 
year at three, four and fivo years old, 
and gave milk every day during tho whole 
period of the three years. Her calves were 
purchased before two weeks old, the first at 
$40, and the others at $50 each. Her mess 
was 44 quarts of rich milk per day, in the 
best of the season. One hundred dollars 
were often refused for her. I bred from him 
a cow that took the first premium at the 
cattle show in this county, in 1844, giving- 
40 quarts of milk per day. A two year old 
heifer also took the first premium for those 
qf her age, giving 24 quarts of milk per day. 
1 sold at $50, a cow 4 years old, giving 30 
quarts per day. Her first calf was dropped 
on the 1st of November, she being then two 
years old. Her mess the middle of Novem¬ 
ber, was 1G quarts per day, and the cream 
taken from fivo measured quarts of the milk 
produced seven ounces of butter, nearly 
equal to 1J lbs. per day for her whole mess. 
Ten pounds of butter per week, for a two 
years old heifer, on tho pastures of Novem¬ 
ber, is a result not often reached. 
My herd of G to 8 cows, kept for many years 
for family use, averaged not less than 24 
quarts per day to each cowin the best of the 
season. The cow still retained in use, now 
15 years old, has given annually from 24 
to 28 quarts of the richest milk per day, 
when the grass has been fresh and abundant. 
She was milked during tho season when two 
years old, beginning in May, giving a good 
mess, although she had never had a calf, and 
did not calve that season until the month of 
October. I mention this fact, singular as it 
is, though perhaps not unprecedented, mere¬ 
ly as indicating tho tendency of the breed to 
milking properties.” 
And as to tho value of this breed for tho 
slaughter, I will only add, that a pair of 
steers bred by my neighbor, with no other 
care and keeping than that given to his en¬ 
tire herd, were sold to the drover at 2 years 
old, lor $80; and at five years old were sold 
for tho slaughter for $500—their average 
weight on foot being 3,000 lbs. 
I have made these suggestions, not in the 
desire to eulogizo a favorito breed, but sole¬ 
ly with tho view to impress upon the farmer, 
in making choice of bulls to improve his 
cows for tho dairy, the importance of direct¬ 
ing his eye to those strains of blood, that 
havo been most celebrated for deep milking 
qualities, in whatever breed ho may prefer 
to make his selection. e. d. 
A bushel of wheat contains 630,000 grains 
M. f. Itnfe %l iorifttj. 
ANNUAL MEETING-WINTER EXHIBITION. 
Albany, Jan. 24, 1S52. 
D. I). T. Moore —Dear Sir :—It was our 
good fortune to arrive in Albany in time to 
! be present at the Annual Meeting, and Win¬ 
ter Exhibition of the N. Y. State Ag. Soci¬ 
ety, notwithstanding the unusual amount of 
snow, and the extreme inclemency of the 
weather. But few of the County Societies 
were represented, there being, unfortunate¬ 
ly, no system of representation established, 
but every person becoming a member, hav¬ 
ing a right to vote on all matters coming be¬ 
fore the Society. The officers elected, you 
have ere this learned from the daily journals, 
as also the proceedings of the several ses¬ 
sions, with the exception of certain portions 
which it appears the Secretary thought oi 
so little importance, that he omitted them. 
Of these wo shall have occasion to speak 
more in detail in future. 
There is an inherent wrong in the con¬ 
struction of what is known as the Executive 
Board of the State Society,—a wrong from 
which no great evil could spring when the 
Society was feeble, but which, as its power 
increases, and funds accumulate, will be 
more clearly discovered, and more sensibly 
felt. It is but natural that men should de¬ 
sire place and feel a self complaisance, in 
occupying posts of honor, though we are 
not aware that the good of any Society ren¬ 
ders it necessary to have the same persons 
always occupying such responsible positions, 
or that all the officers of an organization 
•extending over tho whole State, should be 
centered in any one locality. We have ref¬ 
erence to the Executive Board, which, as at 
present constituted, has in it very little of 
the element which can make it popular with 
the people. There is a growing jealousy 
of the power of this body, and we have 
never been so much impressed with tho just 
cause for such a feeling, as has been made 
apparent in the extreme sensitiveness of its 
members whenever a proposition is made in 
public meeting, in any way affecting their 
action; and the very prompt method they 
have of putting the quietus upon all such 
moves. We trust there will bo some slight 
improvement in these particulars, and an 
effort made to render the Society still more 
efficient in the cause of improvement. 
