MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: AN AGRICULTURAL AND FAMILY NEWSPAPER. 
187 
<% (Driijari) anb <Sarkn. 
CULTIVATING GRAPES.. 
Eds. Rural :—Few fruits are more de¬ 
licious than tho grape, and accordingly its 
cultivation lias attracted considerable atten¬ 
tion. But the great error of most cultiva¬ 
tors has been to neglect tho grapes native 
to our soil, and expend immense sums in 
propagating foreign varieties, which rarely 
come to perfection. The Isabella , Clinton, 
Catawba and York Madeira, are indigenous, 
and grow freely here—and most of them 
are of fine flavor; the Isabella especially 
so. Foreign grapes rarely attain perfec 
tion. and never repay tho time and cost ex¬ 
pended on them. On this, subject we have 
lately met some excellent remarks in the 
transactions of tho New York Agricultural 
Society. 
£> The whole class of foreign varieties,” 
they say, “ have two important defects ; one 
is, that the fruit mildews and becomes total¬ 
ly worthless; and the other is that they are 
so tender that they will not withstand tho 
cold of our ordinary winters without cover¬ 
ing with earth; faults that their exquisite 
flavor and richness cannot compensate for. 
After a few years’ growth, they become large 
and attached to tho frames upon which 
they are trained, and the labor of protect¬ 
ing them becomes very great, yet their 
greatest fault is the failure of the fruit after 
about four years growth and fruiting. The 
first two or three years after they commonce 
bearing, they generally perfect their fruit 
and bear well; after this, their wholo pro¬ 
duce is a great disappointment. As a curi¬ 
osity they may bo tolerated in a small way, 
by keeping a constant succession of new 
vines and training up tho old ones. Tho 
cause of this fatality arises from tho great 
rush of sap after warm rains in the summer, 
which is forced up in such quantities, and 
with such power, as to burst the berry, or 
to make them bleed at every pore, when 
they soon mould, and tho whole cluster be¬ 
comes a perfect fung'us. We plant our vines 
on too rich soil. 
“ There is no plant that roots as freely as 
the gi’ape, or sends out as many spongioles, 
and the forcing power of sap is not to bo 
wonderod at when tho fact is taken into 
consideration that the sap rises with a force 
greater than the pressure of tho steam in a 
low pressure steam engine, as is shown by 
putting a glass tube filled with quicksilver 
upon tho end of a cut vine, when it will 
raise and sustain a column of forty-two 
inches in height. Probably if wo allowed 
the vines t(f ramble freely in a state of na¬ 
ture, and not to shorten them in by pruning, 
they would have no inoro root than top, 
whereby there would bo a vent for tho ama¬ 
zing quantity of sap that is thrown up by 
its fine roots that are so abundant near tho 
surface.” 
In France tho vines are sot in poor, bar¬ 
ren shales, or on platforms of rocks covered 
artificially with soil. Wo should take a hint 
from this, and cultivate and improve our 
native grapes, instead of wasting time, labor 
and money on the foreign varieties. 
Hanover, Pa., 1852. J. 8. G. 
OIL TROUGHS FOR THE CURCULIO. 
Among all the remodies which have been 
proposed for the wholesale destruction of 
certain fruits by the Curculio, I believe 
there is none which is at onco so cheap and 
effectual as to merit general or very e.xten- 
#sive application. I have been led to this 
conclusion principally by my reading of the 
Cultivator within the last four or five years. 
The object of this communication is to 
suggest one believed to be now in its applica¬ 
tion, and to present somo of tho considera¬ 
tions which have inducod the hope that it 
may be found effectual. 
The remedy 1 have to proposo is a trough 
of sheet lead (or other suitable material) 
placed around the trunk of a tree and filled 
with oil. This was tried on a single plum 
tree, during the past season, by Mr, Robert 
N. Bassett, of this town, with results as fa¬ 
vorable as could been expected under the 
circumstances. The season was too far ad¬ 
vanced, and most of the fruit had been 
stung when it was applied. On the first 
morning after tho application, he found a 
considerable number of the curculios drown¬ 
ed in tho oil, and in tho course of the sea¬ 
son, the trough become “half filled with 
them.” A few of tho plums which had not 
been, previously stung remained untouched 
and in a healthy state. 
