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VOLUME III. NO. 41. 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKER: 
J. WF.EKf.Y HOME NEWSPAPER, 
Designed for both Country and Town Residents. 
CONDUCTED BY D. D. T. MOORE, 
ASSISTED BY 
J. IT. BIXBY, L. WETHERELL, AND It. C. WHITE, 
With a uuinurous corps of able Contributors and 
Correspondents. 
The Rural New-Yorker is designed to l>e unique and 
beautiful in appearance, and unsurpassed in Value, Purity 
and Variety of Contents. Its conductors earnestly labor 
to make it a Reliable Guide on the important i’ract ical Sub¬ 
jects connected with the business of those whose interests 
it advocates. It. embraces more Agricultural, Horticul¬ 
tural, Scientific, Mechanical, Literary and News Matter — 
interspersed with many appropriate and handsome engrav¬ 
ings— than any o’lier paper published in this Country. 
ffW" For Terms, &c., see last page. ^jSTj} 
Igricnltnral Sejmrtmctit. 
PRftfiliESS AND IHPROVEJIEXT. 
THE CANADA FAIR. 
Desiring to witness the improvements 
made by our enterprising neighbor over the 
lake, wo visited the Annual Fair of tlio Pro¬ 
vincial Agricultural Association hold at To¬ 
ronto from the 21st ult., occupying four 
days. 
Wo went via. Niagara Falls, spending the 
night at Coulon's Falls Hotel, where we 
found tlio accommodations all that could 
bo desired, and crossing from Lewiston to 
Toronto the next forenoon, having only 
thirty-six miles of Lake navigation, which is 
a great object when old Iloreas is playing 
such mad pranks as characterized his doings 
at that time. Toronto is the finest place 
we have seen in Canada. Situated upon 
tlio hank of the lake, with a good harbor, 
its advantages can hardly ho surpassed.— 
There are many large, well-constructed 
publ'c buildings, including the University, 
Lunatic Asylum, many largo and elegant 
churches, a market house. &c. The ground 
appropriated to tlio exhibition was well 
chosen, and arranged so as to afford good 
accommodation. 
Tlio show of Stock was good. The Dur- 
hams predominated, and embraced some 
valuable animals admired by all. The 
Devons came next, and though not as nu¬ 
merous, were equally fine. One of the 
best hulls exhibited, was taken across the 
Lake by W. 11. Booth, of Gates, N. Y., and 
found a purchaser at a good prico. Of 
Herefords and Ayrshires tho number was 
not largo, but the specimens were most ex¬ 
cellent. A small head of West Highland 
cattle, just imported from Scotland, attract¬ 
ed much attention. 
The Agricultural productions of Canada 
West are of the very host class. Their 
show of wheat at tho present, and on former 
occasions, has never been surpassed, and 
probably it would requiro competition from 
the “ rest of mankind,” to equal them. The 
“ Canada Company,” owners of large tracts 
of land in tho Province, have a standing 
prizo of £25, or §100 for the best twenty- 
five bushels of wheat, which bocomes the 
property of the association for distribution 
to the county Societies for seed. The num¬ 
ber of competitors was largo, and their 
samples of tho highest grado. J. B. Car- 
tenter, of Townsend, carried off the prize, 
and Robert Turnbull, of Dumfries, that of 
§40, offered by tho Association. In spring 
wheat, barley, rye, oats, peas, beans, hemp- 
seed, flax-seed, and other productions the 
number of entries was large, encouraged 
by liberal premiums. Hops, potatoes, tur¬ 
nips in great variety, carrots, beets, parsnips, 
squashes, and other vegetables were excel¬ 
lent, for all of which tho Association offer 
good prizes. Moro attention is given to 
raising esculent roots as winter food for 
stock, in Canada than with us, and we think 
with tho most satisfactory results. Their 
Society offer inducements for competition, 
from which even our own State Ag. Society 
might derive a good precedent. For dress¬ 
ed hemp and flax, (112 pounds each) the 
Canada Company before mentioned offer 
largo prizes. These liberal inducements 
oneourago cultivation and bring out quanti¬ 
ties of tho best material at every exhibition. 
