MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER, 
Clje (Drcjnirh anb darbtti. 
DWARF APPLE TREES.-DOUCAIN AND 
PARADISE STOCKS. 
ly in the summer season, as the removal of 
much foliage will then deprive the tree of 
its vigor and check its growth.— Plow, Loom \ 
and Anvil. 
Hbcjnmit Slrts & $wnn. 
LIST OF PATENT CLAIMS 
When visiting the flourishing and well- 
cared for garden of a country merchant late¬ 
ly, the thrifty appearance of the fruit trees 
suggested the thought that soon there would 
be little chance for raising shruhs, vegeta¬ 
bles or flowers on a portion of the lot, as 
the ground would bo too much shaded to 
permit their growth. How to remedy this 
—how to grow apples and annuals—cherries 
and cucumbers—peaches and potatoes on 
the same half-acre, occupied our thoughts, 
as it had our friend’s; though wo did not 
learn the fact at the time. The cultivation 
of dwarf and pyramid fruit trees seemed to 
be the thing in cases liko this, so we have 
consulted various Horticultural authorities, 
and propose to give, at present what we have 
gleaned about the Apple on Paradise and 
Doucain stocks. 
It is but a few years since attention was 
first directed to dwarf fruit trees in this 
country, hence they are generally but im¬ 
perfectly understood, and many of the terms 
used in referring to them in Horticultural 
periodicals are all “Greek” to the uniniti¬ 
ated. Of this class are Doucain and Para¬ 
dise —the names of stocks used in dwarfing 
the apple. Many may know all about them 
—yet we believe many more, who would 
bo interested to learn, have very little 
knowledge of their history and uses. From 
Barry’s “ Fruit Garden,” and other contri¬ 
butions by that gentleman to the literature 
of Horticulture, we gather our most relia¬ 
ble information. 
In the selection of apple and other fruit 
trees for the garden, we see at once that 
tall standard trees are totally out of place 
—that they occupy much room, and pre¬ 
vent the growth of all plants which cannot 
bear the shade. Even in a garden for grow¬ 
ing fruit exclusively, the greatest economy 
and productiveness of space can be attained 
by dwarfs, with trunks but two or three feet 
high; pyramids, branched from near the 
ground, and trees trained to occupy but lit¬ 
tle room, as all varieties may be. In these 
forms they are in keeping with the limited 
extent of the grounds, more convenient 
of management, and will bear earlier than 
the standard tree. The difference in the 
space they will cover is much greater than 
is generally supposed. A standard apple 
tree requires several hundred feet of ground. 
The same variety set on a Paradise stock 
will never exceed four or five feet in height, 
and as much in diameter—covering little 
more ground than a good-sized gooseberry 
bush. Hence for a few select varieties, such 
as every one who has a garden desires to 
cultivate, they seem especially calculated, 
though of course, one would not depend 
upon them for supplying the market. 
The Doucain is a distinct species of apple; 
the tree is of medium size, bears a small, 
sw r eet fruit, and reproduces itself from seed. 
The Paradise is also a distinct species, nev¬ 
er attaining over three or four feet in height. 
They are propagated most generally by lay¬ 
ering, and are used extensively as stocks for 
budding or grafting to form dwarf and pyra¬ 
mid trees. 
The manner of propagating these stocks 
is rather a peculiar process. It is called 
mound layering, and, as used for this pur¬ 
pose, is described in the “Fruit Garden” as 
follows :—“ The plants to be propagated 
from are planted in a rich, deep, friable soil, 
and cut back to within four to six inches of 
the collar or junction of the stem and roots; 
the buds, or the part below the cut, will, du¬ 
ring the next season, produce strong shoots; 
the following spring the earth is drawn up 
around each plant in the form of a mound, 
so that the whole of the stem and the base 
of all the shoots will be covered at least 
three inches deep ; during that season all 
the shoots will produce roots, and should be 
separated from the mother plant or stool, as 
such plants are termed, in the fall. If left 
on till spring the frost would be likely to in¬ 
jure them. The stools are then dressed, 
the soil around them is spaded up and en¬ 
riched with well decayed manure, and the 
following season another crop of shoots is 
produced, much more numerous than the 
first, to be treated in the same manner.”— 
This mode produces the best stocks, though 
they may be grown more rapidly by the 
mode of layering in which the shoots are 
slit and bent down and covered with earth. 
