MOOIIE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER, 
HOW WE WINTER SHEEP- 
In this region, (Western New York,) our 
winters are long, though not generally se¬ 
vere. There are very few seasons that 
sheep do not require hay by the 20th of 
November, and they should not be let out 
to grass before the fifteenth of May. The 
farmer, therefore, must prepare at least 
six months forage for his stock. 
It is a great loss to feed sheep hay upon 
the ground or in any placo where they can 
run over it. For if it is windy or stormy 
it is blown away or covered up, if not it gets 
trampled into tho mud. The most profita¬ 
ble method for either sheep or cattle, is to 
feed under shelter in racks or mangers. By 
so doing, full one-third of your hay will be 
saved. For our lambs we have a building' 
ninety feet long by twenty feet wide, posts 
eight feet and double roof—boarded, not 
shingled. Through tho centre is a rack 
eighty feet long, and in one corner plenty 
of fresh water. On the sides a row of feed¬ 
ing troughs, made from boards one inch 
thick, and five inches wido, nailed together 
making a V. In this shed or barn, the lambs 
will remain until turned out to grass. They 
will be fed with oil meal, corn, peas, some 
beans, ruta bagas and bran. It would glad¬ 
den the heart of any man to sec how com¬ 
fortable and happy the little fellows appear; 
and it makes us sleep much sounder, know¬ 
ing that they are so well cared for. There 
are 175 in the building, and when disposod 
to have the “ blues” we go and look at the 
lambs. Their perfect happiness and con¬ 
tentment soon dispel the vapors, although 
we know they have no notes to pay or busi¬ 
ness to look after. The saving by this 
method of feeding is very great, and the in¬ 
creased weight of the fleece will nearly pay 
for their winter keep. 
All my other sheop will feed from racks 
under cover, and be allowed in dry weather 
to run in a small yard, and will be let to run 
until they go to a full pasture. They will 
also get a small feed of grain and roots. 
In warmer regions smaller sheds would 
answer, for the shelter need only to bo of 
short duration. Our shed is made by dig¬ 
ging holes in the ground and setting posts 
of any kind of timber into them. Five 
thousand feet of lumber will make it, and 
the cost here is about $50. It will accom¬ 
modate 250 sheep comfortably. The saving 
by feeding undercover rather than out,will 
be equal to twenty cents per head, and the 
increase of wool will be equal to half a 
pound, at least, which we will call seventeen 
cents more. But this does not show all the 
gain, for there is a very handsome sum saved 
in tho growth of the sheep, and their better 
condition in summer. If our figures be cor¬ 
rect, and we know them to be too low, rath¬ 
er than too high, the careful farmer gets 
thirty-seven cents per sheep over tho care¬ 
less one, for six months caro of his sheep. 
A very handsome profit.— Wool Grower. 
A large farm without skill, capital and 
industry, is a plague to its owner. It is like 
what somebody said of self-righteousness, 
the more you have of it the worse you are 
off. 
Domestic (Srononnj. 
3SEF FOR FAMILY USE. 
No corned beef is better than that salted 
in clear salt and water, provided it is to be 
used within three or four weeks from the 
time of salting. But when it is to be kept 
several months, something must be added 
to prevent the meat taking up too much salt. 
The tendency is for tho meat to take up«ealt 
and exclude its own juices, thus leaving a 
hard, dry fibre, penetrated with salt, and 
about as nutritious and fit for the table, as 
a boiled heel-tap ! Wo give a recipe for pre¬ 
serving beef, one which wo have tested. 
Let the meat bo thoroughly cool, but not 
frozen; sprinkle the bottom of the barrel 
with clear Turk’s Island salt, pack the pieces 
and sprinkle salt, and in this manner fill tho 
barrel. Add to this six pounds of clean 
brown sugar, sprinkled upon the meat as 
you pack. This process is only for the cold 
weather, requires but little salt and the bar¬ 
rel must be kept in a cool place. As soon 
as the weather becomes warm enough to af¬ 
fect tho meat it must bo taken out. washed 
in cold water and put into new brine suffi¬ 
ciently strong to preserve it, adding 2 lbs. of 
sugar, with cloves and allspice, if desirable. 