In horticulture, our trans-Ontario neigh¬ 
bors made a show of which they hnvo every 
ROCHESTER, N. Y.—THURSDAY, OCTOBER 7, 1851 
reason to be proud. Their collections were 
not very largo, but consisted of tho best va¬ 
rieties, well cultivated and correctly named. 
In apples, pears, plums and peaches, they 
compare well with the Lest specimens grown 
in Western New York. In this department 
they recoivod large accessions from, C. Fow¬ 
ls & Co., John Donnelan and Nephews, C. 
J. Ryan, A. Frost & Co., and Ellwanger 
& Barry, all from the vicinity of Rochester. 
To each were awarded premiums for supe¬ 
rior spocimens of tho articles exhibited, 
which we have not room to give. 
Of Agricultural Implements, tho repre¬ 
sentation was not very large of those made 
in Canada. Their plows seem to us too un¬ 
wieldy and awkward for uso, but we aro as¬ 
sured by those who ought to know, that 
their work is superior, and so confident are 
they of their superiority that wo more than 
once heard tho prediction, “ that in ten years 
Canadian tools for farm purposes would bo 
far take precedence that they would be in 
goneral uso throughout this State.” We 
should have the more readily given coun¬ 
tenance to the prophecy, had notan inspec¬ 
tion satisfied us that the mechanics on that 
side the lake are more prone to copy our 
host implements than invent for themselves. 
Wo noticed Hussey’s Reaper, Ketchum’s 
Mowing Machine, and a Railroad Horse¬ 
power tho manufacture of tho Province, 
and we regret to say, no way superior to 
the originals. Tho implements lrom the 
” States ” were abundant. Messrs. J. Rap- 
alje & Co., exhibited Wheeler’s Horse¬ 
power Thresher and Cleaner in operation, 
besides Hussey’s Reaper, and tho innumera¬ 
ble host of plows, harrows, straw-cutters 
and other implements. E. D. IIallock, of 
Rochester, exhibited in operation Emery’s 
Horse-power with thresher and separator, a 
circular saw driven b^ a one-horse power, 
plows, churns, ono of Duesler’s Telegraph 
Cradles, &c. Seymour & Morgan had on the 
ground a working model of the New York 
Reaper, J. Kedzie used his invaluable filters 
to purify water for tlio thirsty multitude, 
while Myron Strong flourished a full com¬ 
plement of his excellent whips and lashes.— 
Pritchard astonished tho natives with a 
‘•Jenny Lind” trunk, while close at hand 
might be seen tho almost endless variety ol 
pumps and engines from Downs & Co., ol 
Soneca Falls. Our enterprising townsman 
E. C. Williams, Esq., shone triumphant in 
his superior tents, which where tried will in 
future give place to the clumsy cabin of 
hoards, having proved themselves in all re¬ 
spects superior. 
The Ladies as usual have contributed a 
full share to add to the beauty and interest 
of tho exhibition. In tho fine arts—tho pro¬ 
ductions of the pencil and tho crayon—the 
articles were superior to thoso wo have met 
with any whore else. Wo shall fail to do 
justice to this part of the exhibition. The 
manufactures of tho wives and daughters 
of tho Canadian yoomany were equal to 
any exhibited at our State Fair. Wo were 
moro than usually pleased with some splen¬ 
did Daguerreotypes from the rooms of 0. 
B. Evans, of Buffalo, who claims to bo tho 
oldest practicing daguerrean in tho United 
States. 
Thoro are numberless other things requir¬ 
ing notice if timo and room would permit. 
The exhibition as a whole must havu been 
satisfactory to all concerned. The Address 
of the retiring president, T. C. Street, Esq., 
was replete with sound advice and practical 
observations, which were listoned to with 
unusual attention. Tho list of officers for 
the ensuing year and other matters pertain¬ 
ing to Agriculture in Canada West, we shall 
find room for, if possible, hereafter. The 
next show will tako place at Hamilton, the 
first Tuesday and three succeeding days in 
October 1853, when, if all things aro favora¬ 
ble wo hope to moot our friends onco more. 