Tho Winter Exhibition was very good—as 
much so as could have been expected in 
the midst of so severe a storm. The an¬ 
nexed list of premiums awarded will give a 
very fair idea of tho extent of tho show, 
though it is not probable all presenting ar¬ 
ticles received premiums or honorable men¬ 
tion. Western New York shared largely in 
the display, and with credit to tho locality, 
as the premiums awarded abundantly prove. 
To Monroe County belongs tho distinction 
of having for two years in succession car¬ 
ried off the first prize on farm management, 
the premium having beon awarded to Gen. 
11. Harmon, of Wheatland, in 1850, and to 
Messrs. N. & E. S. Hayward, of Brighton, 
for 1851. Messrs. J. Karaite & Co., of 
Rochester, made an unusually fino display 
of seeds, and received, as they richly de¬ 
served, a Silver Medal. Wo should per¬ 
haps say that tho Silver Pitcher, received 
by the Messrs. Hayward, is an elegant one 
valued at fifty, dollars, constituting a prize 
for which any farmer in the Empire State 
should esteem it a privilege to contend, and 
of which the successful party has just causo 
to be proud. 
The show of Fruits was not large, and to 
our apprehension, not as select as should be 
presented when the whole State, and the 
“rest of mankind,” are invited to exhibit.— 
Indeed it cannot bo said to surpass in that 
respect the collection at our City Hall, in 
Rochester, on a recent occasion. A new 
feature in fruits was presented by Mr. 
Glover, of Fishkill, N. Y., who exhibited a 
fino collection of casts of fruit, moulded 
from nature, and colored with such skill, 
that even a close observer might be pardon¬ 
ed for mistaking the imitation for the real 
fruit. 
We learn that tho Board have nearly 
completed a Premium List for tho Fair 
which is to be held at Utica tho coming fall, 
—and have increased the number of premi¬ 
ums, as well as tho amount of those hereto¬ 
fore offered. The time of the Annual Meet¬ 
ing has been changed from the third Wed¬ 
nesday of Jan’y to the second Wednesday 
of Fob’y, that oxhibitors of fat cattle and 
others may be enabled to obtain a better 
price for their stock, tho market at the lat¬ 
ter period usually being bettor. 
As a whole tho meeting was a pleasant, 
and wo hope a profitable ono. Tho annual 
closing address of the retiring president, J. 
Delafield, Esq., was listened to with mark¬ 
ed interest, and well deserves the attention 
of tho farmers of New York, and all friends 
of improvement and of an Agricultural 
School, to which a largo portion of it was 
devoted. We are sure the members of the 
Society will part with tho retiring president 
with much regret. 
We may have occasion to revert to many 
things connected with this Annual Meeting 
at a future time. All present appeared to 
be governed by a desire to have the Society 
prosper, though it is perhaps no matter of 
surprise that there should be different plans 
proposed. h. c. w. 
The following synopsis of the proceedings 
of the Society, we condense from the Eve¬ 
ning Journal: 
At. 12 o’clock, the President of the Society, Mr. 
Delafield, assumed the Chair. 
Numerous persons enrolled their names as 
members, when 
Mr. Johnson read the annual report of the So¬ 
ciety. It referred to the cheering advancement 
of Agriculture in the State, arid to the palpable 
utility «>f tlie Society. This was evidenced in 
the retur.is from the several County Societies, 
from which returns, the increased value of farms 
cultivated on improved principles, was demon¬ 
strated. 
