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VOLUME 
ROCHESTER, N. Y.-TIIURSDAY, DECEMBER 2, 
•( WHOLE NO. 1.53. 
MOORE’S RURAL NEW-YORKKR: 
A WKKKXY IIOMK NRW8PAFKR, 
Designed for both Country and Town Residents. 
CONDUCTED BY I). D. T. MOORE, 
AMHI8TKD BY 
J. If. BIXBY, L. W ETHER HUB, AND II. 0. WHITE, 
With a numerous corps of ulilo Contributors and 
Correspondents. 
Tun Rural Nkw.Yoiikkk is designed to bo unique and 
beautiful In appearance, and unsurpassed in Value, I’urlty 
and Variety of Contents. Its conductors earnestly labor 
to make it a Reliable Guide on the important Practical Sub¬ 
jects connected with the business of those whose interests 
it advocates. It embraces more Agricultural, Horticul¬ 
tural, Scientific, Mechanical, Literary and News Matter — 
interspersed with many appropriate and handsome engrav¬ 
ings— than Miy other paper published in this Country. 
BIT Pon Trunk, &c., see Inst, page. 
Agricultural Jbjinrfnitnt. 
IMtfKhiKH.SN A NO IMPKO VJHITI ENT. 
WINTERING STOCK. 
The length and severity of winter in our 
northern climate is such that the feeding 
and care of stock through this season has 
peculiar and strong claims upon the hus¬ 
bandman,and further reuiarksou the subject 
are seasonable if not profitable. On a well | 
rogulatod farm we should expect to find a 
full complement of barns and stables, for 
no herdsman, who consults his pecuniary 
interest, or whoso heart is tempered with 
kindness, will ever, in this latitude, suffer a 
hoof about his promises to pass a winter 
without a good roof for shelter and warmth, 
and clean, dry litter every night. The less 
amount of food that will be required, the 
greater economy with which it may ho fed, 
the freedom of stock from disease, and the 
bettor manure thus made and saved, render 
it a matter of economy to have for all stock 
— cattle, horses, and sheep — warm, well 
ventilated stables. 
Many wealthy farmers are in the habit of 
stacking hay on the meadow, and then feed¬ 
ing the cattle on the warm side of the stack, 
letting the whole herd run over the hay 
scattered on the ground. This, to our ap¬ 
prehension, is had policy. The exponso of 
stacking, the loss and waste in feeding it 
out on the ground or removing to a distant 
barn, must soon cost more than barn room, 
suflioient to fliouso all the products of tho 
farm. It is not enough that cattlo have 
food sufficient to keep them from starving; 
they should ho so fed as not to lose flesh, if 
they do not thrive through the winter. 
Good hay answers every purpose, but 
there are stalks, oat and wheat straw which 
farmers design as part of the forage for win¬ 
ter use. No one considers bread or meat 
alone, palatable food for himself and fami¬ 
ly ; neither should ho calculate to keep his 
herd through the winter on hay or straw 
alone. Hay may be fed once a day, and as 
a change cut straw with llio addition of a 
little corn or oat meal, or shorts, would bo 
very advisable. Perhaps hay that is good 
does not require cutting, but stalks and 
straw repay cutting many fold. Wo are 
satisfied that it would he economy in all re¬ 
spects to have a good straw cutter, and hire 
a man, if necessary, to take care of the 
whole herd, rather than feed coarse fodder 
whole. 
Hoots should not ho overlooked. To 
ho prevented by a judicious useof roots and 
grain in winter. 
Water should not be forgotten when pro¬ 
viding for stock. It is not enough, that 
there is a brook in yonder hollow, near half 
a mile from the barn, for cattle can hardly 
afford to go so far in wet and muddy weath¬ 
er, and in the deep snow of mid-winter 
they will suffer for want of water beforo 
they will expose themselves to tho drifts 
and the cold bleak winds. Tho water 
should lie in tho yard where it will lie warm 
as possible, and whore cattlo will bo pro¬ 
tected from tho cold wind while drinking.— 
Every one lias observed tho shivering of an¬ 
imals after drinking largely in mid-winter. 
