268 
THE RURAL NEW-YORKER 
April 15 
Farmers' Club Discussion. 
( Continued .) 
dened for lack of them—it would seem 
obvious that there must be something 
“rotten in Denmark” with respect to Mr. 
Agee’s very plausible theory ! Look at 
the actual facts a moment and see if 
there is the least confirmation of the 
theory in our experience. 
In 1850 there were about 12 per cent 
only of the population in cities and towns 
of above 1,000 inhabitants. The farmer 
was as prosperous as most men. By the 
last census over 40 per cent are in such 
cities and towns. 
Has the farmer increased in prosperity 
accordingly? The question answers it¬ 
self. There are evasions. But no hon¬ 
est answer can sustain the theory that 
the more in cities and towns, and the 
fewer left supporting them on the farms 
the better it is for the farmer. The 
statement is unsound and untenable. 
What do I, for one, think of it? I think 
it one of the most sad fundamental and 
generic instances of ignorance the world 
has ever seen and suffered from! At its 
door can be laid more industrial un¬ 
equilibrium and consequent sorrow, sin, 
suffering and iniquity than can be at¬ 
tributed to almost all other agencies 
combined. To clear our minds from this 
error in theory and establish and main¬ 
tain society upon the opposite truth is 
the problem of the world. 
What Made the Lambs Die P 
.1. S. Woodward, Niagara County, N. 
Y.—The answer given by H. S. to C. P. 
N., on page 143 of The R. N.-Y., I con¬ 
sider wide of the mark. While I would 
not advocate giving all the grain they 
“ will eat” to a flock of store breeding 
ewes, it would be only on the score of 
economy, and not because I thought it 
would hurt them or kill their lambs. 
Every winter we feed such ewes, while 
raising our winter lambs, all the grain 
they will eat, not only after the lambs 
are dropped, but from the day we get 
them on full feed, after they have been 
put into the folds in November. And 
not only do the lambs get all the grain 
they can eat with the ewes, but they 
have separate pens into which they can 
go and always find an abundant supply 
to which they can “help themselves,” 
and still our lambs never die and are 
never sick, but, on the contrary are 
often 40 pounds in weight when five 
weeks old. The fact that C. P. N.’s 
lambs “die” when from three to five 
weeks, indicates that the mothers are 
constipated and that the lambs die of 
constipation (stretches). The trouble is 
due to the food: a diet of barley and 
oats equal parts, is by far too carbon¬ 
aceous or heating, and is of course con¬ 
stipating. If he had mixed an equal 
quantity of wheat bran by weight, with 
his barley and oats and had given an 
occasional feed of roots (better if every 
day) his lambs would not have died. 
Then again, he doesn’t say what his for¬ 
age was. If Timothy hay or hay and 
corn fodder, with the barley and oats, 
the wonder would be that more of his 
lambs did not die. Sheep, especially 
breeding ewes, do better on clover hay 
than on any other forage, but if they 
must be fed Timothy hay, it should be 
cut when only in full head. Even then 
they will do much better if they can 
have plenty of wheat bran, and better 
still if there is a good “sprinkling of 
oil meal,” with it. 
Nor do I believe that where sheep have 
free access to salt there is the least dan¬ 
ger of its hurting them. Our sheep have 
it where they can help themselves, and 
I don’t think they eat, on an average, 
a quarter of an ounce each per week. 
They occasionally “ take a lick,” but 
never stand and eat it; the danger is 
that the shepherd will be careless and 
let all the salt get out of the dishes, and 
the sheep get so hungry for it that when 
it is again put in they will eat too much. 
Again, I could not agree that a place 
“ merely so warm that it will not freeze” 
is warm enough for ewes and lambs. I 
prefer a temperature of from 50 to 55 
degrees. The main thing is to keep the 
folds well ventilated. The simple fact 
that they are cool, or cold, is no safe¬ 
guard against impure air, nor is warm 
air sure to be foul. The manure should 
never be allowed to heat so as to fill the 
air with steam. This will always carry 
with it ammonia, and this is bad for the 
sheep and lambs, no matter how cold 
their shelter may be. If the manure 
ferments and the trouble cannot be 
arrested, better clean out the fold at 
once. A sheep’s lungs are very delicate, 
and a very little ammonia constantly 
breathed is a bad thing. Therefore, 
plenty of land plaster should be used in 
the folds, and this with plenty of bed¬ 
ding, or frequent cleaning when bedding 
is not available, will keep the folds so 
sweet that they can be safely kept at 55 
degrees, and this is none too warm. If 
shorn, as they should be, I would prefer 
10 degrees warmer. What killed C. P. 