The report spoke, of the. importance of the 
museum of the Society—of the utility of ex- 
ch urging seeds with foreign count ries, and to the 
fact that several hundred varieties of seeds have 
been received from England,Scotland andFrance. 
It alluded also to the importance of farm drain¬ 
age—to the advantages of agricultural county 
surveys—to the necessity of an Agrictdum.l 
School—to the utility of winter exhibitions of 
fat stock, dressed nr< als, Ac.—to a modification 
of the premium list, particularly in regard to 
standard points of excellence, in cattle—to the 
propriety of trials of agricultural implements; 
to the importance of appointing committees to 
visit every County Fair, and to the success of 
the last State Fair. 
The report was accepted, on Mr. King’s mo¬ 
tion. 
Mr. Tucker, the Treasurer read his report:— 
RECEIPTS. 
Balance from last year.. . 82,4! 3 07 
From State Fair. 11,954 25 
From the State. 880 43 
Rochester Committee. 799 10 
Other items, making the total receipts of year . 17,218 85 
EXPENDITURES . 
Premiums.$5,155 73 
Expenses of Fair...8,231 49 
For County surveys. 038 24 
Salaries, &c. 1,000 13 
Other items, making total expenses. 12,545 28 
Balance on hand in cash.,. 4,071 14 
Investments. 7,0>i0 00 
Plate for medals, &c... 041 00 
Total on hand.12,318 14 
OFFICERS UK THE SOCI ETY. 
Mr. McCatty moved a committee of eight to 
report the names of officers of the Society, and 
to select a proper place for holding the next 
State Fait. 
This motion was agreed to, after some debate, 
and the committee appointed. They reported 
the following list of officers, who were all subse¬ 
quently elected by ballot: 
For President— Henry Wager, of Utica. 
Vice President, 1st dist.— James Monroe. 
“ “ 2d “ — Lewis G. Morgan. 
“ “ 31 “ —A. Van Heroen. 
“ “ 4'li “ —W C. Watson. 
“ “ 5th “ —Thko. S. Faxton. 
“ “ Cth “ — O. C Chamberlain. 
“ “ 7th “ — Chari.vb Lrr 
“ “ 8th “ —J. A. McElwain. 
Corresponding Secretary— B. P. Johnson. 
Recording “ — Erastus Corning, Jr. 
Treasurer— Lutiikr Tucker. 
Executive Committee.— J. A Covey, J. G. Blanchard, 
J Butterfield, J. B. Burnet, Win. Kelly. 
The same committee reported in favor of hold¬ 
ing the next State Fair at Utica, in case the citi¬ 
zens comply with the rules of the Society in re¬ 
gard to giving secuiity for electing buildings, Ac.., 
which was also agreed to. 
At 7 o’clock in the evening, Mr. Delafield, 
the President, presented the prize medals ob¬ 
tained at the World’s Fair, to the fortunate com¬ 
petitors. Prof. Norton afterwards delivered an 
Essay, on Science applicable to Agriculture. 
PREMIUMS AWARDED. 
MANAGEMENT OF FARMS. 
1st, N. A E. S. Hayward, Brighton, Monroe Co., 
silver cup, value $50. 
2d, McCulloch Kirtland, Cantonment Farm, 
Greenbush, cup, value $30. 
3d, Albert G. Ford, Roekton, Herkimer county, 
cup, value $20. 
DAIRY BUILDINGS. 
1st, Moses Fames, Rutland, Jefferson Co., $25. 
2d, Paris Barber, Homer, Cortland Co., $25. 
DRAINING. 
1st, John Johston, Seneca Co., cup, $30. 
2d, T. G. Yeomans, Wayne Co., cup, $20. 
BUTTER AND CHEESE. 