This application was suggested to Mr. B. 
by his finding several curculios on the trunk 
of the tree, which ho supposed were making 
their way up; and by his observing that 
when lie allowed those lie had- taken to fly 
off, they never rose, but invariably took a 
downward direction. Ilis inference was that 
they usually, at least, reached the top of the 
tree by climbing up its trunk, and there¬ 
fore that any obstruction placed around the 
trunk would prevent their reaching the top. 
To conquer the curculio would doubtless 
be one of tho most important achievements 
in fruit culture which could be attained.— 
Of the extent and destructiveness of its 
ravages little need be said; they aro too 
well and too widely known. In this soction, 
tho plum, tho apricot, and the nectarine, in 
all their varieties, are forbidden. Tho trees 
grow and bear well, but this destroyer has a 
complete monopoly of tho crop. Cherries, 
if too abundant to bo all destroyed, are at 
least half “wormy” at maturity. Apples, 
pears, quinces, and even peaches are also 
very extensively injured. I presume the 
same may bo said of every portion of tho 
country where tho soil is light or sandy. 
Believing that the oil trough as used by 
Mr. Basset, will be found a cheap, conveni¬ 
ent, and effectual protection against the cur¬ 
culio, I am dosirous that it should be sug¬ 
gested to the public through your widely 
circulating journal, trusting that it will be 
thoroughly tested during tho coming season. 
Cor. of Albany Cultivator. 
HORTICULTURAi TOOL CHEST. 
To enjoy garden or farm operations, one 
must havo good tools to work with. In tho 
Horticultural Tool Chest figurod above, we 
find tho pruning saw, chisel and hook, with 
screw-pointed handle; tho hoe, rake, and 
scuffle; tho tree-scraper, pruning-scissors 
and knife, vine-scissors, budding-knife, flow¬ 
er gatherer, hammer, twig cutter, grass or 
hedge shears, weeding-fork, transplanting 
trowel, a garden reel, and floral hoe rake. 
These chosts may be found, Suppose, 
at seed and implement stores throughout 
tho country. \ 
BLACK KNOT ON PLUM TREES. 
Tiikre has been much speculation and 
research for the cause of the black knot on 
plum trees. Some persons have supposed 
it caused by an insect. Some years ago, I 
opened tho knot and examined it, but did 
not discover any appearance of an insect, 
nor the eggs of ono. So far as I know, it 
has not been satisfactorily learned what 
causes the knot. 
The gardens of my adjoining neighbors 
are full of plum trees. All tho trees aro 
filled with the black knot, so as to appear 
as if a flock of small birds had lighted on 
the branches. Somo years ago, 1 advised 
the owners to cutoff the knots so soon as 
they appeared, or they would lose the 
trees—they thought best to leave them to 
the coui’se of nature. The second and 
third set of their trees are now in tho con¬ 
dition I havo described, while my trees are 
free from knots. 1 have always looked for 
knots when in tho garden, and when one 
appeared, 1 cut it off at any season, whether 
it was loaded with fruit or not. The trees 
soon put out other shoots, which filled out 
tho place of the limb cut off, and my trees 
aro in full sizo, as if no limb had been cut 
off, and there is not a knot to be seen on 
them. From this treatment, I am of opin¬ 
ion, that if a knot is suffered to remain on 
a limb, the disease soon spreads, like a can¬ 
ker, and fills the whole tree, as it has tho 
trees of my neighbors. It is a misconcep¬ 
tion, that when a tree is set, it does not re¬ 
quire further treatment.— /lib. Cultivator. 
GROWTH OF EVERGREENS. 
CULTURE OF TOMATOES. 
We were visiting “Evergreens Placo” 
tho residence of Gov. Wood, a few days 
since, when our attention was called to some 
evergreens which Mrs. Wood and the Gov¬ 
ernor had gathered and brought home in a 
pocket handkerchief only eleven years since. 
They are now perfect pyramids in form, 
and about thirty feet high, and are growing 
at tho rate of twenty inches to two and a 
'half feet in a season. 
IIow many there aro who, riding along 
past such residences, speak of the beauty 
and attractiveness added to a place from 
the mere addition of a few evergreens or 
other ornamental trees, and yet neglect 
from year to year the small labor anti ex¬ 
pense required to make their own homes 
equally as pleasant to tho eye. Reader, go 
now and plant a few evergreens; this is just 
the time they succeod best, in transplanting, 
and if you wish us to tell you how to do it, 
why, we will tell you in one word—trans¬ 
plant them just as you would any other tree, 
only be very careful not to let llie roots get 
dry. One half hour of open exposure of 
the roots to the sun will kill an evergreen. 