The shoots, produced as above, should 
have one season’s growth after removal 
from the stool before budding or grafting. 
The Doucain stocks are used for the pyra¬ 
mid form, which in Franco is thought on 
the whole the most beautiful, and has been 
found to be the most successful. They are 
from six to twelve feet high. The apple 
has not been grown in this form hero very 
extensively—the pear being more frequent¬ 
ly trained in this way. The Paradise stocks 
are used for dwarfing the apple alone, and 
are now raised in our most important nur¬ 
series, though for many years they were ex¬ 
clusively imported. When the plants are 
removed from the nursery at one year’s 
growth from tho graft; they should invari¬ 
ably be cut back within three or four buds 
of the stock; and thoy should never be 
planted so deep as to place the bud or graft 
in the ground, as in that case it will emit 
roots, and tho effect of the Paradise stock 
will be lost. Dwarf applo trees begin to 
bear tho third year from tho bud, and tho 
same variety is always larger and finer on 
them than on standards. Some of the most 
remarkablo apples for size and beauty ever 
raised were grown on dwarf trees not three 
feet high. We know of nothing more in¬ 
teresting in the fruit garden, than a row or 
little square of these miniature apple trees, 
either in blossom or in fruit. It seems 
wonderful that a tree, three or four feet in 
height and the same in diameter, should 
produce so abundantly the largest and finest 
fruit, proving at once highly ornamental 
and yet truly valuable in the smallest gar¬ 
den. 
GRAFTING COMPOSITION. 
The following composition for grafting 
purposes is from “ Cole’s American Fruit 
Book.” Having used it myself and found 
it to be all that is claimed for it, I have 
copied it, thinking it might perhaps benefit 
somo among the great throng of Rural 
readers—all of whom are no doubt lovers 
of good fruit. Common rosin, if clean from 
dirt, will answer every purpose when it is 
not convenient to get the white. 
“ One part of good beef tallow, 2 parts of 
beeswax, 4 parts of white, transparent ros¬ 
in ; melt all together, turn into cold water, 
and work and pull it thoroughly, as shoo- 
maker’s wax. This composition is not so 
soft as to melt in warm weather nor so hard 
as to crack in cold weather; but it gives as 
the tree grows. It is of great importance 
to have it of a right temperature, and well 
applied, else it will peel off in cold weather. 
While warm it should be pressed closely to 
all the wounded part of stock and scion.— 
When used in cool weather it should be kept 
in warm water; when it is very warm keep 
the composition in cool water. In working 
and applying it tho hands should bo slightly 
greased, to prevent its sticking.” 
If you want composition cloth for splice 
grafting, molt a portion of the composition 
in a dish; then dip therein strips of thin 
worn cloth, which press and draw between 
two sticks to remove the superfluous matter. 
These strips may be torn or cut to suit the 
convenience of the user. For splice graft¬ 
ing and even for budding there can be noth¬ 
ing better, as the cloth, if somewhat old 
will yield to the growth of tho limb, while 
if it bo properly put on, it will excludo the 
air and moisture as effectually as the com¬ 
position itself, while it does more by holding 
or binding the parts together. t. e. w. 
PRUNING APPLE TREES. 
This is a subject in regard to which much 
discussion has been elicited, and much di¬ 
versity of opinion still prevails, particularly 
in regard to the best time for doing it. But 
the fact that it is always beneficial, if prop¬ 
erly done, let the season in which it is per¬ 
formed be either in the spring, summer, 
autumn, or winter, proves that more depends 
on tho manner of pruning than the time of 
the operation. 
We consider the early spring months, and 
late in the fall, the best seasons for pruning 
apple trees, as the sap is not at theso sea¬ 
sons flowing, and less danger is to be ap¬ 
prehended from injury to the tender branch¬ 
es in consequence of being bruised by the 
ladder or the feet of the operator; and also 
more desirable from the fact that tho bark 
very soon closes over tho wood and protects 
it from decay. Tho method taken by the 
farmer we consider of more importance than 
the time,—therefore confine ourselves more 
particularly to this part of tho subject. 