The following is the recipe of ono of the 
largest beef packers in Quincy Market.— 
Three pecks of Turk’s Island salt and four 
pounds of sugar to a barrel of beef, lie 
uses the three pecks of salt beside that used 
in making tho brine.—«Y ew England Far. 
PRESERVING- HAMS. 
One of tho most effectual methods of pre¬ 
serving hams is to placo them in good sweet 
pickle made from pure rock-salt, with the 
addition of a pound of clean sugar for every 
peck of salt used. When sufficiently salted 
take thorn out on a dry, cool day, if possible, 
and sprhikle them thoroughly with clean, 
dry, hickory wood-ashes. Hang them up 
as high in tho smoke-house as possiblo, and 
smoke them with cool smoke made from 
hickory wood or corn-cobs. When suffi¬ 
ciently smoked, take down the meat, (always 
before the skipper-fly makes his appearance) 
and pack it perfectly dry in casks in the 
following manner : First put a layer of hams 
in perfectly clean, dry hickory ashes, filling 
closely every crevice about tho hams, and 
then a course of corn cobs broken small, 
(or, if ground it would bo better.) and soon, 
alternately a layer of hams in ashes and ono 
of cobs, until the cask is filled; then cover 
or head it up tight, and keep it in a dry, 
cool placo. Hams cured and preserved in 
this way will bo perfectly sweet and good 
for two or three years. 
dDrtjjarb anb dnrbtn. 
THE LEAF BLIGHT ON PEAR TREES. 
Ens. Rural New-Yorker :—The success¬ 
ful growing of pear stocks both in the seed 
bed and nursery rows is attended with seri¬ 
ous difficulty, from the fact that they are 
liable to a disease called Loaf Blight, (tho 
diagnois o seems not to he avcII un¬ 
derstood by our tree growers,) and latterly, 
it has become a serious draw-back on the 
successful growing of the standard frees. 
All our book writers mention this disease, 
but differ in opinion as to the probable cause 
—some attributing it to one thing and some 
to another. When I first commenced the 
nursery business there was no such thing as 
leaf blight known in that part of the coun¬ 
try, and the first that came under my ob¬ 
servation, was on the leaves of a pear tree 
called Soldat Laboreur, which was procured 
from a nursery on Long Island. This tree 
was set in a row of seedling pears. In the 
course of the summer, I noticed something 
unusual in the Appearance, of its loaves, and 
at this time, I had 80,000 pear seedlings 
growing in the vicinity of this tree, in one 
section, the rows running north and south. 
About the time that I observed this blight 
on the standard tree, there ocurred a storm 
! of rain and wind from the south-west and 
in a few days, the same appearance of blight 
showed itself on the seedlings diagonally 
across, and in the exact direction that the 
wind was blowing during this storm, and 
from this it spread each way until the seed¬ 
lings were all affected in the same manner 
and stripped of their leaves. 
This happened so late in the season that 
these seedlings did not winter kill. The 
next spring they were set in nursery rows 
—the blight again showed itself earlier than 
in the year previous, and nine-tenths died 
tho next winter in consequence—the loss of 
the leaves preventing the wood from becom¬ 
ing sufficiently matured to withstand the 
effects of freezing. This blight became sg 
prevalent that it affected tho lower branch¬ 
es of large standard trees, and it was com¬ 
municated to quince stocks, and it was found 
impossible to bud them in consequence. 
In tho same neighborhood stood another 
nursery of standard pear trees which were 
making their first year’s growth from tho 
bud ; these were also attacked with this dis¬ 
ease, but it did not Appear as virulently as 
it had done on the first mentioned seedlings. 
This section of budded trees stood near 
tho middle of this nursery, along the 
border of which pear seedlings were 
growing in a bed of near fifty rods in length. 
Tho blight commenced on these directly 
opposite to the budded trees and gradually 
spread each way until the whole were dis¬ 
eased, and lost their leaves. 
Ic is unnecessary for me to describe the 
blight, as I believe that every nurseryman 
in the State is familiar with its appearance 
and effects. But I will give my notions as 
to what it may bo caused by, and it is by 
years of close observation that I have mado 
up my mind. I think it is caused by a spe¬ 
cies of fungii, the seeds of which are liable 
to be carried by tho wind, tools, clothing, 
&c., with which they coino in contact, hut 
they need a certain degree of moisture and 
heat to enable them to attach themselves to 
the leaves, which are congenial to their 
growth. I have found that tho higher tho 
trees aro from tho earth the less l.able the 
leaves are to become diseased—as the seeds 
from their weight aro not lifted high in air 
by the wind, but fall gradually. I have 
known tho seeds to be carried some distance 
by a stream of water in a heavy rain, and 
then come in contact with pear leaves and 
attach themselves. This fact was evident 
because it showed itself in this case, first in 
the depressions in tho surface of tho leaves 
where the water would naturally stand for 
a short time. 