Butter —1st, Israel Denio, Rome, Oneida, $15 ; 
2d, N. Hitchcock, Jr., Homer, Cortland, $10 ; 3d, 
L. L. French, Warren, Herkimer, $5. 
Cheese —One sample exhibited; no premium 
awarded. 
FIELD CROPS. 
Winter Wheat —1st, Samuel L. Thompson, Se- 
tauket, Suffolk, 1 acres 54j^ bushels per acre, $20; 
2d, E. M. Bradley, East Bloomfield, Ontario, 41^< 
bush, per acre, $15 ; 3d, James McCready, Platts^ 
burgh, Clinton, 2 acres, 43 bush, per acre, $5. 
Spriny Wheat —1st, Charles W. Foils, West¬ 
moreland, Oneida, 2 .acres, 30 bush. 501bs. pr acre 
$15. 
Rye —E. W. Bushnell, Hillsdale, Columbia, 2 
acres, 40 bushels 22 lbs. per acre, $15 ; S. Foster, 
Hillsdale, Columbia, 2 acres, 42 bu. per acre, $15. 
Oats —1st, Peter Crispell, Jr., Hadley, Ulster, 2 
acres, 82 bu. 20 qts. per acre, $15 ; 2d, H. B. Bart¬ 
lett, Paris, Oneida, 2 acres, 72. 1 4 bu. per acre, 10 ; 
3d, E. W. Bushnell, Hillsdale, Columbia, 2 acres, 
85 bu. 4 qts. per acre, 5 ; J. Foster, Hillsdale, Co¬ 
lumbia, 2 ac:NM, 84U£ bu. per acre. 
Indian Corn —E. M. Bradley, East Bloomfield, 
Ontario, 5 55-100 acres, 93 bu. per acre, $20. 
FLAX, TOBACCO, TIMOTHY SEED, POTATOES AND 
ROOTS. 
Flax —1st, Benjamin Aikens, Pittstown, $10. 
Tobacco —1st, Tlios. A. Smith, Syracuse, $5. 
Timothy Seed —1st, Dow VanVechten, $5; 2d, 
E. W. Eells, Westmoreland, Oneida, 3. 
GRAIN. 
Buckwheat —1st, L. L. French, Warren, Herki¬ 
mer, $10; 21, David Conrad, Brunswick, Rens¬ 
selaer, 8. 
Peas— E. S Salisbury,Ellisburgh, Jefferson,$10; 
2d, L. L. French, Warren, Herkimer, 8 ; 3d, E. M. 
Bradley, East Bloomfield, Ontario, 5. 
Beans —1st, E. S. Salisbury, Ellisburgh, Jeffer¬ 
son, $10. 
Barley —1st, Benjamin Enos, Madison, $15; 2d, 
E. R. Dix, Vienna, Oneida, 10; 3d, Win. Davidson, 
Hartwick, Otsego, 5. 
GRAIN —TWENTY BUSHELS. 
Spriny Wheal —1st, Geo. K. Eells, Kirkland, 
Oneida, $8; 2J, David Conrad, Brunswick, Rens¬ 
selaer, 5. 
Barley —1st, Wm. Davidson, Hartwick, Otsego, 
$5. 
Corn —1st, B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush, $5; 2d, 
Adam Laborence, Bethlehem, Albany, 3. 
Rye —1st, David Conrad, Brunswick, Rensse¬ 
laer, $5. 
Oats —1st, J. McD. McIntyre, Albany, $5.— 
There were two other samples exhibited, but be¬ 
ing mixed with Barley no premium was awarded. 
SEEDS. 
Timothy —1st, C. W. Eells, Westmoreland, Onei¬ 
da, $5. 
Messrs. Rapalje A Co., Rochester, had on exhi¬ 
bition several samples of beans, peas, Ac., silver 
medal. 