To prevent this they should have it often, 
not less than twice a day. It is the prac¬ 
tice of many farmers to let sheep go without 
water except that obtained by eating snow, 
all through the winter. It is a great mis¬ 
take. i liny will drink three or lour times 
in a day when they can have water without 
trouble. 
.Salt is important in the winter treatment 
of all kinds of stock. A supply should be 
placod where they can obtain it at any time. 
1’his may bo done by putting some lumps 
in a box under a shed. They will taste a 
little nearly every day, never eating more 
than they need. \\ hen suited only at long 
intervals they eat too much, producing bad 
consequences. 
One great object with farmers in winter¬ 
ing stock should ho to make as much ma¬ 
nure as possible, and save all that is made. 
For this purpose, if not kept in stables tho 
cattlo should be confined to tho yards. All 
the manure dropped in tho snow path, when 
wandering after water, or running at ran¬ 
dom over the fields, is nearly a loss. Do¬ 
mestic animals are tho fanner’s apparatus by 
moans of which his hay, grain, straw, roots, 
&o., are manufactured into flesh, muscle 
and bone, as well as elaborated for manure 
with which to food tho growing crop, and 
keep tho whole farm in the best condition. 
They should claim a largo share of tho time 
and attention of every farmer, for those who 
give such care reap a rich reward. f 
FATTENING CATTLE. 
RECLAIMED MARSHES. 
We have received from Mr. Wilcox spec¬ 
imen turnips, grown on the lands mentioned 
below, which prove most conclusively its 
fertility and the value of the improvement 
effected. There are multitudes of such 
marshes throughout tho country, and many 
that can bo drained at little cost, and would 
then become the most productive, instead 
of the most worthless part of the farm.— 
Mr. W.’s account follows : 
Messrs. Editors : — 1 send you some tur¬ 
nips raised by Mr. IIiuam Allen, residing 
in tho south-east corner of Lima, on a marsh 
recently reclaimed. In his neighborhood 
there are threo marshes, distinguished as 
the mud pond, which is lowest, and contains 
eight acres — tho muck from ten to fifteen 
feet deep ; tho round pond, containing eight 
acres of clear water, and two of marsh—the 
latter grown up to willow bushes, &c-; and 
the long pond, larger than botli the others, 
i’lio mud and round ponds are on Mr. A.’s 
farm, and have boon long considered wortl 
loss waste land, but by a woll expended out 
lay, tboy have acquired a very different rop 
utation. 
Mr. A. opened tho outlet of tho lower 
pond four foot deep and six feet wide, and 
extended it a distance of fifty rods into the 
second pond, with two side ditches from the 
main trunk,—making tho whole ten acres 
sufficiently dry for grain crops, arid well 
worth $100 per aero. Tho present season 
lie sowod ono and a half acres of tho fiat 
turnips, and says he shall get ov'T six 
hundred bushels — tho most of thorn too 
largo for table use. To use Mr. Allen’s 
own words, “in many places they were so 
thick and grow so large that they actually 
crowded each other out of tho ground.”— 
Other marshes have been drained in the 
neighborhood, and planted to corn and po¬ 
tatoes, and tho result has proved equally sat¬ 
isfactory, both in tho products and tho im¬ 
proved health of those living near them. 
Alvin Wilcox. 
West Bloomfield, N. Y., Nov. 13th, 1852. 
of land smooth and compact and covered 
with a stiff sward or heavy stubble, weeds, 
&<*., theso influences are measurably lost for 
the want ot a suitable condition for thoir 
efficient action. Doubtless, too, tho open 
and porous state of a newly plowed field 
will secure more of the organic elements 
brought down by tho rain and snows of fall, 
winter and spring, and add a larger supply 
of tho organic as well as tho inorganic ele¬ 
ments for tlio future crop. If this reason¬ 
ing bo correct, a better supply of belli ele¬ 
ments must ho tho result, attended with a 
larger product. 
But I have facts as well as theory, or rath¬ 
er my theory is drawn from facts. My fath¬ 
er was a Massachusetts farmer—a mechanic 
FALL AND WINTER FLOWING. 
