22 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER. 
Jan. 14 
Cream is not Cream. 
O. W. S., Potsdam, N. Y.—On page 801 
of last year's Rural, E. L. S., North 
Truro, Mass., asks concerning the com¬ 
parative amount of cream from deep 
setting in cans and the Baby separator. 
I sell milk and cream from 35 registered 
Jersey cows. Milk set 12 hours in 60- 
pound or 28-quart cans, in a Cabinet 
creamer, gives seven quarts (or 25 per 
cent) of cream satisfactory to my custom¬ 
ers. The skim-milk tests .3 per cent 
of butter fat. Being out of ice, on Sep¬ 
tember 1, I bought a Baby separator. 
The same amount of milk gives five 
quarts (or 18 per cent) of nice, smooth 
cream. The skim-milk tests .1 per cent 
of butter fat. Hence, for cream selling, 
one should use deep, cold setting, and for 
butter-making the separator. 
Giving' Potatoes a Start. 
C. E C., Newark, N. Y.—To J. A. E., 
Tiffin, O., I would say that it is safe 
and practical to start potatoes before the 
regular time for planting them. In the 
spring of 1890 I cut seed pieces of Early 
Puritan, to two eyes. Having put half an 
nch of sand in the bottom of a soap box, 
I placed them, cut side down, on the sand, 
quite close together. I then filled the 
spaces with sand, just enough to cover 
the pieces, and put in another layer of 
potatoes, and thus filled each box with 
alternate layers of potatoes and sand. 
The boxes were left in a light room, free 
from frost, and kept a little moist. In 
three weeks I had a lot of potatoes with 
strong, stocky sprouts and nice, fine roots 
—not long, slender cellar-sprouts such as 
J. A E. refers to. In planting, after I 
had marked out the ground, I took the 
pieces carefully from the sand and placed 
them about one foot apart in the drill. 
A man followed and drew some soil over 
them, being careful not to break off the 
sprouts. Then they were covered with a 
hoe. Now for results. My record says : 
Put in boxes March 26 — 27 ; planted 
out April 19—20; came up so that the 
rows could be seen, May 3 ; had new 
potatoes June 22 ; dug and sold several 
barrels July ?. Compared with the re¬ 
sults from seed planted the same day, 
my record speaks as follows: “ Seed 
sprouted up May 3 ; dormant seed up 
May 13,” making a difference of 10 
days in favor of the seed sprouted in 
sand. As I received S3.50 per barrel for 
my first crop, and 10 days later potatoes 
were worth only about S2, I think that 
“trifle” earlier more than paid for my 
trouble. 
Short and Fresh. 
The following is a summary of some of 
the results of tomato experiments car¬ 
ried on at Cornell University Station 
during the past season : 
Quick and Slow Fertilizers. —The 
experiments confirm those of last year 
in showing that tomatoes need a fertilizer 
which is quickly available early in the 
season. Fertilizers applied late or which 
give up their substance late in the season 
give poor results, because they delay 
fruitfulness, and the plant is overtaken 
by frost before it yields a satisfactory 
crop. This fact is perhaps the origin of 
the wide-spread opinion that the tomato 
crop is injured by heavy manuring. 
Nitrate of soda applied once early in the 
season gave a much heavier yield than 
the same amount applied at intervals. 
Value of Nitrate of Soda. —Upon 
fairly good soil, which contains some 
vegetable matter, nitrate of soda gives 
good results as a tomato fertilizer. Upon 
very poor soils it gives little or no benefit. 
Comparative Values of Early and 
Late Settings. —Last season’s experi¬ 
ments confirm those of 1890 and 1891 in 
showing that very early planting in the 
field is advisable. Even those plants 
which were slighly injured by frost 
nearly equaled in productiveness those 
set at the general planting June 1. The 
late planting gave better results at the 
first pickings, however. The earliest 
satisfactory setting last season was made 
May 9. 
Early and Late Seed Sowing.— 
Tomato seeds were sown from January 
19 to March 14. The earliest sowings 
gave the earliest fruits, but the largest 
yield came from the latest sowing, March 
14, the difference in favor of this late 
sowing being very marked. In 1889, the 
tests showed that seeds sown in April 
and May gave poorer results than those 
started in March. It seems to be true, 
therefore, that the best time to sow 
tomato see Is in that latitude for the main 
crop, if one has a forcing-house or a good 
hot-bed, is about the middle of March. 