A writer, in regard to pruning, remarks: 
“ Sometimes a farmer will mount an apple 
tree with an axe, and cut off one-fourth or 
one-third of its head, even branches that are 
from four to six inches in diametor. He 
says: ‘ I don’t often prune, but when I do, 
I do it right!’ In this he errs. We have 
never seen a tree thus pruned do any good 
afterwards, especially if it was a full-grown 
tree. Such pruning entirely destroys the 
equilibrium between the branches and roots; 
consequently the power of attraction in the 
head is too weak to keep up a proper circu¬ 
lation of the sap. Besides, thoso largo 
wounds never heal over.” 
The most appropriate and the only really 
suitable instruments for pruning, are tho 
saw and knife. An axe should never be 
used, unless the removal of dead wood re¬ 
quires it. Tho knife should bo perfectly 
sharp and the saw fine, that a smooth sur¬ 
face may be left after the removal of a 
branch; and no portion of the vigorous tree 
larger than two or three inches in diameter 
should be removed, as the bare wood thus 
exposed presents a surface too broad to be 
covered with new bark, and consequently 
will soon begin to decay. It is better to 
prune sparingly, and prune every year or 
twico a year, judiciously selecting such 
branches as require removal, than to do it 
at long intervals, and deprive tho tree of too 
largo a portion of its top at once, particular¬ 
Care of Fruit Trees. —Before the spring 
work comes on, all who have fruit trees 
should take a hoe or the tree scraper and 
scrape from all old trees the rough bark 
and moss that may have accumulated upon 
them the past and previous years; then 
make a leach of ashes, get from it a weak 
ley, mix to every five gallons of ley one half 
pound of soot from the back of your chim¬ 
ney, or your stove pipe, and one half pound 
of sulphur; then take a common scrubbing 
brush, or for want thereof, tie an old cloth 
on to a stick, and with it wash thoroughly 
th(£limbs and bodies of all your fruit trees. 
It will destroy numbers of insects, and give 
a healthy look to your trees that will repay 
you for the trouble every time you go into 
your orchard.— O. Farmer. 
Curculio.— Hogs perjnitted to roam 
around the trees are effective agents for their 
destruction. Ammonia will kill them, 
hence partly decomposed manure is good to 
apply to the surface underneath the tree.— 
Lime dissolved in water, at the rate of 2 
lbs. of the former to 4 lbs. of the latter, and 
applied with a syringe, is highly recom¬ 
mended. 
Domrstit (Biononn], 
To the Ladies. —We should bo very glad 
if Housekeepers would become more fre¬ 
quent contributors to this department of 
the Rural New-Yorker. 
SELECTION OF A CARPET. 
The walls being properly papered, the next 
thing is to consider the pattern of the car¬ 
pet. In this also the rule must be followed, 
of selecting small patterns for small rooms. 
There is economy in this, as well as taste, be¬ 
cause small-patterned carpets are generally 
found the most durable. As a rule, a formal 
geometrical pattern is best for a carpet; it 
should be something which does not appear 
unnatural to tread upon. It is a mistake to 
put flowers, trees, or figures of birds or ani¬ 
mals, into a carpet, for we do not walk on 
such things ;far other are their purposes and 
uses. Sometimes a carpet is made to rep¬ 
resent a picture or landscape, which is also 
a mistake, for it offends our notions of pro¬ 
priety to seo such objects spread on a floor. 
In the formal pattern, all these defects aro 
avoided; it is not unusual to walk on orna¬ 
mental pavements or floors, and we are not 
displeased at seeing varieties of similar or¬ 
naments reproduced in a carpet. Those 
persons who have seen the House of Lords 
will remember that the pattern of the carpet 
is nothing more than a small amber-colored 
star, on a deep blue ground, which, simple 
as it appears, harmonizes admirably with the 
superb decorations of the spacious edifice. 