+ 
Sandy land can bo most effectually im¬ 
proved by clay. When such lands require 
liming, or marling-, tho lime or marl is most 
beneficially applied, when made into com¬ 
post with clay. 
N. Y. COUNTY FAIES. 
Saratoga held its 12th Annual Show at 
Mechanicsville, on the 15th, 16th, and 17tl 
of last month. Tho Saratoga Republican 
has an extended notice of tho occasion, and 
pronouncos it one of much interest. Tin 
show of Horses, of which there were fifty- 
four entries, was the best ever made by the 
Society. There wero forty-three entries 
of cattle, and but fourteen of sheep, bui 
.theso wero all excellent. Tho floral de¬ 
partment was exceeding well filled as also 
that of household productions, both telling 
most creditably for the ladies. B. P. John¬ 
son, Esq., delivered tho annual address. Six 
delegates wero elected to tho State Agricul 
tural Society and six to tho American In 
stitute. 
The following are tho officers for 1853; 
with an Executive Commiiteo of two from 
each town in tho County : 
President, Silas G. Smith, Stillwater: 
1st Vico President, Samuel G. Eddy, Still¬ 
water; 2d Vico President, Jesse H. Mead. 
Galway; Treasurer, Reuben S. Bertis, Me¬ 
chanicsville; Corresponding Secretary, Cra¬ 
mer Vernam, Mechanicsville; Recording 
Secretary, John A. Corey, Saratoga Springs. 
Allegany County Fair was hold at An¬ 
gelica on the 15th ult. We have been una¬ 
ble to learn much in regard to it., but the 
Advocato of that village, says tho ladies' 
part of the show was right,—an indication 
that the whole will be, next year. 
Jefferson County Cattle Show and Fail 
on tho 16 and 17th ult., called together a 
large concourse of peoplo. The exhibition 
was a large and excellent one. Tho Water- 
town Union says that “few counties in this 
State can boast of bettor samples of do¬ 
mestic animals than Jefferson ” and it claims 
as high excellence in ail the products of the 
field, the dairy, tho orchard and the garden. 
As to the manufactures, it points to tho un¬ 
excelled handiwork of tho thrifty wives anu 
daughters of tho farmer. 
Wyoming County Cattle Show and Fail 
was held at Warsaw, on tho 22d, and 23c', 
ult., and is pronounced a very creditabU 
one to the Society. The arrangements foi 
the accommodation of exhibitors and visi¬ 
tors wero of a superior character, and the 
Executive Committee deserve much credit 
therefor. 
Of Durham Stock wo observo twenty- 
three entries, mostly young animals, Messrs. 
Brooks and Sherman having the greatest 
number. Messrs. Beck, Skiff and Kelsey 
made tho only entries of Devons. The 
Show of grade and native cattle was a fair 
ono. The Warsaw New-Yorker says that 
of horses was much better than usual — 
mentioning particularly thoso of Messrs. 
Patterson, and Warren & McElwain, o. 
that village. No paper containing tho liot 
of premiums has been received. 
The following officers were elected for the 
ensuing year: 
Newbury Bronson, President; John A. 
McElwain, Treasurer; Harlow L. Com 
stock, Recording Secretary ; William Bris¬ 
tol, Jr., Corresponding Secretary. 
Chautauque County hold her Agricultu¬ 
ral Exhibition at Forestville on the 23d ult. 
the business meeting taking place tho day 
previous. The Frodouia Censor remarks us 
follows : 
“ Tho Fair was numerously attonded 
though too many came to see what others 
had brought who might have contributed 
largely to the interest of tho Fair by exhib¬ 
iting meritorious productions from their own 
farms. Although tho premiums offered 
wore larger than heretofore, the compe 
tition was so small that about §100 offered 
in premiums was not competed for. Even 
tlio staple productions of tho county, but¬ 
ter and clieoso, wero not prosented in suffi 
cient quantities to take all tho premiums, 
and shows a lack of interest among tho far¬ 
mers generally. The contributions, how¬ 
ever, for membership, and the receipts at 
the tent, were liberal, and the Society is in 
a position to advance in prosperity and 
promote the agricultural intorosts of the 
county.” 
