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GALLOWAY OX, IN GOOD CONDITION. 
Igrirnltiiral Jq.inrtmrnt 
PROGRESS AND IMPROVEMENT. 
The accompanying portrait of a repre¬ 
sentative animal of a popular breed of pplled 
cattle,—whose name, Galloway, is dorivod 
from their native district in Scotland,—we 
copy from “ Youatt and Martin.” From a 
description of the Galloway breed of cattle, 
in the samo work, wo quote the following: 
“ The Galloway cattle are straight and 
broad in the back, and nearly level from the 
head to the rump, are round in the ribs, and 
also between the shoulders and the ribs, and 
the ribs and the loins, and broad in the loin, 
without any large projecting hock bones.— 
In roundness of barrel and fullness of ribs 
they will compare with any breed, and also 
in the proportion which the loins bear to the 
hook bones, or protuberances of the ribs. 
When viewed from above, the whole body 
appears beautifully rounded, like the longi¬ 
tudinal section of a roller. They aro long 
in the quarters and' ribs, and' deep in the 
chest, but not broad in the twist. There is 
less space between the hook or hip bones 
and the ribs than in most other breeds, a 
consideration of much importance, for the 
advantage of length of carcass consists in 
the animal being well ribbed home, or as 
little spaco as possiblo lost in the flank. 
The Galloway is short in the leg, and 
moderately fine in the shank bones—the 
happy medium preserved in the leg, which 
secures hardihood and disposition to fatten. 
With tho same cleanness and shortness of 
shank, there is no breed so large and mus¬ 
cular above the knee, while there is more 
room for the deep, broad, and capacious 
chest. He is clean, not fine and slender, but 
well proportioned in the neck and chaps; a 
thin and delicate neck would not correspond 
with the broad shoulders, deep chest, and 
close, compact form of the breed. The neck 
of the Galloway bull is thick almost to a 
fault. The head is rather heavy ; tho eyes 
are not prominent, and the ears are large, 
rough, and full of long hairs on the inside. , 
Tho Galloway is covered with a loose mel- 1 
low skin of medium thicknoss, which is 
clothed with long, soft, silky hair. The skin ■ 
is thinner than that of the Leicestershire, 
but not so fine as the hide of the Short-horn, 1 
but it handles soft and kindly. j 
The prevailing and fashionable color is I 
black—a few are of a dark brindlo brown, 
and still fewer specklod with white spots, 1 
and some of them aro of a dun or drab col- ( 
or. Dark colors aro uniformly preferred, : 
from the belief that they indicate hardiness f 
of constitution. 1 
Tho breeding of cattle has been, from time i 
almost immemorial, the principal object of 1 
pursuit with the Galloway former. The soil ( 
and face of tho country are admirably adapt¬ 
ed for this. Tho soil, although rich is dry 1 
and healthy. £ 
The Galloway cattlo are generally very i 
docile. This is a most valuable point in s 
every respect. It is raro to find e\ v en a bull t 
furious or troublesome.” a 
PICKING AND DRYING HOPS. 
In what we have written upon the subject 
of hop culture, tho labor of picking, and the 
process of drying and sacking, have not been 
noticed, but as they are very important to 
the hop-grower, they claim a full sharo of 
attention. When hops have on the outsido 
a general appearance of ripeness, indicated 
by a brown color, hard seed, and by becom¬ 
ing close and firm, they should be picked 
with all practicable despatch. Picking 
should always commence whore hops are 
ripest, which will be nearest the male plants. 
The first thing to be done after prepara¬ 
tions have been commenced, is to cut off the 
vines, and by some lever power raiso the 
polo from the ground, laying them upon 
some support so all tho hops may be gath¬ 
ered with the least labor and difficulty.— 
Largo baskets or bins, mado of light mate¬ 
rial, holding from seven tonino bushels, are 
most convenient. Two or three of these 
should always bo close at baud, and the dif¬ 
ferent grades of hops sorted as they are 
picked,as too much caro cannot be exercised 
in separating the inferior hops from the 
good. Very much of the value of any par¬ 
ticular brand of hops depends upon the 
fidelity and care with which they are sorted, 
dried and packed, and certain hop-growers 
enjoy a reputation equal in their line to tho 
best dairymen, or the best brands of flour. 
When picking has commenced, which should 
always bo early enough to guard against 
frosts, the sooner completed the more 
profitable. 