Another reason why a small pattern should 
be chosen is, that it suits best with the fur¬ 
niture of a room. The furnitnre must of 
course cover some portions of tho carpet, so 
that if the pattern be large, there is so much 
confusion between what is seen and what is 
hidden, that a very disagreeable effect is pro¬ 
duced. With a small pattern, on the contrary, 
the concealing of a portion by the furniture 
does not spoil the effect of that which re¬ 
mains uncovered. In general suitability 
the Turkey carpet is the best; it is adapted 
for almost any style of furniture, and no one 
ever gets tired of it, owing to tho perfect 
naturalness and harmony of the pattern.— 
Let it be remembered, that neither on the 
wall nor on tho floor should there be any one 
strong predominating color which injures 
the effect of everything else in tho room. 
As a rule, tho color of the carpet should be 
darker than that of the walls; very light pat¬ 
terns are most suitable for bed-rooms. 
How to Soften Hard Water.— A half 
ounce of quicklime dipped in nine quarts of 
water, and the clear solution put into a bar¬ 
rel of hard water; the whole will be soft 
water as it settles clear. This is a practical 
and practicable recipe or direction. 
But the precipitate will not be chalk, as 
the Scientific American states, unless the 
hardening substance is lime or chalk, which 
is rar ily tho case. Our hard water, and the 
common hard water contains gypsum, as 
well as carbonate of lime or chalk, both of 
which will bo removed by the solution of 
lime as above.— Roch. Dem. 
To Restore a Lost Appetite. —Take of 
sliced gentian root one-fourth ounce; fresh 
lemon and orange each, one ounce, and 
macorate in a pint of boiling water, and , 
cool;—then add tincture of rhubarb, ono 
ounce, compound tincture of cardamons, 
half an ounce; spirits red lavender, a fourth 
of an ounce; loaf sugar, two ounces. Dose, 
small wine-glass full early in the morning. 
— The Plow. 
Valuable Salves.— Take f pound of 
rosin, 1 oz. Castile soap, 1 oz. Venice tur¬ 
pentine, 1 oz. sweet oil—melt all together, 
cool in wator, and work well, like shoema¬ 
ker’s wax. 
The above is from our friend Isaac Wal¬ 
ker, of Morgan county, who assures us that 
it is a sure antidote for burns, sprains and 
wounds of all kinds, on man or beast.— Ohio 
Cultivator. 
Durable Whitewash. —Fix up a pailful 
of lime and water ready to put on the wall; 
then take a quarter of a pint of flour, mix 
it up with water, then pour on it boiling 
water, a sufficient quantity to thicken it; 
then pour it while hot, into tho whitewash. 
Stir it well together, and it is ready for use. 
This whitewash will not rub off. 
ISSUED FROM THE UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE, 
For the week ending March 9, 1832. 
Samuel Cook, of Adams’ Basin, N. Y., for im¬ 
provements in flour bolts. 
Benj. Crawford, of Alleghany City, Pa, for im¬ 
provement in the water gauge of boilers, <fcc. 
Win. Linsley, of the Township of Waddam, Ill., 
for improvement in com-shellers. 
Chas. Neer of Troy, N. Y., for improvements in 
canal lock gates. 
Ira Reynolds, of Republic, 0., for improvement 
in seed planters. 
Jay S. Sturges, of Litchfield, 0., for improve¬ 
ment in hay rakes. 
A. L. Swan, of Cherry Valley, N. Y., for im¬ 
provement in melodeons. 
John B. Wickersham, of New York, N. Y., for 
improvement in iron fences. 
Joshua Woodward, of Haverhill, N. H., for im¬ 
provement in plow. 
Benj. Nott, of Bethlehem, N. Y., assignor to J. 
P. Pepper, of Albany, N. Y., for improvement in 
the manufacture of door knobs. 
RE-ISSUES. 
Isaac Judson, of New Haven, Conn., for im¬ 
provement in machinery for dressing staves. Pat¬ 
ented May 1, 1847. Re-issued March 9, 1852. 
Jos. Powell, Nelson Barlow and Edw. Holden, 
of St. Louis, Mo., assignors to Robt. G. Eunson, 
of New York, N. Y’., for improvement in machines 
for planing, tongueing and grooving. Patented 
Feb. 27, 1847. Re-issued March 9, 1842. 
DEUSLER’S TELEGRAPH SNATH. 
Evert implement that renders less bur¬ 
densome the labors of the husbandman, 
should bo classed with the improvements, 
unless its expense or the complexity of con¬ 
struction renders it unsuited to general use. 