We find in a recent number of the Boston 
Cultivator some notes of a visit by tho edi¬ 
tor to the farm of Mr. Johnston of .Seneca 
Co. N. Y., in which lie speaks of Mr. J\s. 
management in fattening cattlo, which is a 
principal object with him, as lie feeds some 
ninety head per year. “ Ho first buys about 
forty head of three or four year old cattlo in 
November or the first of December. Theso 
aro made fat as soon as practicable and are 
disposed of in February. Ho then buys 
another lot which aro fed moderately while 
at tho barn, so as to have them in a highly 
thriving state by tho time they cun bo turn 
od to grass, on which they soon become fut- 
and aro sold for ‘early botf ’ in July,” 
In fattening those cattlo Air. J. usos 
chiefly Indian corn meal, somo oil cako and 
tho best of hay, tho latter cut and made 
carefully bolero tho soo<l bocornos ripe.— 
‘•Those first put up aro allowed as much as 
they can oat, alter they have becomo accus¬ 
tomed to tho food. Tho other lot aro only 
fed with about five quarts of meal each day, 
hut have what hay they choose to oat.”_ 
* , ... . , .... ,, i Of course thoir comfort is woll cared for 
keep cattle in good condition, thov aro very j , , .... , , ’ 
, , i good shelter, and dry, well littered vards bo- 
nutntious, and servo as a change from tho 1 • J ^ 06 
dry food in general use. Carrots, turnips, 
and boots, can bo so easily and profitably 
grown that no good herdsman should dis¬ 
pense with thorn. They aro easily kept and 
cut, and should bo used once a day at least 
mixed with cut straw or stalks, or by them¬ 
selves. It would be just as reasonable to 
keep tho farmer’s family on ono kind of 
food, through the winter, as to keep a herd 
of cattlo on hay alone. Variety is ossontial 
to a good appetite, and it is unquestionably 
true, that roots will have tho effect ot mak¬ 
ing cattle more healthy, just as fresh food 
and vegetables aro hotter for those who go 
down to the soa in great ships. Many of 
tho wasting and fatal disoases which dimin¬ 
ish tho herd in spring, in our opinion, might 
Bumpkin .Seeds Poison to Fowls. — A 
correspondent of tho Pittsfield Culturist 
says that having saved more pumpkin seeds 
than ho found market for, ho put a quantity 
into his cauldron kottlo with sweet apples 
and potatoes, boilod and mashed up with 
meal, particularly for hogs, but when fed 
out his fowls had a share, and tho result was 
tho death of thirty or forty ducks, turkies, 
and chickens. '1 hoy havo diod also, from 
eating tho soods loft whore ho had fed 
pumpkins to his cows. Wo havo novor 
known fowls to eat them, and join tho Cul¬ 
turist in asking further facts of tlioso who 
may know any throwing light on this sub¬ 
ject. 
Ens. Rural New-Yorker: —An article ap¬ 
peared in tho Albany Cultivator for October 
on tho subject of the “ Analysis of .Soils and 
Pulverisation,” from which I had intended 
to draw arguments in favor of Fall Plowing. 
But in the Rural of Nov. 18, you copy tho 
suggestions of tho Boston Cultivator against 
fall and winter plowing—except for clayey 
soils—without comment, thereby, according 
to the rules in such cases sanctioning the 
views of your Boston contemporary. This 
has induced mo to carry out my original 
purpose while tho subbject is fresh in your 
mind and tho minds of your readers 
By tho article first referred to, based on 
tho analysis of tho “ best bottom lands” of 
Ohio by Prof.' Way, communicated to Silli¬ 
man’s Journal, it appears that these lands 
“do not differ essentially in thoir mineral 
composition from many of tho Massachu¬ 
setts soils which havo a reputation for steril¬ 
ity;” and tho Cultivator asks, “to what 
do they (tho Ohio lands) owe their extraor¬ 
dinary productiveness : and answers the 
inquiry by saying, “doubtless to a consider¬ 
able dogroo to tho largo proportion of thoir 
constituents, but mainly, in tho opinion of 
Prof. Way, to the fineness of the ir particles.” 