After I became convinced that this dis¬ 
ease was caused by what I have stated, I 
made up my mind to plant my pear seeds 
away from the vicinity of any other pear 
trees by which it might be communicated, 
and tho result has coino up to my anticipa¬ 
tions, for I have again succeeded ingrowing 
as fmo pear stocks as any nurseryman could 
desiro In all cases I have grown pear 
stocks perfectly free from blight during the 
first season of their growth, and so luxuriant 
that I havo been obliged to pick off tho 
loaves each fall, to render them fit to ho 
packed for transportation, as they are liablo 
to heat without such precaution. I can re¬ 
fer to many persons in high standing as 
nurserymen in regard to the quality of the 
stocks which I have furnished, thus grown 
away from all other trees. For tho benefit 
of tree growers I will suggest to such as 
aro anxious to proeuro good pear stocks, 
that they provido themselves with seed and 
employ somo friend whom they can confide 
in, living at a distance from any nur¬ 
sery, to plant them and bestow such other 
attention as tho young plants may require 
during their first season’s growth. By 
adopting this plan and carrying it out to the 
letter, they will bo confirmed in the belief 
that what I have stated in reference to this 
matter is at least common sense. 
Much depends on having healthy pear 
stocks if we expect to grow good trees, and 
I have found that when they becomo blight¬ 
ed during their first year’s 'growth, it will 
require a great length of time, with the very 
highest degree of culture, to create a growth 
sufficient to allow them to bo budded suc¬ 
cessfully; but if a healthy growth can be 
secured by any means, all further difficulty 
of this kind will be obviated more or less, 
according to circumstances. For instance, 
if healthy pear stocks were transplanted in 
a close proximity to a lot of diseased ones, 
the disease would in a very short tirno spread 
itself over these healthy plants, from tho fact 
that a great quantity of spores or seeds would 
be ripened from the fungus on the diseased 
trees and be communicated directly to the 
leaves of tho healthy, which would not hap¬ 
pen if the latter had been planted at a dis¬ 
tance from the former. I have never known 
this fungus to attack a lot of healthy stocks 
simultaneously—it has its ♦origin in the ma¬ 
ture plants, and tho second crop is always 
diseased in proportion to tho number first 
ripened; a single spot might furnish seed for 
a hundred others but if there was no other 
pear stocks near for them to attach them¬ 
selves to, they would lodge upon the ground 
and perish. I can compare this disease to 
nothing but fire.* Wo all know that so 
long as there are combustible materials in 
connection, so long will tho fire rage and 
continue until the inflammable materials are 
consumed; and thus, a small spot of leaf 
blight that can be covered with a man’s hat 
will spread over an an acre in a season, and 
continue to spread as long as their remains 
green pear leaves which afford nourishment 
for this species of fungus. 
The following, which is summed up in a 
small space, is all that is requisite in order 
to grow pear stocks :—A complete separa¬ 
tion from all other nursery trees, and the 
requisite labor to bo performed by an indi¬ 
vidual who has nothing to do with other 
nursery matters. Tools to be used especial¬ 
ly by the pear stock grower, and no other 
nurseryman. The soil such as has never 
been used for growing a nursery of fruit 
trees—a piece of old meadow or pasture, 
manured highly with well rotted stable ma¬ 
nure and leached ashes, as much of the for¬ 
mer as can be plowed in. Frequent hoeing, 
especially during the fore part of the sea¬ 
son. This is of much importance as fre¬ 
quent stirring of the surface of tho earth 
will have a tendency to keep the ground 
moist, so that the young plants will not 
suffer during any drouth that may happen, 
for a regular supply of moisture is very 
essential to their welfare. 