— Ohio Farmer. 
Graveling Walks. —IIow few graveled 
walks do we find on which a lady with a 
thin shoe can walk. The gravel is loose 
and coarse and gives at the pressure of the 
foot. If those who aro putting on gravel j 
would mix one-twelfth of water lime, and 
wet it up as for mortar, loosen the dirt 
slightly in the walk, and then spread on the 
mixture about two or three inches deep, 
round it in tho centre, beat it lightly with 
the back of the spade, and then leave' it for 
two days without stepping on it, they would 
find a walk firm and solid to the foot and 
pleasant to walk upon.— Ohio Farmer. 
Quinces love Salt. — Tho quince tree 
seems to have a constitutional fondness for 
salt. Wo havo never seen such superb 
specimens of this fruit, and such a general 
luxuriance of tho trees, as at Newport, R. 
I., on tho sea coast. A gentleman who no¬ 
ticed this fact, several yeans ago, told us 
lately that he had profited by the hint, in 
giving to each of his trees a top-dressing of 
two quarts of coarse salt every spring. By 
scattering tho salt over tho surfaco it dis¬ 
solves slowly, and does no harm whatever to 
tho roots, but makes both foliage and fruit 
much moro healthy.— Downing’s Horticult. 
I wish to say a few words about growing 
tomatoes, which I think would bo worth 
publishing, if it has not appeared before 
this from some other source. We hear peo¬ 
ple talk about planting tomatoes in sandy 
ground, that is not very rich, for the reason 
that they run all to vines and produce no 
fruit. Now my plan is to plant the seed in 
good rich ground, and allow them to grow 
until they have made two, three or four 
shoots from the stalk—after which, prune 
all the side shoots that come out, and fol¬ 
low this plan ail through the season, every 
three or four days, and let the vines grow 
the full length, never pinching off’ the ends. 
In this way I can raise earlier and better 
tomatoes than by any other plan, and also 
a great many more of them. It is neces¬ 
sary to stake tho vines up to keep them off 
tho ground, and they will then grow from 
seven to nine feet long, with large bunches 
of- tomatoes at the ends of the vines. Some 
of my neighbors have tried this plan and 
pronounce it far superior to every other.— 
Cor. Horticulturist. 
Goon fruit is ono of tho most grateful 
and healthful blessings of a kind Providence. 
The best is as easily raised as the poorest. 
TREATMENT OF BURNS AND SCALDS. 
If tho part burned or scalded bo near the 
extremities, apply a narrow bandage (such 
as a garter,) abofo the part, and if the burn¬ 
ed spot is above tho elbow or knee and be¬ 
low the trunk, apply bandages both above 
and below; let them bo drawn somewhat 
tightly in order that tho free circulation of 
blood to and from the part affected may bo 
checked. This operation has an instanta¬ 
neous effect in removing tho pain of tho 
burn. Plunge the part into cold water for 
a few minutes, or bathe with cold water,— 
then apply any soft ointment which will 
keep out tho air, cover with a soft cloth, and 
in tho course of an hour or two, remove tho 
tight bandages. By adopting this mode of 
treatment, tho extreme pain of tho severest 
burn is at once destroyed; and a healthy 
disposition to heal, without sloughing, in¬ 
duced. 
I first tried this course of treatment a 
few . years ago, when I was a mischievous 
little school-boy. I was very fond of play¬ 
ing with gunpowder, making squibs, firing 
miniature cannon, etc. Finally my father 
forbade mo to use or meddle with gunpow¬ 
der in any way. Ono day father and mother 
were called away from home, and they left 
me alone to see that the premises were in 
order. I soon got tired of my own compa¬ 
ny and began to study somo fun or mischief 
for pastime. I happenod unluckily to cast 
my eyes on a powder horn, and seized it as 
lawful property. I started a fire in tho 
kitchen and comenced exploding small quan¬ 
tities of the powder. Soon, however, be¬ 
coming moro ambitious, I determined to 
have a grand squib, and got a board about 
two feet long and five or six inches wide— 
this I strewed with a crooked train, occasion¬ 
ally making a little heap of powder as a 
magazine. I then took a stick and tried to 
ignite the train, but tho fire had nearly 
gone out so that it would not go. I then 
happened to think that tho explosion of so 
much powder would break tho windows, 
and in fear of this event, I resolved to take 
tho board out of doors and squib it there. 