I havo been long an advocate for fall and 
winter plowing from reasons which, in the 
rough, do not differ ossontially from tlioso 
given by Prof. Way, to account for tho 
great fertility of tho Ohio bottom lands.— 
“ All tho world knows ” that tho combined 
action of moisture and frost is to divide_ 
pulverize tho mineral substances in the soil, 
for all the world lias witnessed this action 
on shales and other limey formations, and 
that this action is greatest upon tho surface 
or portions most exposed. By fall plowing 
tho surface becomes'broken and uneven, 
and thereby a larger extent is subject to 
tlioso influences, and hence a greater 
amount of mineral substances, tho inorgan¬ 
ic constituents of tho Boil, is prepared for 
tho crop that follows ; while on tho surface J 
“ hook Farmer. 11 is practice was to plow 
all the land be could for spring crops in the 
fall; and the Records of the Berkshire Co. 
Ag. Society bear testimony to what extent 
bis practice was successful. Upon a “ worn 
out farm,” by fall plowing, thereby increas¬ 
ing tlio inorganic material, and by turning 
in a half seeding of clover with tho stubble, 
his “sterile ’ farm soon became productive 
VEGETABLE PHYSIOLOGY. 
In taking a survey of tho works of crea¬ 
tion wo soe a strong analogy botweon tho 
vegetable and animal kingdoms, either of 
which may bo usod to illustrate tho othor. 
From tlio lowest to the highest grades in 
either kingdom, wo find corresponding 
forms, somo maturing in a day, others weeks 
or months, while some require many years. 
Tho seed, which in tho vegetable compares 
with tho egg in the animal, being put in a 
favorable position for germination, in ref¬ 
erence to light, heat, air and moisture, sends 
forth, in due time, tlio radicle and plume; 
tlio first serves the vegetable as the lac- 
teals serve the animal, in sapping from tho 
* , , , , _ , i soil such nutritious matter as is required 
by trade, but a farmer by profession-a | for tho growth of tho plant . 
'I’lio leaves which aro an expanded portion 
of tho plume, servo tho vegetable as the 
lungs servo tho animal. Tho cotyledons aro 
lobes closely connected with the plume and 
radiclo, and joined at a point between tlio 
two, known as tho collar. They form tho 
first loaves of many plants, and aro filled 
with, or made up of a concrete, of the elab¬ 
orated sap of the parent tree or plant, and 
of uniformly good and often superior crops. . „ , , . . , , 
a, , . v ii .1 . 1 serve the young plant with elaborated san 
And I remember woll that on many oeca- .. , , , l 
• in, , , , „ i until its own radicles and leaves aro sufli- 
sions when tho plow was stopped by frost, • , , , , ... . 
i , • 1 j . . . * . J . ’ ciontly developed to do for itself tins im- 
and tho plowing completed in tho spring, ; ,, 
.i , . ..... . ‘ *»’ I portant work, as milk serves tho young an- 
thoro was a marked di ffercnco n favor of J b 
fall plowing The subject has been ono of 
thought and observation since, and from 
rovson, observation and exporionco I have 
become tho advocate of fall plowing. In¬ 
stead of ono exception in favor of fall plow¬ 
ing—that of clayey lands—I have but ono 
against it, and that is whore excessive wash¬ 
ing would result. T. a. s. 
Syracuse, Nov. 2.’l, 1852. 
CROSSKILL’S CLOD-CRUSHER ROLLER. 
inml until its own organs are sufficiently 
developed to masticate, digest and elaborate 
for itself. Tho radicles proper are liko tho 
leaf, which is its antipodes, in not being 
wooded, but aro emissions from tho bark, 
and die every autumn, as does the leaf.— 
They servo the vegetable as the intestines 
servo tho animal, and both have a vermicu¬ 
lar, or worm like motion. Tho radicles liko 
so many small worms, are crawling through 
tlio soil in all directions, which brings thoir 
terminations (which are so many mouths 
known as spongioles ,) in contact with tho 
nutriment of tlio soil. 
