74 
lepidoptera indica. 
Habitat. —India ; Ceylon; Burma ; Tenasserim; Andaman and Nicobar 
Isles, etc. 
Distribution, Habits, etc. —“ This species has a very wide range, occurring at 
Karachi, thence throughout India, Ceylon and the Andamans to Burma, and again 
in China. It delights in the sun, and to disport itself in the hottest and driest 
situations. In India it presents some considerable variation according to the 
humidity or dryness of the atmospheric conditions under which it exists, but these 
variations cannot be maintained as distinct species. Some male specimens from 
Kulu and Simla in the Western Himalayas, Sikkim, Calcutta, Orissa, the Wynaad, 
and Ceylon, show no costal indentation of the yellow patch on the upperside of the 
forewing, others from Karachi, Kulu, Simla, Calcutta, Shillong, Upper Tenasserim, 
and the Andamans have a distinct black tooth, which is most prominent in a 
specimen from Buxa, Bhotan; in all of these the black inner margin of the forewing 
on the upperside gives off a projection into the first median interspace, while in 
examples from Karachi, Simla, Buxa, Calcutta, Shillong, Sibsagar, Rangoon and 
Upper Burma this projection assumes the form of a more or less separate and 
distinct spot. The width of the marginal black band on the upperside of the 
forewing is also variable; and, lastly, specimens from Bhotan and Upper Assam are 
very large and heavily marked, owing probably to the greater rainfall of those 
regions” (de Niceville, Butt. Ind. ii. 73), “ This butterfly affects paths, rocky, 
bare hill-sides, the beds of streams where they widen out into stony expanses of 
sand and boulders, and similar places devoid of vegetation. They are hard to catch, 
flying off on one’s approach and settling on a stone or rock a few yards ahead, and 
on again coming near, the same performance is repeated. It was common at Kalka, 
Umballa District, in October, 1877, and I took it in the Botanical Hardens and 
nowhere else in Calcutta, in December, 1878 ” (de Niceville, Indian Agriculturist, 
January, 1880). “ Col. J. W. Yerbury took a single specimen at Kali Pani, N.W, 
Punjab, in September, and another at Khairabad in November, also a few between 
Kali Pani and Abbottabad in September” (Ann. N. H. 1888, 142). ss Pound in 
Kumaon generally, up to 7000 feet elevation ” (W. Doherty, J. A. S. Bengal, 1886, 
128). “ Occurs somewhat rarely, at low elevations in Sikkim, west of the Tista 
River, but is common at 1500 feet elevation to the East ” (de Niceville, Sikk, Gaz. 
1894, 136). “This butterfly and J. Orithya may be seen, in the Central Provinces, 
resting in the middle of the most exposed parts of roads and paths, and rising in 
front of one, it skims swiftly along and settles again on the road, perhaps after a 
battle in the air with one of its own kind or J. Lemonias , Asterie , or Orithya , all of 
which have the same habits and love the full hot sunshine” (J. A. Bethune, J. 
Bombay N. H. S. 1890, 279). “ Commonly found in ditches all the year round in 
Bombay and the Deccan” (Col. C. Swinhoe, P. Z. S. 1885, 128). “ This is not 