Hops, as gathered, aro damp and clammy, 
and aro liable to mould. It will bo ne¬ 
cessary to dry them artificially, as soon as 
practicable. For this purpose, cheap, con¬ 
venient dry houses, with kilns all prepared, 
aro constructed by every hop-grower. A 
very convenient form would be to build tho 
kiln circular, twelve to eighteen feet in di¬ 
ameter, or large enough to accommodate the 
crop, having a floor of hair cloth placed on 
I bars or slats, to support it. Some cheaper 
cloth would answer the samo purpose. In 
addition to this, a room to cool and pack 
should bo contiguous. Tho floor or sacking 
upon which the hops are spread, should bo 
at least ten feet above the fire, and the 
height of the kiln room should be not less 
than twelvo, and more if convenient, with a 
good ventilator in the roof. Nearly all hop- 
growers have these kilns, though they differ 
very much in different localities. Great 
caution should bo exercised in regulating 
the fires, commencing with a modoratoheat 
at first and increasing as the drying pro¬ 
gresses, until it has attainod tho heat of 
boiling wator, 212° Fahrenheit. If heat too 
rapidly at first, they steam, and partake of 
the smell of fire, and aro apt to bo discolor¬ 
ed and deteriorated in quality. 
Sulphur is used by some in drying hops, 
for the purpose of giving them a better color, 
and more uniformity, but we should not 
recommend it in any case. If a farmer 
should fumigate his barley crop with sulphur, 
to make the bright colored, over-ripened, 
and stained samples appear all alike, he 
would receive, as ho deserves, the scorn of 
all honest men. Why should a hop-grower 
be an exception ? Commend us to the for¬ 
mer who raises and cures his crops honestly 
and honorably, and let thoso bo guilty of 
deceit and dishonesty, whose calling is less 
high and ennobling, if any one needs be 
dishonest. 
As the heat of a kiln is not great, it has 
been suggested that boiling water, or fur¬ 
naces heated with steam would be preferable, 
as being safo, uniform and easily constructed, 
but in our opinion, they could not bo readily 
or profitably adopted by American hop- 
growers. Hops should not be allowed to 
get too dry on the kiln, and generally six to 
ten hours will be sufficient, if closely attend¬ 
ed to. Taken from the kiln, they aro placed 
in heaps, not only to cool, but that they may 
acquiro a state of adhesiveness sufficient to 
cause them to lump when squeezed in the 
hand, though not enough to lose their 
elasticity. The drying and cooling are very 
important, as they will not keep long if not 
sufficiently dry, and if allowod to become 
too dry are brittle, and unsaleable. It is 
bettor to err on the safe side, and have a 
few damp, tough lumps to put back upon 
the kiln, rather than dry them too much. 
For porter, dark colored hops can be used, 
while for fine ales the whitest and best are 
preferred. Care should bo exercised that 
both kinds are not put in the same bale, as 
it would depreciate the value of both. ^ 
Hops may be easily sacked by having a 
hole in tho floor to which the open end of 
the sack is fastened by means of a hoop, 
leaving the whole sack suspended in the 
room below. The hops are put in and tread 
down by a man inside the sack. A valuable 
English work upon hop culture says, the 
dust is apt to choke him, unless supplied 
with beer to keep his throat clear! A good 
press is preferablo, as the hops can be 
packed closer, thereby exlcuding the air, 
which is essential to their proper preserva¬ 
tion. Sacks aro sometimes painted on the 
outsido to excludo air. Damp ruins hops, 
and caro should bo takon to keep them in a 
dry light room, as they shrink from five to 
ten pounds to tho hundred when exposed, 
and loso strength, so that old hops are not 
worth more than half tho price of now.— 
We shall be glad to have hop-growers detail 
their practice and add new interest to this 
important subject, through tho columns of 
the Rural. f 
nure should be applied to an acre, either 
during the harrowing and working, so as to 
have it well intermixed with tho soil.—or, 
after it is performed, furrow tho ground 
about twenty inches apart, and placo two- 
DEEP, NARROW PLOWING. 
Eos. Rural :—Your correspondent M., in 
tho New-Yorker of April 22d, asks—“ Will 
some one teach us how to well turn a deep, 
thirds of the quantity of manure in the narrow furrow." In reply I would simply 
furrows, then cover with tho plow, harrow i 8ay tbafc sucb a tbin & can be done; and, in 
lightly lengthwise, and drill in your seed > 0rder to accomplish it, all that is necessary 
with some drill machine (Hallock’s hand i is *° bave tbo r *£ bt kind °* an instrument, 
drill will do it,) on tho ridges thus formed, j With the kind of P lows in general use, it is 
If you have no drill a lino can be traced | ^possible to ( i° this. They all have a ccr- 
about an inch deep on the top of the furrow tabl w * dtb °* ^ urrow 5 which they turn toler- 
mu iuvu uuej; mo uujj ui tut)mauw - 
and tho seed sown from the hand, or a horn j d ’ ^ wed ' ^ be Livingston County Plow, 
or cup with a small hole to permit its escape j ^ 0r exam P*°’ turns a furrow from about 18 
in proper quantities. It should thon be;* 0 22 mc bes wide, and from 4 to 8 inches 
carefully covered with earth. If the ma- j \ according to the size of tho plow.— 
nure is spread broad-cast, it is not necessary \ ben tbo furrow (Jimi nished in width 
to ridge tho ground, though it is often prac- i *° m 8 to 10 or 12 incbes ’ tho turf is only 
ticed. About one pound of seed is sufficient i shove . d off sidowise ’ or set upon edge. Tho 
for an acre. j fault is in the plow and not in tho plowman. 