Few and Several Transplantings.— 
Earlier fruits were obtained from plants 
which had been three times transplanted 
in the house than from those transplanted 
only once. In 1891, greater yields were 
obtained from two transplantings than 
from either one or three. Much, no 
doubt, depends upon the vigor and age 
of the plants, but it is certainly safe to 
say that in all ordinary cases plants 
which are started in March should be 
transplanted at least twice. 
Products of Early and Late Fruits. 
—Plants grown from seeds from the first 
ripe fruit upon a given plant gave poorer 
yields and no earlier fruits than other 
plants grown from a fruit from the same 
parent which ripened three and a half 
months later. Similar results have been 
obtained before by Cornell workers and 
others, and it is probably safe to say that 
no gain is secured by selecting seeds 
from early or first ripe fruits without 
giving any attention to the character or 
habit of the plant as a whole. 
Products of Mature and Immature 
Fruits— Plants grown from seeds from a 
fully ripe fruit gave earlier and better 
yields than other plants raised from a 
fully grown, but unripe fruit from the 
same parent. 
Treatment of “ Leggy ” Plants.— 
“ Leggy ” or “ drawn” plants were set at 
the ordinary depth and half the stem 
was laid and covered in a shallow trench. 
These gave much larger yields than nor¬ 
mal or stocky plants started and planted 
at the same time. It is safe to conclude 
that if one has leggy plants he should 
layer them when planting. 
Hilling Tomatoes. —-Hilling tomato 
plants, during two years, has given no 
favorable results. 
Trimming Tomato Plants. —Trimming 
the plants after they have made a good 
growth in the field gave no advantage, 
and it is doubtful if it is advisable. 
Single-Stem Training. —Last season, 
as in 1891, single-stem training in the 
field gave decidedly heavier yields to the 
square foot of land, and the crop was 
earlier. 
Prof. L. H. Bailey considers the mul¬ 
berry a neglected tree. It possesses de¬ 
cided value in ornamental planting, and 
some of the varieties are useful for 
hedges, shelter-belts and small timber. 
The fruit has merit for the dessert, and 
it is easily grown and is produced more 
or less continuously throughout a period 
of two to four months of every year. 
Morus multicaulis came originally 
from China, and was the source of the 
famous Chinese silk. It was called spe¬ 
cifically “multicaulis” because it branched 
or sprouted from the surface of the 
ground. This tree reached America in 
1830. The fame of the tree spread rap¬ 
idly, and, as our readers well know, there 
arose a fever of speculation such as lias 
never been known in any other horti¬ 
cultural venture in America. The records 
of the next 10 years read like fiction. 
Many nurserymen gave up all other busi¬ 
ness that they might grow the mulberry. 
In due time came the reaction. In 1839 
the bubble burst and thousands of men 
were ruined. The present generation 
knows nothing of the Morus multicaulis. 
Charles Downing planted seeds of the 
Morus multicaulis, from which sprang 
the Downing Everbearing, still to be 
found in all nurserymen’s catalogues, 
though, as a matter of fact, the “New 
American ” is generally sold for it. This 
was not the beginning of mulberry culti¬ 
vation. In 1806 or before, mulberries 
were cultivated for fruit in sundry places. 
In 1828 William Prince regarded the 
Black Persian and the wild native red 
as the best for fruit. Among other sorts 
which were introduced in the early days, 
Prof. Bailey informs us, was Morus 
Tartarica, which has lately reappeared 
as the Russian mulberry. 
The botany of the mulberry is per¬ 
plexing. There appear to be three well- 
marked general types in cultivation, the 
White, Black and Red—Morus alba, M. 
nigra, M. rubra. These names, however, 
do not designate the color of the fruits 
of the respective species, although they 
were no doubt meant to distinguish them. 
Our native Morus rubra bears somewhat 
redder fruits than the others ; fruits of 
the Black mulberry are black, but so are 
those of the White mulberry in many 
cases. 
(Continued on next page.) 
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treatment. 
Thousands 
Of dollars I spent trying 
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Rheum, which I had 
13 years. Physicians 
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severe a case. My legs, 
back and arms were cov¬ 
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began to take HOOD’S 
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S. G Derry, 45 Bradford St., Providence, R. I. 
Mr. S. G. Derry. 
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James neilson. acting director. New Brunswiclc, N. J., Nov. 25 >1 §92• 
Messrs. Baugh and Sons Company, Philada., Pa. 
Dear SirsIn Bulletin §9 of this Station the val¬ 
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page 35 > *is reported as $29.12 per ton. Owing to a 
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liours respectfully 
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