NYMPHALINJE. (Group NYMPRALINA ,) 
105 
1885, 128). Col. C. H. E. Adamson says it is “ rarely taken in tlie Arakan Hills 
and at Bkamo ” (List, 1897, 25). Dr. N. Mailers took “ one specimen at 
Bernardmyo, Shan States, Burma ” (Tr. Ent. Soc. 1890, 524). In Ceylon, Mr. 
E. M. Mackwood says it is “ rarely seen under 4000 feet elevation. Settles on 
pathways or open ground. Very swift of flight. Larvm feeds on Aettle ( Uiticcc 
neilgherriensis ).” Capt. Hutchison “found it at all times in forest land, from 3000 
to 6000 feet. Commonest at the highest elevation” (Lep. Ceylon, i. 50). 
VANESSA CARDUI (Plate 320, fig. 2, 2a, b, ?). 
Papilio Cardui, Linngeus, Syst. Nat. x. ed. p. 475 (1758) ; id. Ixii. ed. i. 2, p. 774 (1767). Esper, Schmett, 
i. pt. 1, pi. 10, fig. 3 (1777). Hlibner, Eur. Schmett. i. fig. 73, 74 (1793). 
Vanessa Cardui, Hlibner, Verz. bek. Schmett. p. 33 (1816). 
Pyrameis Cardui, Moore, Catal. Lep. Mus. E. I. O. i. p. 138, pi. 5, fig. 3, 3a, larva and pupa (1857) . 
Lep. of Ceylon, i. p. 50, pi. 27, fig. 1, la (1881). de Niceville, Butt, of India, etc., ii. p. 227 
(1886). Standinger et Sehatz, Exot. Schmett. ii. p. 125 (1887). Leech, Butt, of China, etc., i. 
p. 251 (1893). 
Cynthia Cardui, Stephens, Ill. Brit. Ent. Haust. i. p. 47 (1827). Horsfield, Desc. Catal. Lep. E. I. C. 
pi. 7 (1829). Westwood, Gen. Syn. p. 87 (1840). Crotch, Cist. Ent. i. p. 66 (1872). 
Neopyrameis Cardui, Scudder, Butt. E. U. S. i. p. 434 (1889). 
Papilio Carduelis, Cramer, Pap. Exot. i. pi. 26, fig. E, F (1775). 
Imago. —Male and female. Upperside. Ground-colour reddish-ochreous, basal 
areas olivescent-ochreous-brown ; cilia black, alternated with white. Forewing with 
an outwardly-oblique black irregular-shaped broken band crossing from middle of 
the cell to the disc above the submedian vein; the apical area from end of cell and 
the exterior border also black; before the apex is a short white outwardly-oblique 
streak and a curved row of four round spots, the second and third being small; a 
marginal pale lunular line with its upper portion most defined and whitish. Hind - 
wing with a blackish patch from the costal vein across end of cell, a partly confluent 
recurved discal band, a submarginal row of lunules, and then a marginal row of 
somewhat scutiform spots; between the discal band and submarginal lunules is a 
row of five round black spots, which in some examples show a pale and dark outer 
ring. Underside. Foreiving brighter reddish-ochreous, the apical area and outer 
margin much paler, the apex being olivescent ochreous-brown; discal irregular 
band as above, subapical white streak, row of spots and marginal lunules distinct; 
base of wing and interspace before end of cell white. Hindwing transversely 
marbled with olivescent ochreous-brown and speckled with black scales ; crossed by 
basal and discal sinuous whitish or pale fascise and intersected by white veins; an 
outer-discal row of five ocelli, the upper one smallest and usually imperfect, the 
VOL. iv. 
p 