When tho plants come up they should be ’ ^ be Michigan Double Plow is the only 
dusted with lime, ashes or soot, which not ; ° n ° * kn ? w > wb ‘ cb w * d accomplish this 
only assists their growth, but serves as a , VCry desirable ob J ect ’ viz -> S ive us a well- 
partial protection from insects. If tho ffv , turned > dee P> narrow furrow. As this is 
is likely to be very injurious, a sprinkling of | com P a ratively a new agricultural instru- 
■e«i. *i • _ i n . i ment. it mav bo woll oov +L.-.+ _El¬ 
fish oil is said to be a perfect protection. ! ment ’ ** ma - r bc wcd to sa y that it consists 
The cultivation should be similar to that ! * plo "'\T before , th “ °* her . 011 «'» 
of carrots, &e,-careful and thorough, to I iameboam ' lho f °™ a « 1 »"» » fur- 
the utter destruction of all weeds and grass, r 0w . fcom *"'° ‘° Slx , mches d «»P> “d 
and keeping the soil mellow and open to the . on ! c0 ; erm S ll “ * urf from *«* «® 
influence of air. rain and sunshine. The ^ iee^r Thu plow turns a fur- 
plants should be thinned in the rows to about j !, 0 ™;“* ht t0 twelve mches wide equal- 
eight inches apart, so that they may have full ! "f ° n ° m “ cb WK,OT ' «■* » 
room (if they will,) to attain that diameter. ) £*““1 T,'‘'l/'^Jour readers to tho 
T 4 7 *i , . . leporfc or the ConimittGo cit tho JPlowino* 
f th« seed tails to come up ,n some places j Match at Alb 1849 , 
tho plants may bo transplanted from the ! J 
thicker portions, and if done with care in 1 1 ain d * bat tbe sub ject of doop, nar- 
thickcr portions, and if done with care in ; 1 am gbad * bat tbe sub ject of doop, nar- 
damp weather, they will make an equal r .° W I dowm g 1S beginning to attract atten- 
growth with tho others. tl0n ' ^ be adva ntages of this mode of cul- 
risr , , , ., . . ture are too numerous to be crowded into 
1 ho ruta baga should be harvested before +i-.;o • j.' t 
r ■ • . . ... p this communication. I am confident from 
freezing weather, though slight frosts will ™ a Al . , , 11UIU 
. , ° , ’ h , ° . 1 my experience with the double plow that it 
not hurt them. They may be kept in cellars i • , , E ° ’ tuai i c 
. • , . ., ^ \ . y s ’ ! pulvenzes and melIoM r s the soil much more 
buried in pits, or covered with straw and ; , , . , 7 ore 
,i.i . , : tnan can bo done by any single plow thus 
earth m heaps, m the held, and if properly i n _ 9M ; n „ +r ■ ’ 8 
i i . ,i enabling the corn or other grain to take 
done, and ventilation allowed, will keep , . . , , co 
lA , deeper root. A richer harvest is of course 
without difficulty through the winter For • i • . uourse 
, f s , ■ C01 obtained. By various experiments made bv 
late winter and spring feed ng they are : 11Q „ ^ y 
“just the article.” i tb ° " s f , of tb,s P 1ot - ««■*» » or two 
____ | past, it has been ascertained that the crops 
THE RUTA BAGA. 
June is the time to sow the ruta baga and 
thus provide a supply of green food for cat¬ 
tlo and sheep, during the foddering season. 
The importance of providing such supply 
has repeatedly been urged upon the readers 
of the Rural, in remarking upon tho vari¬ 
ous root crops, and upon the caro and man¬ 
agement of stock, so that w e need not 
extend our present article for that purpose. 
We will only say that in England, the culti¬ 
vation of this root has been the foundation 
of the improved husbandry which prevails 
there, in tho means it affords of supporting 
an increased stock, and in the abundance of 
enriching manures it tjius supplies. 