N.’s lambs was a too concentrated car¬ 
bonaceous diet and too little succulence, 
and not too much food. 
A Sandwich Islander Talks. 
E. E. C., Waimca Kauai, Sandwich 
Islands —As is well known we are now 
asking annexation to the United States, 
and in commenting upon the gains and 
losses the latter would get by taking us, 
one paper says that it would require 
$5,000,000 to pay us the bounty on our 
sugar at the present rate of production, 
and jthat in one year the crop would be 
doubled, and the following year doubled 
again ; in fact that there would be no 
limit to our production. That’s all 
nonsense. Last year we produced 130,000 
short tons of sugar ; this year we shall 
have the production of two new planta¬ 
tions which will probably make 15,000 
tons, and providing that all old planta¬ 
tions make the same quantity as last 
year, we shall have for this year 145,000 
short tons of sugar. The bounty on this 
would amount to $5,800,000 which is 
nothing more than the United States 
have paid us since 1870 (as per agreement 
by the reciprocity treaty by which our 
sugar was admitted free of duty) until 
the McKinley Bill took effect in April, 
1891. [There is a mistake here. The 
admission of Hawaiian sugar duty-free 
was not equivalent to granting a bounty 
to its producers. The advantage they 
obtained was the remission of the duty 
previously charged on the product, and 
this averaged more than the bounty of 
two cents per pound which has been 
granted for only three years past to 
home-raised 6ugar. Should the Sand¬ 
wich Islands be annexed to the United 
States it is probable, but not certain, 
that the bounty will be paid on their 
sugar, and of course no duty will be 
charged on it. In any event, the law 
granting the bounty on American sugar 
is likely to be soon repealed.— Eds ) 
Nearly all available lands are now 
planted and I don’t believe the produc¬ 
tion will ever go above 170,000 short tons 
oft sugar ; therefore the bounty sinks to a 
very small figure in comparison to the 
benefits the United States would secure. 
The effect of the treaty of reciprocity 
was the investment of millions of dollars 
of American capital in these islan s 
until at present out of a total of $30,000,- 
000 invested in sugar, Americans own 
$25,000,000. It will therefore be seen 
that most of the bounty would go to 
Americans anyhow. 
Americans are by far the strongest el¬ 
ement in the country, holding four-fifths 
of Hawaiian wealth, nine-tenths of the 
foreign commerce, and carrying in their 
ships eight-tenths of the freights. The 
value of imports from foreign countries 
during 1890 was $6,962,200, the exports 
during the same year reached $13,282,729, 
making the total foreign commerce for 
1890 $20,244,929 or $225 for each inhabi¬ 
tant of the country. This record I be¬ 
lieve surpasses that of any other country 
in the world Over 92 per cent of the 
total foreign trade during 1890 was with 
the United States. It can be therefore 
seen by the foregoing figures that we 
are practically an American colony now. 
I know full well that if there is any op¬ 
position to our admittance it will come 
principally from the agricultural class, 
and I believe some of the Populist Sena¬ 
tors have expressed their views very 
strongly against annexation. On our 
side we depend on our favored position 
in the Pacific, and the importance of the 
islands to the United States as a coaling 
and midway station for her fast-increas¬ 
ing navy; in fact we consider ourselves 
the key to the North Pacific, and as such 
a very important possession for the 
United States. 
Some Second Crops. 
F. S., Pennsylvania —Several times 
after taking up my potatoes I have had 
the patch plowed and 6owed with rye and 
Timothy and cut the rye down in the 
spring, cutting every day with a hook till 
all was cut and fed to tne cows, and my 
rye grew and was only two weeks behind 
that of my neighbor, which was not cut, 
and I weighed my rye with other rye and 
one bushel of mine weighed the same as 
some I bought. My wife planted out 
for seed a large Strap Leaf turnip, and 
watched it well, and when the seed 
ripened, she beat it out and sowed it 
again and bad a good crop of turnips the 
same fall. 
Pijscettatteoujs 
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