Every one accustomed to farm labor has, 
undoubtedly, a well defined remembrance 
of the first lessons in mowing, and the una¬ 
nimity with which it was voted “ hard work,” 
has hardly a parallel in the history of pop¬ 
ular votes. 
We present our readers, abovo, with a cut 
of Deuslf.r’s Telegraph Snath, made by 
Daniel Deusler, of Arcadia, Wayne Co., 
N. Y. 
This snath differs from those in general 
use in having the whole body of the snath 
in a straight line with the scythe, so that 
when laid on a floor the scythe and snath 
all touch the samo plane, except the small 
end of the snath, which turns up to answer 
the place of a nib for the left hand. The 
lower end of tho snath is bent forward, pla¬ 
cing the scythe in front, instead of at the 
right side of the mower in using. This 
crooked portion is strengthened by a wire 
brace reaching from the heel ring to the 
right hand nib. The nib is made longer 
than in the common snath, the lower part 
of iron, with tho handle at the top bent 
from the operator enough to give the hand 
its natural position. This shape is claimed 
to give greater strongth to the snath, than 
can be obtained in those in general use, be¬ 
cause the whole strength in cutting is exert¬ 
ed in a direct line with the snath and hands, 
while in the crooked ones, the whole labor 
of the scythe is performed several inches 
below such line by reason of the crook in 
the middle and lower end of the snath. 
The scythe on Deusler’s snath is more 
immediately before the mower, and can be 
“set in” or “pointed out” with only the 
natural swing of the arms, without any of the 
extra labor and wringing of the body which 
has been so often followed by back ache. 
Those who have used them speak very much 
in their praise, and have induced the manu¬ 
facture of a larger quantity for the present 
season. + 
DISINFECTING LAMP. 
A note, from a medical friend, reminds 
us of a beautiful, simple, economical appa¬ 
ratus, for overcoming bad odors and purify¬ 
ing any apartment where the air is loaded 
with noxious materials. 
Take one of any of the various kinds of 
glass lamps—for burning camphene, for ex¬ 
ample—and fill it with chloric ether and 
light the wick. In a few minutes the object 
will be accomplished. In dissecting rooms; 
in the damp, deep vaults, where vegetables 
are sometimes stored, or where drains allow 
the escape of offensive gases; in out-build- 
ings ; and in short, in any spot where it is 
desirable to purify the atmosphere, burn 
one of thoso lamps. One tube, charged 
with a wick, is quite sufficient. This sug¬ 
gestion is really worth remembering for the 
comfort of a sick room, because it is easily 
accomplished, agreeable, and more econom¬ 
ical for purifying than any other process now 
known.— Boston Medical Journal. 
The pleasure of doing good is the only 
one that does not wear out. 
BURNING FLUID. 
Amid the frequent occurrence of fatal 
casualties,-from tho use of burning fluid, 
tho following rewarks of the Commonwealth 
aro very opportune : 
It is a little cheaper than oil, and it makes 
a good light, but not a week passes without 
an account in the newspapers of somo fatal 
casualty from the use of it. There is not a 
village in which there is not some person, 
chemist enough to know that it is necessa¬ 
rily more dangerous than gun powder, and 
perfectly unfit to be trusted in the hands of 
those who are not good practical chemists. 
The more brilliant the light from the burn¬ 
ing fluid, the more liable is it to generato 
a gas, which, being mixed with common air 
becomes explosive. All the varieties of fluid 
used, are constantly, at all temperatures, 
generating more or less gas which is not 
consumed, but collects in the lamp abovo 
the fluid. The liability to an explosive com¬ 
pound in the upper part of the lamp is al¬ 
ways present, and there is never anything 
like a certainty that the flame of a lamp 
will not determine the explosion. True 
enough, in ordinary cases the explosion will 
not occur, and sometimes it will not be se¬ 
rious when it does; but the conditions are 
not obvious and visible. Impunity breeds 
security, and the awful calamity, which in¬ 
volves some loved one in a hor.rihle death 
comes unawares. All the advantages which 
ever have been or ever will be derived from 
burning fluid, are not enough to pay for one 
such case. It is because persons supposed 
to understand the subject have attributed 
theso accidents to carelessness, that the 
public is not alarmed. This is not true.— 
They result from the nature of the fluid. 