It costs but little more to grow a crop of 
pear seedlings than it does a crop of apple 
seedlings—tho former sells readily at $10 
per thousand, at one year’s growth; it re¬ 
quires two years to grow the latter, and 
they bring about $3,50 per thousand, so 
that the difference in the profits amount to 
considerable. I would also suggest that 
pear seed be covered with sifted leaf mould 
or muck, for if covered with such earth as 
the stocks should be grown in, it will bake 
and become so hard that it will be impossi¬ 
ble for the seeds to make their way through 
it, and consequently perish. Too much care 
cannot be bestowed upon the preparation of 
the land, planting the seed, and cultivation 
afterwards. It would likewise bo well to 
take the seed from fruit grown upon free 
growing, healthy trees, for tho young stocks 
will in a measure correspond with tho char¬ 
acter of the treo that bore the seed, and this 
will continue during their natural lives. 
I. Hildreth. 
Big Stream I’oint, Jan. 10, 1852. 
♦When the reader happens to sec 200,000 pear stocks In 
a section, and the leaf blight sweeping over them, he can 
ti.en understand the comparison. I have seen this in a 
nursery near Geneva, Ontario Co. 
Garden Walks. —It has always appeared 
to rno that the grand principle, of preven¬ 
tion of weeds on walks has been overlooked; 
and, in a late visit to Shrubland, I put tho 
question to Mr. Benton, whose experience 
in such matters is great, and ho at onco 
took me to somo new walks, then making, 
where a solid bottom of concrete, formed of 
marl and coarse gravel, was first rammed 
down hard, before the dress gravel was laid 
on; after tins, few or no weeds will grow; 
and I may observe that my own walks are 
formed in the same way, and there is scarce 
a weed to be seen on them.— Souihern Cvlt. 
Frozen Plants. —Neglect of servants, 
absenco from home, or unexpected cold 
weather will occasionally result in tho freez¬ 
ing of an amateur cultivator’s collection of 
green house plants. Whenever such occur¬ 
rence does happen, immorso tho plants in 
cold water for five minutes, then placo them 
where they will bo shaded from any strong- 
light, and subject to a temperature of about 
50° Fahrenheit, or that of a common sit: 
ting-room.— Ohio Farmer. 
The terror of being thought poor, has 
been tho ruin of thousands. 
Mi'i'jnmii' Slrts & $netice. 
LIST OF PATENT CLAIMS 
ISSUED FROM THE UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE, 
For the week ending January 13, 1552. 
To Christopher Aumock, of Columbus, O., for 
improvement in machines for scouring knives and 
forks. 
To James R. Creighton, of Cincinnati, O., for 
blind and shutter operator. 
To Gustavus L. Haussknecht, of New Haven,for 
improvement of running gear of carriages. 
To John Johnson, of Troy, N. Y., assignor to 
Elias Johnson, of same place, for improvement in 
apparatus for cutting tho pile of piled fabrics. 
To Philos Rlalce, of New Haven, Conn., for im¬ 
provement in lanterns. 
To John W. Bowers, of Brookline, Mass., for im¬ 
provement in ornamental painting on glass, etc. 
To Albert Ernes, of Springfield, Mass., assignor 
to Charles T. Shelton, of New York, N. Y., for 
improvement in machines ror dressing stone. 
To Henry Filbum, of Dayton, O., for improve¬ 
ment in the shakers of winnowing machines. 
To Henry Jenkins, of Cincinnati, O., for im¬ 
proved ornamental connection of the parts of an 
iron fence. 
To Harrison W. Lewis, of Bath, N. Y., for im¬ 
provements in beveling planes. 
To Charles A. Maxfield, of Troy, N. Y., for im¬ 
provement in looms for weaving piled fabrics. 
To Bartholomew O’Brien, of Rochester, N. Y., 
for improvement in machines for making sugar 
candy. 
To Horatio B. Osgood, of Thompsonville, Conn, 
for improvement in the apparatus for attaching 
pieces of metal to each other by casting. 
To Alfred Platt, of Waterbary, Conn., for im¬ 
provement in buckwheat fans. 
To Samuel T. Sanford, of Fall River, Mass., for 
improvement in machinery for punching sheets of 
metal. 
To Edward Satterlee, of Albany, N. Y., for im¬ 
provements in apparatus for moulding in flasks. 
To Jacob Senneff, of Philadelphia, Pa., i'Or im¬ 
provement in metallic lieddles. 