Messrs. Emery A Co., Albany, exhibited a great 
variety of samples of peas, beans and garden seeds, 
which were pronounced by good judges as being 
beautiful samples. Highly commended. 
FRUITS. 
For collections of Fruit they have awarded to 
J. C. Hastings. Clinton ; C. Goodrich, Burlington, 
Vt; H. D. Adams, T. G. Yeomans, J. Merritt, R. 
Brown. F. W. Lay, David Emory, Peter Slingcr- 
land, W. Newcomb, B. B. Kirtland, Sam’l Morgan, 
P. Barber, J. H. Watts, John Donnellan, D. L. 
Bailey, Thomas Johnson, J. C. Campbell—“Bar¬ 
ry’s Fruit Garden.” 
R. G. Pardee, J. H. Vandervere, Wm. Foster, 
Joseph Cary—“ Downing’s Fruits.” 
E. B. Lucas, Samuel Cary, I). S. Curtis, Sam’l 
Thompson, Joel Hall—“ Thomas’s Fruit Culture.” 
The committee have examined a collection of 
models of fruits and insects prepared by Townsend 
Glover, of Fishkill, to which they recommended 
gold medal of the Society—which is awarded. 
FAT CATTLE AND SHEEP. 
Best Fat Ox —L. Turner, Geneseo, $15; 2d, do. 
B. McNeil, Schoharie, 10. 
Best Fat Steer —B. McNeil, Schoharie, $15; 2d, 
do. Milton Knickerbocker, Schodack, 10. 
Best Fat Cow —-W. A- Mills, Geneseo, $10 ; 2d, 
do. W. A. Mills, 5 
Best. Fat Heifer —D. S. Baker, West Bloomfield, 
$10; 2d, do. Wm. A. Mills, Geneseo, 5. 
Fat Sheep — Lony Woolcd —1st, B. McNiel, Scho¬ 
harie, $8. 
Middle Wooled —1st, J. McD. McIntyre, Albany, 
Southdown, $8; 2J, D. S. Baker, West Bloom¬ 
field, 5. 
Cross Breed —1st, B. McNeil, Schoharie, $8; 2J, 
D. S. Baker, West Bloomfield, 5. 
SWINE. 
Christian Knapp, two live hogs, $8. 
RECOMMENDED FOR SPECIAL PREMIUMS-CAT¬ 
TLE, VERY FINE. 
L. Turner, Geneseo, 1 ox, $8. 
B. McNeil, Schoharie, 1 ox, $8. 
J D. Ledyard, Jr., Cazenovia, 1 ox, $8. 
D. S. Baker, West Bloomfield, heifer, $5. 
W. A. Mills, Geneseo, heifer, $5. 
COMMENDED. 
J. M. Hills, large ox. 
Elon Shelden, pair oxen; D. S. Baker, West 
Bloomfield, pair white steers ; J. D. Ledyard, Jr., 
Cazenovia; L. Turner, Geneseo, twin steers; E. 
Corning, Jr., exhibited a two year old Hereford 
heifer, as a breeding animal, very superior. 
CARCASS AND DRESSED MEATS. 
Dressed Mutton —1st premium, Long-wooled, to 
Patrick Downey, $5. 
Cross Breed —1st, to Patrick Downey, $5. 
South Down —1st, Charles Snowden, $5 ; 2d, 
Charles Snowden, 3. 
The committee on dressed meats made the fol¬ 
lowing awards. 
Dressed Hoys—Weiyhiny over 300 lbs. —1st, E. 
Gove A Sons, Watervliet, Albany, weight 574 lbs. 
$5 ; 2d, H O’Hara Scipio, Cayuga, weight 569 
lbs, 3. Under 300 lbs. —1st, Richard Gregory, 
Fleming, Cayuga, $5 ; 2d, Wm. Davidson, Hart- 
wick, 3. 
DRESSED POULTRY. ( 
Turkeys —1st, B. B. Kirtland, Greenbush, $2 ; 
2d, W. H. Richardson, Albany, 1. 