The animal being a migratory creature, 
is doomed to carry its own soil with it, which 
is chyme or digested food. The vormicula- 
tion of tho intestines keep the chyme in 
motion, and consequently is constantly 
bringing tho nutriment of tho chyme in 
I he above engraving represents an itn- ! contact with the lacteals which take from it 
plcment employed in England for crushing i nutriment in tlio form of chyle or milk, 
ind pulverizing tho soil more effectually I 1 llis w ^en united with the venous blood. 
and rapidly than tho harrow. It is in very 
common uso there and spoken of quite fa¬ 
vorably. “ It consists,” in the words of tho 
inventor, “ of twenty-throe roller parts, with 
serrated and uneven surfaces placed upon a 
outers the lungs, where it is subjected to a 
chemical action, in which a quantity of car¬ 
bon is thrown off and oxygon is substituted. 
It is now known as arterial blood, and is 
dispersed over all parts of tho system thro’ 
round axlo, six foot wide hy two and a half ^ 10 ai ’tories, and in its passago from tho ar- 
feot in diameter. Tho roller-parts act in¬ 
dependently of eacli other upon tlio axle, 
thus producing a self-clearing movement.— 
Of course tlio roller must only be used 
when the land is so dry as not to stick.” 
terics to tlio veins it passes through a set of 
organs which take from it a portion of its 
nutriment, which goes to sustain and add 
to tho growth of all parts of tho animal.— 
It then enters tho veins, and is known as 
It is usod for rolling cloddy lands, before I VCnous bllKKl ’ an(1 is returned to *ho lungs 
harrowing, light lands after sowing, wheat i f<> b<) a * a >n. replenished by the chyle and 
on such lands in early spring-time, and for ! <!,!l,,0 j’ ated ‘ n ^ho 1 U11 & 8 » and go tlio same 
rolling grassy or mossy lands after applying 
compost. They cost in England from $80 to i 
round over again. 
The chyle of too vegetable is usually 
$100, with traveling wheels complete. known as aqueous sap, and is not as its 
‘ namo would indicate, tho juice of the soil , 
Good Corn Ciior.— 1). 1). Kendall, Esq., | but contains all tho inorganic as well as a 
in his Address before the North Btockbridge P ortu)n of tho organic matter of which the 
Farmers Club, recently, tells of the extra- j treo * 8 compounded, each element in defi- 
ordinary results produced by a manure coin- j n ‘ to proportions, as they are found in tlio 
inonly suffered to go to waste. An acre was tunbor by analysis. Yet notwithstanding 
manured with night-soil and planted to ■ ' ts possessing all the inorganic matter, this 
corn, which aero Mr. K. remarks, “ contain- j uflueous sap is not yet perfect, and cannot 
od 1G0 rods of corn of such even growth of form woody fibre, but must itself 
that no man or committeo could tell by ex- ! uitlior pass through the leaf, which is the 
unination which was tho best.” Two rods bings of tho tree, or must bo united to tho 
were picked separately and varied but one j concrete, which has been before elaborated 
pint in the measurement. The Berkshire * n the l° a N and deposited either in tho co- 
Co. Society awarded it tho first premium, I tylodon of tho seed, or in tho cellular tissue 
xnd the Committee certified to its produc- 
ng 1124 bushels of shellod corn per aero. 
Quantity of Cattle Food. —It is found 
by experience that tho food of healthy oxen, 
of whatever sizo, is nearly one-fifth of their 
own weight of turnips daily, or about one 
fiftieth of their weight of hay, straw, or oili¬ 
er dried food. So says Finlay Dan, of Scot¬ 
land, and ho received a gold modal for his 
paper on this subject. 
of tho alburnum or sap wood. Tho aque¬ 
ous sap of tlio vegetable compares with tho 
chyle of the animal, tho concrete with tlio 
venous blood, the aqueous sap and concrete 
when mixed, compares with the chyle and 
venous blood as it enters the lungs, and tho 
arterial blood is to tho animal, what tho 
elaborated sap or cambium is to tho vegeta¬ 
ble. Tho cambium being formod in the leaf, 
is from thence diffused over the whole sur¬ 
face of the troo, and makes a new growth 