To Allen Sherwood & Avery Babbett, of Au¬ 
burn, N. Y., for improvement in turning prisms, 
<fec. 
RE-ISSUES. 
Charles A. Spiing and Peter Boon, of Kensing¬ 
ton, Pa., for improvement in planing machines.— 
-Patented July 30, 1850. 
DESIGNS. 
To James Wager, David Pratt, A Volncy Rich¬ 
mond, of Troy, N. Y., for design for stoves. 
To James Paterson, of Elizabethtown, N. J., 
assignor to James Albro of same place, for design 
for floor oil cloth. 
To John Burgess, of Troy, N. Y., assignor to 
Geer, Chaffee & Richmond, of same place, for de¬ 
sign for coal stoves. 
MAGNETISM AND THE NORTHERN LIGHTS. 
When I was a lad about seven years of 
age, iny parents settled in what was then 
called the western wilderness, and I remem¬ 
ber that a few evenings after our arrival the 
northern lights—a grand and beautiful dis¬ 
play of natural fireworks—were seen. I 
had never observed it before, and inquired 
tho cause, hut no ono could tell the why or 
wherefore. Soon after this a surveyor’s 
compass was shown me, and I was told the 
needle always pointed north and south. I 
asked why it did so, but none could tell, and 
often since havo I asked surveyors and oth¬ 
ers the same question, but never obtained a 
satisfactory answer. 
In July, 1S40, my house was struck with 
lightning, and a portion of tho electric fluid 
in its descent passed through an old saw¬ 
mill file and converted it into a magnet of 
such power that it would hold up a twenty- 
penny nail. My curiosity was re-excited, 
and I determined if possible, to know more 
about magnetism. On reflection I became 
satisfied that if electricity would produce 
magnetism, as in this case, magnetism and 
electricity must be near relatives if not one 
and the same thing. In searching for books 
on tho subject I soon found Euler’s “Let¬ 
ters to a German Princess,” in which he 
says the earth is a vast magnet—that the 
magnetic fluid issues from ono polo of tho 
earth and passes through tho atmosphere in 
a direct lino to the opposite pole, where it 
enters tho earth again and passes through 
it to the placo from whence it first issued, 
and that every magnet has a similar vortex 
around itself. Every magnet has its poles 
and its equator and every magnet controls 
an amount of fluid according to its power. 
Now wo will suppose the magnetic fluid 
issues from the north, it must of course en¬ 
ter the north end of the needle and as that 
end which points north is attracted to the 
north and is repelled from the south, so that 
end which points south is attracted to the 
south and repelled from the north, the nee¬ 
dle, therefore, when placed on a pivot vi¬ 
brates and places itself exactly in the line 
of that fluid and becomes a conductor to it 
and it passes through with the velocity of 
lightning, (but goes more slowly through the 
atmosphere.) This, therefore, is tho reason 
why the needle poiuts north and south. 
If, then, electricity and magnetism are 
both ono, (and I believe tiiey are) and the 
earth a vast magnet with such an immense 
1 amount of fluid constantly issuing from 
the northern regions, is it anything singular 
that in tho absence of the sun and moon, 
when tho atmosphere is clear and right, that 
this fluid should becomo luminous and ex¬ 
hibit all the appearances of northern lights? 
I would give it as my opinion that tho mag¬ 
netic fluid issues all over the north temper¬ 
ate and north frigid zones; or in o er words, 
that it commences issuing at the Tropic of 
Cancer and increases in quantity as you ap¬ 
proach tho north magnetic polo. The dip 
of the needle would indicate this. Conse¬ 
quently it enters all over the south temper¬ 
ate and south frigid zones—that it begins to 
enter at the tropic of Capricorn and contin¬ 
ues to enter in increased quantities till it 
arrives at tho south magnetic pole. 
South Granby, Oswego Co., Jan., 1852. 8. P. 
POISON OF LEAD AND CE MERCURY. 
Among familiar examples of slow poison¬ 
ing is tho disease known by the name of 
painters’ colic. It is produced in lead mines 
and lead works by inhaling load dust, and 
elsewhere not unfrequently by drinking wa¬ 
ter impregnated with lead. The metal be¬ 
ing introduced into the system in a soluble 
form, makes its way elsewhero among tho 
tissues, and lays the foundation of chronic 
and frequently returning pains. But diluted 
ed sulphuric acid or sulphuretted waters, like 
those of Ilarrowgate, render load insoluble 
in water, whether in the body or out of it, 
and are thereforo prescribed as common 
remedies for tho painters’ colic. Observa¬ 
tion, meanwhile, has shown that these rem¬ 
edies, though they assuage or remove tho 
symptoms of tho disease, still leave the lead 
which caused, it diffused in an inert state 
through tho body—ready, when favorable 
conditions arise, again to act injuriously on 
the bodily health. 