I took it up, holding it in my right hand, 
and passed out, but unfortuaately just as I 
reached the door some spark, which was 
dropped on the board in my attempts to 
fire the train, fanned by tho breeze ignited 
tho powder. My hand, wrist, and a portion 
of my arm was burned, searing the skin so 
that parts of it roso in blisters. 
I was terribly frightened and sovorely 
wounded; I rushed to a tub of water and 
immersed my arm in it. I held it there for 
quite a while; having no knowledge of any 
remedy, and urged to retain the arm in the 
water by the return of the pain as soon as 
I withdrew the burned part therefrom. I at 
length recollected seeing mother apply tar 
to a burn, so I got tho tar bucket and 
smeared a cloth with it and applied it over 
the burn, but by this time it ached again 
so that it cost mo considerable effort to 
keep from crying. Naturally, as it were, I 
squeezed my arm above tho burn and the 
pain abated. Having noticed this, I contin¬ 
ued the grasp for about an hour or more, 
when on gradually diminishing the pressure 
I found that the pain had loft. I contin¬ 
ued the tar dressing and in a very few days 
the wholo was well without scar or blemish, 
save a redness which gradually disappeared. 
I have since tried tho same method and al¬ 
ways with success. c. h. s. 
Peutield, N. Y. 
Sowing Grass Seed. —Many hesitate to 
sow grass seed after a certain date in the 
spring. Our experience teaches us that 
grass seed, if sown late requires to be drag¬ 
ged or bushed in, when, if the season is as 
lato as this yoar, it will como forward as 
well as when sown earlier .—Ohio Farmer. 
amt 
s & Ititnte. 
LIST OF PATENT CLAIMS 
ISSUED FROM THE UNITED STATES PATENT OFFICE, 
For tho week ending June !, 1852. 
Charles Cleveland of Middlebury, Vt., for im¬ 
provement in fountain pen holder. 
David Eklridge, of Philadelphia, Pi*., for im¬ 
provement in corn shellers. 
Nehemiah Hodge, of North Adams, Mass., for 
improvement in railroad car wheels. 
John Jones, of Clyde, N. I 7 ., for improvements 
in copying monuscripts. 
Win. S. Mount, of Stony Brook, N. Y., for im¬ 
provement in violins. 
Henry S. North, of Middletown, Conn., and 
Chatmccy D. Skinner, of Haddam, Conn., for im¬ 
provement in revolving breech fire arms. 
G. S. Peck, of East Southfield, Pa., for improve¬ 
ment in smut machines. 
Rensselaer Reynolds, of Valatia village, N. Y., 
for improvements in power looms. 
Daniel R. Rail, of Rochester, N. Y., for improve¬ 
ment in cast iron car wheels. 
John C. fr. Salomon, of Georgetown, D. C., for 
improvement in fire escape ladders. 
Robert W. Sievier, of Cavendish-square, Eng¬ 
land, for improvement in looms for weaving pit- 
ed fabrics, without the figuring wires. Patented 
in England Sept. 5, 1844. 
Peter Stebbins and John Holmes, of Schenec¬ 
tady, N. Y., for improvement iu vertical trip ham¬ 
mers. 
Benjamin J. Tayman, of Philadelphia, Pa., for 
improvement in machines for turning and polish¬ 
ing. 
Isaac Taylor, of Stanford Rivers, England, for 
improvements in engraving surfaces. Patented in 
England Feb. 21, 184!). 
John Ryder, of New York N. Y., for improve¬ 
ment in process for manufacturing gutta percha. 
THE CALORIC SHIP ERICSSON. 