The following officers wero elected f 
the ensuing year: 
Ciiauncey Warren, President.; S. Ells¬ 
worth, Secretary, and a Vice President for 
each town in tho county, whose names aro 
not given. Tho next Fair will be hold at 
Delauti in the town of Stockton. 
Greene County Fair was held at Cairo on 
•ho 21st and 22d of Sept., ult. From tho 
Coxsackio Union wo gather that it was rich 
n people and meagre in articles exhibited. 
Queens County Agricultural Fair was 
held at Flushing on tho 29th ult. We learn 
rom tho N. Y. Times and Tribune that it 
vvas ono of the best appointed and best at- 
ended Fairs — excellent in thorough-bred 
torses, full-blooded cattle and magnificent 
fruit. A big team of fifty-six yoke of oxen 
was one of tho attractions of the occasions. 
The Address was delivered by Dr. Ciias. A. 
King, of Columbia Collego, and is published 
at length in the Times of the 30th ult. 
Orleans County Cattle Show and Fair- 
look place at Albion on the 23d, and 24th 
ilt. No account has been furnished us, but 
•ve learn from the American, that “ taking all 
n all there has never been an exhibition of 
his kind held in Orleans, that passed olf so 
well, or was so largely attended.” From 
privato sources wo gather that in most de¬ 
partments the number of specimens were 
.imited. Fruits, Vegetables, and tho Dairy- 
may have been an exception. 
ARE UNDER-DRAINS USEFUL! 
In under-drained soils rains aro absorbed 
immediately, and do not flow upon tho sur¬ 
face, consequently the soluble substances of 
manures enter the land, and the surplus 
water, not required by plants passes out by 
the under-drains, leaving hohind the sub¬ 
stances held in solution, which are retained 
by the carbon and alumina of tho soil. In 
undrained lands tho water is liable to rest 
a tho subsoil in a stagnant state, making 
tho land cold and sour, and preventing the 
roots from penetrating in search of food.— 
That there may he many inorganic substan¬ 
ces in the subsoil which are not to ho found 
ui the surface soil, and which are necessary 
o tho growth of plants is very evident, and 
unless tho roots of plants can penetrate 
townward they have only thoso constitu 
;nts that are to be found in thejsurfaco soil. 
For this reason farmers who plow only 
:o the depth of a few inches for a series ol 
years, very frequently suppose that their 
and is worn out, when in fact there may be 
in the subsoil the very substances which are 
required to restore it to fertility. 
After under-drains have been made, the 
subsoil plow may be used with very great 
id vantage; for it loosens tho soil so as to 
permit excess of water to pass away, leav¬ 
ing the soil in such a state that the roots ol 
plants can readily go in search of the food 
required. 
The most judicious mode of this mechan¬ 
ical moans of improvement is first to under- 
drain, giving a sufficiency of timo for the 
stagnant water to pass away before the use 
of the subsoil plow, so that after its use the 
clay will not cement down a second time.— 
After this has been done, any surplus wa¬ 
ter serves to wash out the noxious sub^ 
stances that may be resident in tho soil, as 
also tho passing away of each supply ad 
mits of new supplies of air, assisting tho ac¬ 
tion of any manures present in tho soil. 
Under-drained lands are not so apt to suf¬ 
fer from drouth in hot weather because the 
continuous supplies of atmospheric air have 
a higher temperature than tho soil, therefore 
moisturo is deposited through the mass. 
The farmer makes a serious mistake when 
he says that he cannot afford to drain his 
land, and this can be proved by comparing 
the crops, after the land has been under- 
drained, with the crops of former soasons. 