It is only tho other day that M. Molsens, 
of' Brussels, perfected this subdivision of 
chemical physiology, and gave us the means 
both of detecting tho lurking presoneo of 
tho metal in the system, and of ontiroly ex¬ 
pelling it as a cause of disease. A substanco 
known in chemistry and pharmacy by tho 
name of iodide of potassium, is capable of 
decomposing tho insoluble compounds of 
lead, and of bringing tho metal into a m vr 
condition in which it readily dissolves in wa¬ 
ter. If a person bo poisoned with lead, his 
system struggles to throw it off, the metal 
makes its way through his kidneys, and can 
be detected in his urine. Cure him by sul¬ 
phuric acid o'r sulphuretted water, and with 
the pain the lead disappears from his urine, 
but remains in the system. Give him now 
a dose of iodide of potassium, and tho pains 
of poisoning return, and load rc-appears in 
tho water. A large dose will prostrate him 
with colic, but small doses, at frequent in¬ 
tervals, will gradually wash away the metal 
without any sensible suffering. The cure is 
complete as soon as a large dose of tho med¬ 
icine brings neither a return of tho anguish, 
nor of tho lead into the fluid excretions.— 
So, mercury after protracted salivation, 
lingers likewise long in tho system, but tho 
same chemical compound washes it effectu¬ 
ally out; and over certain other hitherto un¬ 
manageable metals it exorcises a similar 
power. The medical practitioner learns to 
form in the interior of the patient, and for 
his cure and comfort, the same preparations 
which the chemist, for tho purposes of science 
has already often formed and studied in Ins 
laboratory.— Edinburgh Review. 
INDIA RUBBER OVER-SHOES. 
Of all the uses to which India rubber is 
applied, none is so important and beneficial 
to the human family as the manufacture of 
it into over-shoes. A few years ago there 
was a strong prejudice against these shoes ; 
they were called unhealthy and fit only for 
enervated men, and weak women. Well, 
even if they were beneficial to no others, if 
India rubber shoes had done good to only 
one individual, this should have blunted tho 
edge of prejudice. But against prejudice 
they havo won their way into sensible and 
universal favor. It is well known that du¬ 
ring rainy weather, but more especially du¬ 
ring a 1 haw, when tho ground has been cov¬ 
ered with snow, the best leather boots and 
shoes cannot resist tho entrance of moist¬ 
ure. People take cold more readily, wo be¬ 
lieve, by getting their feet wet and chilled, 
than by any other causes. 
How many people have we known, who, 
being compelled by circumstances to walk 
the streets in sloppy weather, have contract¬ 
ed cold, from wet feet, and finally consump¬ 
tion. Weakly people have suffered the most 
from such ills of human life; to them, es¬ 
pecially, India rubber over-shoes is ono of 
tho greatest blessings of physical discovery. 
They resist moisture, they are impervious 
to wet; they keep the feet warm and dry 
when walking in tho wet and cold penetra¬ 
ting snow, and they are therefore, ono of tho 
greatest comforts. There are thousands of 
these India rubber overshoes worn now, for 
ono pair that wero worn fifteen years ago. 
They tend to prolong life, by keeping the 
feet warm and dry, thus preventing cold 
and disease, and at the same time, they pour 
drops of comfort into tho cup of life. Tho 
great necessities of life—the main essen¬ 
tials to general physical happiness—are 
plenty of food, warm clothing, and dwel¬ 
lings. What would it signify if every man 
possessed a mountain of gold, if he could 
not keep his feet warm ? A very poor con¬ 
solation indeed. Wo are liablo to overlook 
many things which have been done of late 
years to benefit tho human family, and tho 
claims of India rubber shoes havo not been 
so fully acknowledged as they should be.— 
Scientific American. 
Men want a restraining as well as propell¬ 
ing power. The good ship Is provided with 
anchors as well as sails. 