The editor of tho Boston Evening Tran¬ 
script gives the following account of this 
enterprise, in his journal of the loth inst., 
after a personal visit to the works in N. Y. 
city, where the machinery for the new cal¬ 
oric ship is being built, and where also a 
sixty-horse power trial engine is in opera¬ 
tion on this new principle for the produc¬ 
tion of motive power: 
“ This idea of substituting a new and su¬ 
perior motive power for steam will no doubt 
strike many minds as extravagant if not 
chimerical. We have been so accustomed 
to regard steam power as the ne plus ultra 
of attainment in subjecting tho modified 
forces of nature in the service of man, that 
a discovery which promises to supercede 
tho agency, will have to contend with the 
most formidable preconceptions as well. as 
with gigantic interests. Nevertheless, it 
may now be predicted with confidence that 
wo are on the eve of another great revolu¬ 
tion, produced by tho application of an 
agent more economical and incalculably sa¬ 
fer than steam. A few years hence, we 
shall hear of the “ wonders of caloric ” in¬ 
stead of tho “ wonders of steam.” To the 
question, “ How did you cross tho Atlan¬ 
tic ?” tho reply will be, “By caloric, of 
course!” 
I lately visited the manufactory, and had 
tho privilege of inspecting Ericsson’s calo¬ 
ric engine of sixty-horse power, while it was 
in operation. It consists of two pair of 
cylinders, tho working pistons of which are 
72 inches in diameter. Its great peculiari¬ 
ties consist in its very large cylinders and 
pistons, working with very low pressure; 
and in the absence of boilers or heaters, there 
being no other fires employed than thoso iu 
small grates under tho bottoms of the work¬ 
ing cylinders. During tho eight months 
that the test-engine has been in operation, 
not a cent has been expended for repairs or 
accidents. It is a beautiful and imposing- 
object, and conveys the idea of power and 
symmetry much more impressively than 
the largest steam engine that 1 have ever 
seen. 
The leading principle of the caloric en¬ 
gine consists in producing motive power by 
tho employment of the expansive force of 
atmospheric air, instead ot that ot steam ; 
the force being produced by compression of 
the air in one part of tho machine, and by 
its dilatation by the application of heat in 
■mother part. This dilatation, however, is 
not effected by continuous application of 
combustibles, but by a peculiar process to 
transfer, by which the caloric is made of 
operate over and over again, viz : the heat 
of the air escaping from the working cylin¬ 
der at each successive stroke of tho engine 
is transferred to the cold, compressed air 
entering the same, so that in l'aeta continu¬ 
ed application of fuel is only necessary in 
order to make good the losses ot that oc¬ 
casioned by the unavoidable radiation of the 
heated part of the machine. The obvious 
advantages of this great improvement are 
the great saving of fuel and of labor in the 
management of the engine, and its perfect 
safety. A ship carrying tho amount of 
coal that the Atlantic steamers now take for 
a single trip, could cross and recross tho 
Atlantic twice without taking in coal; and 
tho voyage to China or to California could 
be easily accomplished by a caloric ship, 
without the necessity of stopping at any 
port to take in fuel. Anthracite coal being 
far tho best fuel for this new engine, we 
shall no longer havo to purchaso bitumi¬ 
nous coal in England for return trips. On 
tho contrary, England will find it advanta¬ 
geous to come to us for our anthracite. A 
slow, radiating fire, without Uamo, is what is 
required, and this is best suppliod by our 
anthracite. There being no smoke a short 
pipe to carry off the carbonic oxide gas and 
othbr products of combustion, is all that is 
needed. 
But the great advantage of this impor¬ 
tant improvement, and that which, in the 
absence of other advantages, would com¬ 
mend it to the adoption, is the entire safety 
of the engine; an explosion being impossi¬ 
ble. In steam engines, if the water gets 
low, or if there is an excess of pressure, or 
any defect in the materials of which the 
boiler is composed, or an overheating of the 
furnace tops, occasioned by incrustation 
formed by salt, in marine boilers. &c., an 
explosion is inevitable. But in tho caloric 
engine tho only result from neglect will be 
—the slopping of the engine. The present 
test engine shows that there must be a neg¬ 
lect to put in fuel for tho space of three 
hours before tho speed is even slackened.— 
Thus you havo nothing to tour from a sleepy 
engineer or an ambitious Captain; and 
all the while notone quarter of the amount 
of attendance and labor required to keep 
a steam engine in motion will be needed. 