Geese —1st, Samuel R. Mott, Mechanicsville, 
Saratoga, $2. 
Ducks —1st, Wm. H. Richardson, $2. 
DRESSED BEEF. 
Best Native Ox in quarters. —1st, Chas. Snow¬ 
den, of Albany, fatted by Samuel McGraw, Cort¬ 
land Co., diploma; 2d, JamesBattersby, Albany, 
fatted by Mr. McGraw, silver medal. 
LIVE FOWLS. 
The committee highly recommended some Eng¬ 
lish Dorkings, exhibited by Master B. W. Johnson, 
as also a fine pair of Shanghae chickens. 
Ogden Osborn, of Watervliet, a very extraor¬ 
dinary pair of "hanghae fowls, that wifi do credit 
to any show. 
Very fine Shanghaos, by Mr. Younghans. 
Five black Polands, by Wm. Richardson, of 
Albany. 
THOROUGH TILLAGE. 
J. Redmond, of York Co.. Pa., in the Farm 
Journal, argues in favor of thorough tillage, 
which next to, and indeed equal to, manure, 
should be impressed upon the mind of every 
farmer. He justly says : 
“ One of the great elements of fertiliza¬ 
tion in soils, is the perfect loosening of them, 
so that tho different ingredients composing 
them, be thoroughly incorporated, and bro’t 
to the surface, and thus receive the advant¬ 
ages of exposure to the sun and atmosphere. 
None but a simpleton would pretend to 
doubt the value of manure, or assert the pos¬ 
sibility of growing good crops for any length 
of time without it, but he is scarcely wiser 
who believes (and manifests his belief in bis 
daily practice.) that Ins crops will bo abun¬ 
dant where bis tillage is meagre. Show me 
the husbandman whose plowing is shallow 
—whose breaking of tho clods preparatory 
to seeding is imperfectly done—whose fields 
are strangers to the roller, and look very 
much as though tho harrow or cultivator 
had nevor been used upon them, and I will 
show you poor yields—yields that will scarce¬ 
ly pay for the labor and expense, much less 
leave any profit behind.” 
SAVE THE MANURE HEAP. 
Every man who has kept horses knows 
how a heap of horse manure will heat and 
burn. A heap which would measure ten 
cords will burn away some cords of its bulk, 
while the process of fermentation is going- 
on. I use the term burn, for there is some¬ 
thing more than rotting about it. 
Stable manure from oxen and cows, if so 
gathered as to include the urine with the 
solid excrements of cattle, upon being work¬ 
ed over, will commence a rapid fermentation, 
and will undergo a great change, becoming- 
less in bulk and very light. Many persons 
work over their manure heaps and add 
quicklime to hasten their fermention, or 
burning, from the supposition that the ma¬ 
nure is greatly benefited by such a change 
as it undergoes in the heap. v - 
That the manure is so changed as to have 
a more immediate effect upon the plants it 
will support, is not disputed. But it is con¬ 
tended that in tho course of this fermenta¬ 
tion, as it is usually allowed to go on, a very 
valuable and large portion of its properties 
are expelled from the heap, go into the air, 
and are lost. And, such burned manure, 
when applied to beans, peas, wheat, or other 
plants needing much nitrogen, and having in 
their constituents much gluten, does very 
little good. 
For the formation of muscle, in man or 
beast, food must be taken which contains a 
large amount of gluten, in which peas, beans 
and wheat are uncommonly rich. To pro¬ 
duce such plants as are rich in gluten, nitro¬ 
genous manures must be applied. Tho 
urine of animals contains a very large 
amount, and we may speak of it in the form 
of ammonia. More or less of it is in every 
manure heap. 