No amount of care can insure perfect safety. 
COFPER PLATE ENGRAVINGS COPIED ON 
STONE. 
Lieut. E. B. Hunt, of New York, has 
communicated the following item of inter¬ 
est to th American Journal of Science :— 
“ I enclose some specimens of lithographic 
transfer printing of the plates to be in the 
forthcoming Coast Survey Report. I as¬ 
sume that you are interested in any thing 
of this kind, and the specimens we aro now 
obtaining show so great an advance that it 
is worth reporting. The process is briefly as 
follows :—A copper plate being duly engra¬ 
ved, it is inked and an impression is taken 
on transfer paper. A good paper, which 
wetting does not expand, is needed, and a 
fatty coating is used in the process. Tho 
transfer paper impression is laid on the 
smooth stone and run through a press. It 
is then wetted, heated and stripped off from 
the stone leaving the ink and fat on its face. 
The heated fat is softly brushed away, leav¬ 
ing only the ink lines. From this reversed 
impression on the stone, the printing is per¬ 
formed just as in ordinary lithography. A 
good transfer prints from three to five thou¬ 
sand copies. Thus prints from a single cop¬ 
per plate can be indefinitely multiplied, the 
printing being moreover much cheaper than 
copper plate. The enclosed specimens 
which are only fair ones show tho applica¬ 
bility of this process to very fine topogra¬ 
phy and other fine engravings.” The edi¬ 
tor remarks that these specimens fully sus¬ 
tain Lieut. Hunt’s account of them. 
CORNS, SHOES, AND PAPER MEASURES. 
If shoes were made of the shape of the 
human foot, there would be very few corns, 
but ladies like to cramp their toes in tight 
shoes to show a small foot. There are but 
few shoemakers, either, who seem to under¬ 
stand the anatomical structure of the foot, 
and the nature of its action; they make 
boots and shoes upon the same principle as 
carpenters make boxes. No wonder one 
boot or shoe is easier than another, and that 
one inclines to the one side and another to 
an opposite one. To cut the leather prop¬ 
erly for a good fitting shoe or boot, a meas¬ 
ure like that of McGinnes’ Tailors’ Measure, 
is wanted; by it they would get the precise 
form of every foot, and thus cut their leath¬ 
er to their measure.— Scientific American. 
Improved Furnace for Warming Dwel¬ 
lings. —Dr. Stephen Gates, of Albion, Or¬ 
leans Co., N. Y., has taken measures to se¬ 
cure a patent for a furnace, tho improve¬ 
ment on which consists in having a series of 
flues or tubes directly over the fire chamber 
and leading therefrom into a smoke cham¬ 
ber, which communicates with the smoko 
pipe; the flues and fire chamber are enclosed 
within a case into which cold air is admitted 
through a pipe—the outer end of said pipe 
communicating with the open air on the out¬ 
side of the building; the cold air is mado to 
pass between the flues or pipes by means of 
deflecting plates, which thoroughly heat it, 
and it is then conveyed through necessary 
pipes to the apartments to i>e warmed.— Sci. 
American. 
Hodge’s Graduated Spirit Levels.— 
These Levels have been in market a suf¬ 
ficient length of time to thoroughly test 
their utility. They have been sold in vari¬ 
ous parts of this State, and the high com¬ 
mendation of the best mechanics has estab¬ 
lished their reputation beyond contingency. 
Two years ago the Executive Committee of 
the State Agricultural Society awarded Mr. 
P. Hodge, the inventor, a large medal as a 
special premium. Tho manufacturers, P, 
Ilodge & Co., are finishing up a large quan¬ 
tity to answer the demand this spring. 
Warsaw Mirror. 
A mechanic of Cincinnati has b.uiH a fire 
engine to which he attaches steam. Tho 
machine was tested a few days ago, and al¬ 
though not in perfect order, steam was rais¬ 
ed and water thrown with great rapidity in 
nine minutes. Five minutes is-all'the time 
claimed as essential by tho patentee. Yho 
experiment was. exceedingly satisfactory. 
t 
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