When we consider the amount of human 
mutilation, suffering and loss which will he 
prevented for a century to como, when the 
invention shall have passed into general use, 
surely every philanthropist will bid God 
speed to this new motive engine. A caloric 
ship of 2,200 tons, to bo called tho Ericsson, 
is now in process of construction, and is in 
such a state of forwardness that she will be 
in frames,by the end of next week. She is 
a very beautiful model, and is the admira¬ 
tion of all ship builders for her remarkable 
strength, being admitted to have the strong¬ 
est bottom of any ship built in New York. 
The machinery is more than half complet¬ 
ed. I saw three out of the four working 
cylinders, the paddle-wheels, all the valves 
and valve chests, the main links and con¬ 
necting rods, the bed plates, and main pil¬ 
lar blocks—and various other parts of tho 
engines—all of them massive forms of inet- 
•al, cast with the utmost precision and 
smoothness, and the castings pronounced 
by competent judges to be superior to the 
best in the British steamers. The cylinders 
are 1G8 inches in diameter—72 inches lar¬ 
ger than those in the Collins steamers.— 
The Ericsson will be ready for sea by Octo¬ 
ber next; and her owners intend to take 
passengers at a reduced price in conse¬ 
quence of the reduced expenses under the 
new principle. The ship belongs to Mr. 
John B. Kitching and a few other woalthy 
men. 
MAKING MARBLE PAPER. 
The operation of making marble paper, 
such as is used by book-binders, is a cu¬ 
rious one, and quite peculiar. The work¬ 
man has a shallow trough before him, in 
which there is a slight depth of somo gum¬ 
my liquid. Upon this ho sprinkles at ran¬ 
dom with a brush separately each of the 
co.lors which are to appear in the paper.— 
Generally as many as five or six colors aro 
used for every sheet. When this is done, 
tho top of the water in the trough presents 
the appearance of a piece of marble paper. 
A sheet of clean white paper is then laid 
upon this surface carefully, but with a 
slightly tremulous motion of the hand, 
which is acquired by experience. After re¬ 
maining there a few seconds, the paper is 
removed, bearing upon its face all the col¬ 
ors which were just ijow upon the water, so 
fixed that they will not blur nor mix, even 
if rubbed with the hand; and the top of 
tho water is left perfectly uncolored. The 
walls of tho room and the sides of the 
trough, as may readily be imagined, gain in 
time a most gay parti-colored appearance 
from the sprinklings of the colors which 
are scattered over them. It will easily be 
seen that this operation is necessarily a slow 
one, when compared, for instance, to the 
printing of calico, or tho backs of playing- 
cards, and other somewhat similar opera¬ 
tions. A workman can turn out about a 
ream of marble-paper in a day, the whole 
process being accomplished by hand. 
IMPROVEMENT IN BRIDGES. 
Benjamin C. Coghill, of Oquawka, Illi¬ 
nois, has taken measures to secure a patent 
for an improvement in Bridges, the object 
of which is mainly to prevent them being 
carried away on our western rivers by fresh¬ 
ets. In the West, where tho hanks of so 
many rivers and streams are very low, the 
bridges are sometimes carried away by the 
waters, which often riso to the height of 
many feet iibove tho ordinary level, sweep¬ 
ing away the common bridges, and often 
leaving whole tracts of country destitute of 
facilities for crossing the said rivers. This 
bridge is constructed, with the object of 
holding the roadway and all the parts firm 
to the abutments, and tho abutments per¬ 
manent in their foundations. This is done 
by a peculiar framing confined to the earth 
for the abutments, and by braces and girts 
secured in such a way to the abutments as 
to render the structure proof against being 
lioatod off by tho most powerful freshet.— 
Scientific American. 
Paper Cutting Machine. —Thos. H. 
Dodge, of Nashua, N. II.. has invented a 
very excellent machine for cutting paper 
for printing. A blade is made to receive a 
reciprocating side slanting and downward 
motion by bevel gearing, which is moved by 
simply turning a crank handle. This ma¬ 
chine cuts both card boards and paper, and 
is exceedingly simple in arrangement and 
construction, and is allowed to be a good im¬ 
provement on machines which have been 
in uso for the same purpose.— Sicentfic 
American. 
A recent discovery lias been mado in 
electro-plating, by which gold and silver is 
deposited in a hard stato, and with a bright 
surface, as if burnished. 
Omnibuses are beginning to bo construct¬ 
ed of iron. They are said to bo lighter, 
stronger, and moro commodious than thoso 
of wood. 