During the fermentation, which I havo 
called burning, of tho manure, under ordi¬ 
nary circumstances, the ammonia is separa¬ 
ted and goes off in the atmosphere. This : s 
a very great loss. The manure, for ordina¬ 
ry purposes, loses a large portion of its value; 
while for many crops it becomes nearly 
valueless. Every farmer and stable-keeper 
should know how to prevent the escape of 
the ammonia from his manure heap. 
Plaster of Paris, (sulphato of lime) has 
been recommended by some,-and is valuable 
to a certain extent. I do not wish to un¬ 
dervalue it. If a manure heap is covered 
with it to a sufficient depth, it will retain 
the ammonia. But such a mere powdering 
and whitening of the surface of the heap as 
is sometimes seen, will be of little use. 
What sulphuric acid there is with the 
lime, in forming the plaster, will enter into 
combination with tho ammonia, producing 
sulphate of ammonia. This is a valuable 
service. And if the quantity of plaster used 
is equal to the circumstances of the case, it 
will do all that is required. But that will 
not often be tho case. 
Plaster is exceedingly valuable, when 
sown among wheat or peas, or beans or clo¬ 
ver, as a top dressing. It takes into com¬ 
bination with it the nitrogen of the air, and 
absorbs the ammonia of tho falling rain. 
To meet the wants of the manure heap, I 
think that sulphuric acid (oil of vitriol) di¬ 
rectly applied with water, will be found 
much cheaper and more valuable. 
Mix with ten gallons of water ono pint of 
the acid, and saturate the manure heap with 
it. providing of course, according to the size 
of tho heap and its disposition to heat. Tho 
sulphuric acid with the ammonia will form 
sulphate of ammonia, and both of theso 
properties enter into the composition of our • 
most valuable plants or products of the soil. 
The cost of a few gallons of sulphuric acid 
for such a purpose would bo money at a 
very large per cent, interest. But let it bo 
handled cautiously, by tho inexperienced, 
lest - injuries be the consequence of care¬ 
lessness. Put the water into a wooden ves¬ 
sel, and then put the acid to it. There is 
nothing lost, in this application. The sul¬ 
phuric acid would enter into the plants, if 
applied to tho soil separate from the manure. 
There is a great profit in it. Tho most 
valuable properties of tho manure hpap aro 
kept from waste.— JY. E. Farmer. 
MAKING AND KEEPING BUTTER. 
When the cream is-taken off the milk, I 
put it in a stone or earthern crock, there to 
stand in warm weather from 24' to 36 hours, 
in the winter season from two to throe days; 
during that time it must bo well stirred up 
two or three times a day, and kept whereit 
will not freeze in winter and whereit will bo 
cool in the summer season, and when it is 
ready for churning it is poured in a wooden 
churn, and with very few minutes labor, I 
have my butter ready to take up, which I do 
with the dasher of tho churn, and -put in 
some vessel for working and washing out the 
milk, which I do with a paddle, using the I 
coldest water I can get, and changing the 
water two or three times. 
After working the milk and water out as 
well as I can with the paddle, 1 salt it well 
and pack it in a crock, where I let it stand 
several days, then re-work it, and if it is in 
the spring of the year, and I wish to keep it 
through the summer, I let it stand open a 
few days longer, then work it over again, 
then pack it close and firmly away in a jar 
or firkin, using a thick paddle to press it 
down closely; after sprinkling some fine salt 
on the bottom of the jar, I pack very closo 
and firm a layer of butter three or four 
inches thick, then more salt, then butter 
again and so on until tho jar is full, then 
cover with a clean wbito rag, and tie a pa- j 
per over the top of the jar. 
Butter made and kept in that manner we 
have on our tablo every day the whole year 
round, as sound as a nut, and I am in great 
hopes of soon having an opportunity of | 
sending you a pint of butter made last spring j 
and preserved in that manner, through the ] 
tho whole summer and fall, that you may | 
testify to its being equal, if not superior, to 1 
butter preserved in saltpetre and doublo re- j 
fined loaf sugar .—Valley Farmer. 