It has many times been ascertained that tho 
excess of produce, rofunds tho money thaf> 
had first been expended, at the end of the 
third year. Tho profound respect, howover. 
that farmers have for dollars and cents very 
often, and very justly, prevents them from 
running into rash speculations, and tho only 
WHOLE NO. 145. 
fault that it seems to induce is, that it very 
frequently prevents them from thinking 
whether tho proposed investment would 
havo a fair tendency to their interest. — 
Many farmers suppose that throe years is 
too long a time to have the principal beyond 
their reach, and so it would, if there were 
no remuneration. But that this is more pro¬ 
fitable than putting his money in tho bank, 
is very evident for tho reason that he will 
n&t, at tho end of three years bo able to 
take out the principal of any sum, whether 
it be great or small, and have tho interest 
go on ; but tho reverse, however, is truo of 
tho instance named ; for tho farmer can, at 
tho ond of the specified timo take out the 
principal, and havo the interest paid on for¬ 
ever. From a due consideration of tho 
above statements I think the farmer can 
readily come to the conclusion that under- 
drains aro not only useful but absolutely 
necessary, for they not only render tho soil 
more fertile, hut they also result in pecuni¬ 
ary advantages. 
What I have already said has relation only 
to tho improvement of the soil by mechani¬ 
cal means, but these, how important soever 
thoy may bo, aro not tho only require¬ 
ments. 
It will readily bo understood that al¬ 
though the soil may have been treated as I 
have 6tated, yet if tho required organic and 
inorganic constituents necessary as food for 
plants, are not present, 'they cannot be sus¬ 
tained any nore than could a human being 
by mere clothing, cleanliness and warmth, 
unless he wero to receive from tho animal 
and vegetable kingdoms such food as is ne¬ 
cessary for the support of life. 
A Juvenile Farmer. 
0LE0N0, POTTER CO, PENN. 
Ole Bull tho celebrated violinist, has set¬ 
tled a colony of his countrymen in Potter 
Co., Pa., and one hundred and five hardy 
looking Norwegians have been on the ground 
about three weeks. They have purchased 
120,000 acres of wild land on tho head wa¬ 
ters of Kettle Creek, about twenty-three 
miles from Cowdersport, and tho People’s 
Journal of tho latter place, says they are 
well pleased with their location, and aro 
ictively engaged in clearing land and build¬ 
ing themselves homes among tho hills of 
Oloono. Ole Bull himself is with them. 
Tho Journal is profuse in its praises of 
the cheap land, the productive soil, and tho 
healthiness of tho country. Wild land can 
bo bought at §3 per acre. “We can raise 
moro and better potatoes than can bo raised 
on any other land in tho Nation ; fifty bush¬ 
els of oats to the acre is quite an ordinary 
crop ; two and a half tons of hay is proba¬ 
bly a medium; and forty bushels of corn 
to the acre, is a common yield. As for 
heep wo should like to see a county that 
can surpass ours in natural advantages for 
'heep growing.” Pure springs are abundant, 
and good prices are realized for all the pro¬ 
ducts of the farm. The county will un¬ 
doubtedly be one of tho finest dairy dis¬ 
tricts when it becomes fairly settlod—but 
at present we imagine it is decidedly new in 
most respects, and like other now regions in 
die disadvantages they possess. 
A SUGGESTION FOR LEGISLATORS. 
We have, at least in a number of our 
States, State Agricultural Societies that are 
earnestly working to advance agriculture 
uid its kindred pursuits. The6o pub¬ 
lish yearly, volumes of thoir Transactions 
filled with matter of great practical import- 
nice to those who till the soil. Yet how few, 
comparatively, reap tho benefit that all 
should derive from such works. Would it 
not bo for tho interest of the State that its 
citizens should have ready access to those 
‘•olumes? Unquestionably it would, for what 
benefits tho people helps tho State, for as tho 
former prospers, the latter grows great.— 
Then what could be better done, than that 
the State print an edition of each consecu¬ 
tive Yol. of tho Transactions of its Society 
sufficiently largo to supply a free copy to 
every town and distinct library, and have a 