The ruta baga may be sown for a month 
from the present time, though, perhaps, the 
earlier the better, since they will continue 
growing until winter, and will have the more 
time to attain size and maturity. 
A rich mellow soil is required,—they de¬ 
light in deep sandy moulds, and new ground, 
grass-swards, or clover-leys, are well suited 
to thoir production. Liberally manured 
and well cultivated, such soils will produce 
heavy crops,—from eight hundred to ono 
thousand bushels per aero have often been 
raised in favorable seasons. The value of 
the crop and the ease of its culture is much 
increased by careful and thorough prepara¬ 
tion of tho soil. The ground should be 
plowed very deeply, and, if it be sward- 
ground, then thoroughly harrowed, or better, 
if worked with the wheel cultivator until it 
is in fine tilth, with at least four inches of 
surface mould above tho undisturbed sod. 
Fifteen or twenty loads of well rotted ma- 
SUMMER FALLOWING FOR WHEAT. | ° f COni and w}ieat haye been increased from 
- j an eighth to a fourth. 
Messrs. Editors :■—As it is about the sea- A narrow, deep furrow should always be 
son of the year when most farmers have be- sought by the farmer; and always may bo 
gan, or are beginning to plow their summer j obtained by the use of the Mich. Double 
follows, I propose to give your readers the Plow. Let thoso who doubt it, try it. 
modus operandi that has worked here to Fayetteville, Onon. Co., n. y. v g 
profit and advantage. --- 
ir , TOBACCO.-TRANSPLANTING. 
My method is to plow but once, the last - 
of May or June, being careful to plow it E °s- Rural As the season for planting 
well from eight to ten inches in depth. I tobacco is at hand, I wish to suggest a mode 
then let it remain two or three weeks—then adopted by myself the past year, for the 
put on the harrow, going over it twice ex- benefit of those ongaged in its culture_if 
actly tho samo way it was plowed, which they choose to profit by it. 
forces all the sods down that may not have Tho usual manner, one I apprehend, bor- 
been turned over and covers the grass that rowed from tho South, as practiced by the 
has started. I allow it to remain till just negroes, and which none but a “plantation 
before harvest, when I use that indispensa- negro ” would long follow, is to form the 
ble farming tool, tho wheel cultivator, going j hole for tho reception of tho plant with the 
over it once or twice, as it may require, fingers. To say tho least, work performed 
which works it up admirably, cutting up all 1 with such implements for such purposes 
the grass and weeds, and leaving the land can be but imperfectly done. Soxno of my 
perfectly clean. Without further cultiva- I laborers, Germans, more accustomed to 
tion, it remains until I begin to fit it for raising cabbages, at' first chose tho dibble, 
sowing. The ground is prepared by using but after a few trials, thoir sharpened sticks 
the cultivator again, going over* it two or were thrown aside, and my mode adopted 
three times, and letting it in deoper at each and preferred. I use the garden trowel. _ 
repetition. It is now ready to receive the With this implement a clean cut can easily 
seed. I his is sown, and I then go over with be made in tho hill, of sufficient depth and 
the cultivator again, leaving the seed to come width to let the roots of the plants drop 
up in rows, as it does when the drill is made their full length, without doubling or cramp- 
use of - _ 1 ing—the soil is left in its natural state with- 
The benefit of working follow in this man- out compressing the sides of tho aporturo, 
ner, in my estimation is, that it is both the and the work, after a little practice, is per- 
cheapest and most profitable—for a man can j formed with greater facility. If there are 
cultivate three times as much ground as he j any obstructions, a stone or turf, the trow- 
can by plowing. And by working the fal- el will be found especially serviceable._ 
low without disturbing the sod he can got a Tho obstruction can bo removed, and even 
surface mould, and leavo tho ground in a a now hill formed, with slight interruption, 
better state than by plowing, because it is Let any one accustomed to the old mode, 
quite often tho case that when the fallow is adopt the one recommended, and my word 
cross plowed the sod is not all perfectly i for it, ho will soon become satisfied of its 
rotten—and being turned up to the sun utility. 
and rain grows again, thus taking up ground Another important object is to effect your 
that should be occupied by the wheat. By transplanting as soon as possiblo after the 
working summer follow in the manner de- proper season arrives. The directions giv- 
scribed, I have raised the largest crops with en by “the books” aro, to plant in falling 
the least labor. Agricola. weather. My mode is, to plant without re- 
VOLUME III. NO. 25. 
ROCHESTER, N. ¥-THURSDAY, JUNE 17, 1851 
WHOLE NO. 129- 
